In this thesis, the development and methodology of a new, consolidated BYU/NIC Antarctic Iceberg Tracking Database is presented. The new database combines data from the original BYU daily iceberg tracking database derived from scatterometers, and the National Ice Center's weekly Antarctic iceberg tracking database derived from mostly optical and infrared sensors. Using this data, interpolation methods and statistical analyses of iceberg locations are discussed. The intent of this database is to consolidate iceberg location data in order to increase accessibility to users.Active microwave remote sensing instruments are used to track tabular icebergs and provide a daily estimate of their positions and sizes. A consolidated data set of these positions from several different instruments is valuable to ensure accurate positional data. The scatterometer iceberg positional record began with the Seasat-A Satellite Scatterometer (SASS) and is continued with the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and Advanced Scatterometer (ASCAT) data sets.A reliable method of automatically estimating Antarctic iceberg contours and sizes from satellite data is desirable to help better understand patterns in iceberg formation and behavior. Starting from scatterometer images, this thesis develops a method of using the relatively constant backscatter values across the surface of an iceberg to derive a contour of its shape. Contours are then used to find an angle of rotation between images taken on successive days. This method produces size estimates that are within 10% of the area given by the National Ice Center (NIC). The size estimates and rotation angles are included in the new consolidated database.

Informe de Seminario para optar al grado de Licenciado en Lengua y Literatura Hispánica mención Literatura / El presente informe es fruto de lecturas, análisis y debates que surgieron durante el desarrollo del seminario de grado “Temas de la literatura Hispanoamericana contemporánea”. El cómo la literatura abarca el problema de la historia y la sociedad sin dejar fuera su propia especificidad, ha sido una de las constantes problemáticas, que, diferentes escritores han trabajado a lo largo del siglo pasado. El cuestionamiento, acerca de rol del escritor como ente activo en los procesos sociales, políticos y culturales, logró que la producción literaria de la época, se convirtiera en una nueva forma de ver y pensar la sociedad. Es por lo anterior, que en este informe se eligió trabajar la novela La Nana y el iceberg de Ariel Dorfman. A través de ésta, Dorfman se encarga de develar y denunciar la falsa modernización que se lleva a cabo en el Chile de la Transición.

<p>The purpose with this essay is to investigate how Ernest Hemingway uses his style of writing in his short stories “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” and “Hills Like White Elephants”. The questions at issue are: What is characteristic of Hemingway's style when looking at the use of adjectives and sentence complexity? How is the Iceberg Technique used? What stylistic differences and similarities are there between the stories?</p><p>In my investigation I used a stylistic approach, in which adjectives are counted and sentence length is measured (creating mainly a quantitative analysis). The frequency of adjectives is calculated and compared against the norm in imaginative prose. Sentence length is compared against the norm for modern English. Previous research has provided a foundation for further analysis of the Iceberg Technique.</p><p>The analysis shows that the frequency of adjectives is very low compared with the norm and that many adjectives are used repeatedly. The sentences are very short, not even reaching half the length of the norm presented. Hemingway’s Iceberg Technique shows in the scarce use of dialogue tags and a plot that does not reveal much about the characters or the setting. The real plot is often hidden, leaving it to the reader to interpret and “feel” what the story is really about.</p><p>In conclusion: it may be said that both short stories are told in a minimalistic style, using only what is necessary to tell the story. They have a simple plot and simple characters, just like the Hemingway style we know.</p>

