The definition of specific learning disabilities (SLD) and the methods used to identify SLD have been evolving since the 1970s. There have been five studies since 1970 that have focused on the SLD definition that states used and the SLD identification methods. The purpose of this study was to obtain updated information regarding the current prevalence rates of SLD, current SLD definitions, and current methods being used for the identification of SLD across the United States. After examining the regulations and procedures of each state, this study found that all fifty states have adopted the federal definition of SLD that was provided in IDEA 2004. As specified in that definition, all 50 states now allow the response to intervention model as a method for identifying SLD. Eleven states solely use the response to intervention model while the rest allow other methods of identifying SLD, specifically the severe discrepancy model or the pattern of strengths and weaknesses model. Overall, there has been a slight, but statistically significant decrease in the SLD prevalence rates since the response to intervention model has been in place.

No description available.

The evolution of plant genomes is notable for manifesting a cycle of whole genome doubling, fractionation (gradual loss of redundant genes) and speciation. The thesis is based on a branching process model of the doubling and fractionation process, integrated with a standard model of sequence divergence. The immediate application of this work is to account for the distribution of sequence similarity for duplicate gene pairs, both within plant genomes and between two related plant genomes in terms of a cycle of polyploidization, fractionation and speciation. We derive a mixture distribution for duplicate gene pair similarities generated by speciation and/or repeated episodes of polyploidization. We account not only for the timing of these events in terms of local modes or peaks of the component distributions, but also their volume, or amplitude, and variance. We outline how to infer the parameters of the model. We illustrate with analyses of the distribution of homolog similarities in a number of plant families: Brassicaceae, Solanaceae and Malvaceae. To our knowledge, this is the first method to account for the volume of the component normals of a distribution of similarities, preliminary to an evolutionarily meaningful inference procedure. In addition, we solve the problem of identifying the ploidy level of a series of two or three polyploidizations by invoking the observed and predicted gene triple profiles for each model, i.e., by calculating the probability of the four types of triple with origins in one or the other event, or both.

No description available.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(社会健康医学) / 甲第18466号 / 社医博第56号 / 新制||社医||8(附属図書館) / 31344 / 京都大学大学院医学研究科社会健康医学系専攻 / (主査)教授 木原 正博, 教授 中山 健夫, 教授 川村 孝 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Public Health / Kyoto University / DFAM

Master of Science / Department of Mathematics / Sarah Reznikoff / A (1, ≤ 2)-identifying code is a subset of the vertex set C of a graph such that each pair of vertices intersects C in a distinct way. This has useful applications in locating errors in multiprocessor networks and threat monitoring. At the time of writing, there is no simply-stated rule that will indicate if a graph is (1, ≤ 2)-identifiable. As such, we discuss properties that must be satisfied by a valid (1, ≤ 2)-identifying code, characteristics of a graph which preclude the existence of a (1, ≤ 2)-identifying code, and relationships between the maximum degree and order of (1, ≤ 2)-identifiable graphs. Additionally, we show that (1, ≤ 2)-identifiable graphs have no forbidden induced subgraphs and provide a list of (1, ≤ 2)-identifiable graphs with minimum (1, ≤ 2)-identifying codes indicated.

The problem of the study was to identify stress arising in psychological counseling by identifying variations in the vocal pitch (fundamental frequency level) of clients' voices. Hypotheses were established to (1) determine the number of categories describing acoustically similar clients' responses within the counseling session and compare these categories with ratings of client stress, (2) determine the relationship between ratings of client stress and different fundamental frequency characteristics, and (3) compare fundamental frequency characteristics of in-session and repeated client verbalizations. Recommendations included (1) considering an improved acoustical analysis method capable of providing immediate feedback which could be used to study both moment-to-moment and longitudinal stress changes, (2) correlating vocal pitch variations with other physiological manifestations indicative of stress, (3) applying acoustical analysis to aid in counselor training, and (4) using acoustical analysis to study different specific types of populations.