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Historical interest in regards to icebergs have ranged from their ability to provide a freshwater source to the destructive forces they are able to impose on maritime structures. As well, recent studies have focused on the possible influences icebergs may have on the climate system. Initial investigations of the advective and deteriorative patterns of iceberg armadas under normal ablative conditions suggest that they are sensitive to their initial size distributions (Silva et al., 2006). This work extends these initial examinations further. The sensitivity of the ice and meltwater patterns to a range of initial iceberg size distributions for a collapse of the Ronne-Filchner ice shelf is investigated. A numerical iceberg model is developed, which simulates the drift and melting of iceberg populations specified in selected size categories. The model treats the population of icebergs as a continuum rather than focusing on the trajectories of individual icebergs. Oceanic and atmospheric forcing fields are provided by the University of Victoria Earth System Climate Model (UVic ESCM) and the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) 40-year reanalysis project (Kalnay et al., 1996), respectively. Meltwater from large icebergs (with a total height of approximately 1180 m) originating from the Ronne-Filchner ice shelf reaches as far north as 58 S, compared to 63 S for small icebergs (with a total height of approximately 10 m). Also, the equivalent volume of small icebergs melts away completely within the first five years, as compared to 50 years for the large icebergs. Therefore, populations containing greater amounts of small icebergs are found to lead to a larger freshwater flux, as well as accumulate meltwater closer to the original location of the Ronne-Filchner ice shelf. These findings are important when examining the potential effect of ice shelf collapse on deep and intermediate water formation rates and associated climate feedbacks.

Thesis (M. A.)--Florida State University, 2005. / Advisor: Christopher Shinn, Florida State University, College of Arts and Sciences, Dept. of English. Title and description from dissertation home page (viewed Feb. 6, 2006). Document formatted into pages; contains vii, 81 pages. Includes bibliographical references.

The purpose with this essay is to investigate how Ernest Hemingway uses his style of writing in his short stories “A Clean, Well-Lighted Place” and “Hills Like White Elephants”. The questions at issue are: What is characteristic of Hemingway's style when looking at the use of adjectives and sentence complexity? How is the Iceberg Technique used? What stylistic differences and similarities are there between the stories? In my investigation I used a stylistic approach, in which adjectives are counted and sentence length is measured (creating mainly a quantitative analysis). The frequency of adjectives is calculated and compared against the norm in imaginative prose. Sentence length is compared against the norm for modern English. Previous research has provided a foundation for further analysis of the Iceberg Technique. The analysis shows that the frequency of adjectives is very low compared with the norm and that many adjectives are used repeatedly. The sentences are very short, not even reaching half the length of the norm presented. Hemingway’s Iceberg Technique shows in the scarce use of dialogue tags and a plot that does not reveal much about the characters or the setting. The real plot is often hidden, leaving it to the reader to interpret and “feel” what the story is really about. In conclusion: it may be said that both short stories are told in a minimalistic style, using only what is necessary to tell the story. They have a simple plot and simple characters, just like the Hemingway style we know.

Terrestrial Radar Interferometry (TRI) is a relatively new ground-based technique that combines the precision and spatial resolution of satellite interferometry with the temporal resolution of GPS. Although TRI has been applied to a variety of fields including bridge and landslide monitoring, it is ideal for studies of the highly-dynamic terminal zones of marine-terminating glaciers, some of which are known to have variable velocities related to calving and/or ocean-forced melting. My TRI instrument is the Gamma Portable Radar Interferometer, which operates at 17.2 GHz (1.74 cm wavelength), has two receiving antennas for DEM (digital elevation model) generation, and images the scenes at minute-scale sampling rates. Most of this TRI work has focused on two glaciers: Breiðamerkurjökull in Iceland and Helheim in Greenland. Monitoring the displacement of stationary points suggests velocity measurement uncertainties related to the instrument and atmosphere of less than 0.05 m/d. I show that the rapid sampling rate of the TRI can be used to observe velocity variations at the glacier terminus and assess the impact and spatial distribution of tidal forcing. Additionally, iceberg tracking in the amplitude imagery may provide insight about ocean currents near the terminus.

Studying Antarctic icebergs can provide insight into climatic changes of the Earth's frozen continent. Antarctic icebergs are regularly formed by the separations of massive sections of ice from ice shelves and glaciers. The National Ice Center (NIC) is playing a major role in sea ice analysis and forecasts. As a part of its mission the NIC is using a variety of satellite sensors to track many large Antarctic icebergs. The NIC reports iceberg positions every 15-20 days. However, there are limitations in the NIC's iceberg tracking techniques. The areas covered by the images used by the NIC are limited to specific areas of the Antarctic continent, due in part to the resources required to produce and process these high resolution images. Based on the NIC data base, the number of large Antarctic icebergs seems to be increasing in recent years. This leads to a concern of a possible climatic trend. However, our analysis of historic scatterometer and radiometer data suggests this increase is largely due to improved resources and technological advancements for iceberg tracking. Additionally sever major iceberg calving events have taken place in recent years. These calving events may represent natural variability. To evaluate the NIC's tracking and to monitor recent iceberg activity, we used current and historic scatterometer and radiometer data to track Antarctic icebergs spanning nearly 25 years. Five data sets from various instruments were used in the study. Icebergs were tracked independently with each data set for time periods between1976 to 2001. Each image provides coverage of the entire Antarctic continent allowing frequent positions to be reported for each iceberg. The results show that the number of large icebergs over the last 20-25 years has remained fairly constant with the exception of an increase in icebergs from 1994 to 2001 due to several major

La calotte polaire Antarctique conditionne un flux d’eau douce dans l’océan Austral par deux voies d’égale importance : une injection immédiate et localisée par fonte des plateformes glaciaires, et une injection « offshore » et différée par production (« vêlage ») puis fonte d’icebergs. On estime ainsi que les icebergs, en fondant, pourraient modifier les caractéristiques hydrologiques et biogéochimiques de la colonne d’eau. Les modèles numériques visant à estimer cet impact présentent des résultats contrastés. Ils sont limités dans leurs stratégies de représentations des icebergs, notamment parce que les connaissances sur la distribution spatiale et de taille des icebergs ou encore leurs mécanismes de perte de masse sont réduites. Une méthode récente exploitant des mesures par altimétrie satellitaire a permis la création d’une base de données cartographiant la distribution des icebergs Antarctiques avec une couverture spatiale et temporelle inédite. Notre analyse conjointe entre ces données et des champs de concentration en glace de mer met en lumière le transport d’eau douce injecté par les icebergs et son impact sur la banquise. On analyse également les liens entre icebergs de différentes tailles : les gros peuvent être vus comme des réservoirs de volume de glace, qu’ils diffusent dans tout l’océan en se fragmentant en petits icebergs de différentes tailles. On étudie alors l’évolution de deux icebergs géants, on propose une première paramétrisation du phénomène de fracturation et analyse la distribution de taille résultante. Ces résultats peuvent permettre une représentation plus réaliste du flux d'eau douce conditionné par les icebergs dans les modèles. / The Antarctic polar ice cap constrains a freshwater flaux into the Austral Ocean through two equally important pathways : a localized and immediate injection through the melting of ice-shelves bases, and a delayed offshore injection through the calving and subsequent melt of icebergs. Some studies reckon that melting icebergs have the capacity to alter the hydrological and biogeo-chemical characteristics of the water column. The numerical models trying to evaluate this impact have shown contrasting results. Yet, they might suffer from a poor representation of the icebergs, namely due to our limited knowledge on both the spatial and size distributions of the icebergs, or even the processes involved in their mass loss. A new method using satellite altimetry measurements has lead to the creation of a database mapping Antarctic icebergs distribution with an unprecedented spatial and temporal coverage. Our joint analysis between these data and sea ice concentration fields highlights a possible transport of the freshwater injected by an iceberg and its impacts on sea ice.We also analyze the links between icebergs of different sizes : the large ones can be seen as ice buffers that diffuse across the whole ocean when breaking into small fragments of various sizes. We finally study the evolution of two giant icebergs, suggest the first parametrization of the fragmentation process and analyze the subsequent size distribution of the fragments. These results can be valuable to account in a more realistic way the fresh water flux constrained by icebergs in models.