Depression hos äldre har blivit ett stort hälsoproblem. Idag är depression den vanligaste psykiatriska sjukdomen bland äldre. Om en depression inte identifieras kan den leda till allvarliga konsekvenser. En av sjuksköterskans uppgifter kan vara att identifiera depression hos äldre personer. Syftet med denna litteratur studien var att ta reda på sjuksköterskans svårigheter och möjligheter i att identifiera depression hos äldre. Den valda metoden var en kvalitativ litteraturstudie och gjordes enligt Friberg (2001). Den kunskap som framkom om sjuksköterskan kategoriserades i svårigheter att identifiera depression och möjligheter i att upptäcka depressionen. Resultatet av studien visar att sjusköterskor har svårigheter i att identifiera depression hos äldre, men det finns möjligheter att förbättra en identifiering. När den äldre deprimerade maskerar sina depressiva symtom i somatiska sjukdomar, kan sjuksköterskan få svårigheter att identifiera depressionen. Det kan också finnas attityder hos sjuksköterskor, att människan blir deprimerad på äldre dagar. Detta kan leda till att depressionen inte identifieras. Genom att använda sig av kommunikation, GeriatricDepression Scale (GDS), kunskap från närstående och utbildning ökar sjuksköterskans möjligheter att identifiera en depression och därmed minska lidandet för den äldre. Slutsatsen som dras är att det behövs mer utbildning för sjuksköterskor i att kunna identifiera depression hos den äldre personen. / Depression in elderly people has become a big health problem. Today, depression is the most common psychiatric illness amongst elderly. If depression is not identified, it can lead to serious consequences. One of the nurse’s duties could be identify depression in elderly people. The purpose of this literary study was to find the nurse’s difficulties and possibilities in identifying depression in elderly. The chosen method was a qualitative literary study and was carried out according to Friberg (2001). That knowledge that emerged about the nurses was categorised in difficulties in identifying depression and possibilities of discovering this. The result of the study shows that nurses have difficulties in identifying depression in elderly, but there are possibilities to improve an identification. When the depressed elderly disguises the depressive symptoms in somatic illnesses, the nurse may have difficulties in identifying the depression. There may also be the attitude of the nurses, that depression is part of the aging process. This may lead to that depression is not identified. By using communication, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), information from people close to the patient and education, the nurse’s possibilities in identifying a depression are increased and can thereby reduce the suffering of the elderly. The conclusion is that nurses need more education to be able to identify depression in eldery.

Identifying the unique ways in which a project can add value to an owner’s organization is an essential part of project delivery. Every project has defined requirements, such as budget, schedule and engineering specifications that must be met; but there are other attributes of a project that are not always immediately evident; yet, when implemented, can add significant value. A delivered project that meets cost, schedule, engineering and operational requirements is not necessarily a project that provides the most value possible. To maximize the value of a project, it is first necessary to identify the ways in which it can add value. Only after that can an effective strategy be developed to exploit fully the value-adding potential of a project. However, because these value adding attributes, or value interests, are not always driven by operational or engineering requirements, they can be difficult to identify. Identification begins with understanding what aspect of a project drives the value interests. Since a single owner may engage in different types of projects and the value set of one may not be the value set of another, it is logical then to conclude it is characteristics of the project itself, not the owner, that drive the presence of value interest. It is this hypothesis, that project characteristics drive value interests, which is presented and validated in this thesis. The hypothesis is supported through the development of a mathematical model in which the parameter estimates show specific project characteristics are significant in explaining the importance of individual value interests to a project. The model was developed through binary logistic regression of industry survey data, and validated statistically and empirically. A sensitivity analysis showed the key cost- and schedule-related value interests are not significantly sensitive, and an examination of the parameter estimates showed realistic and common sense relationships are present. The methodology presented here shows that value interests are, indeed, driven by project characteristics. However, there is neither a single characteristic nor a standard set of characteristics that drive all value interests. Instead, each value interest has its own unique combination of driving characteristics.

<p>Depression hos äldre har blivit ett stort hälsoproblem. Idag är depression den vanligaste psykiatriska sjukdomen bland äldre. Om en depression inte identifieras kan den leda till allvarliga konsekvenser. En av sjuksköterskans uppgifter kan vara att identifiera depression hos äldre personer. Syftet med denna litteratur studien var att ta reda på sjuksköterskans svårigheter och möjligheter i att identifiera depression hos äldre. Den valda metoden var en kvalitativ litteraturstudie och gjordes enligt Friberg (2001). Den kunskap som framkom om sjuksköterskan kategoriserades i svårigheter att identifiera depression och möjligheter i att upptäcka depressionen. Resultatet av studien visar att sjusköterskor har svårigheter i att identifiera depression hos äldre, men det finns möjligheter att förbättra en identifiering. När den äldre deprimerade maskerar sina depressiva symtom i somatiska sjukdomar, kan sjuksköterskan få svårigheter att identifiera depressionen. Det kan också finnas attityder hos sjuksköterskor, att människan blir deprimerad på äldre dagar. Detta kan leda till att depressionen inte identifieras. Genom att använda sig av kommunikation, GeriatricDepression Scale (GDS), kunskap från närstående och utbildning ökar sjuksköterskans möjligheter att identifiera en depression och därmed minska lidandet för den äldre. Slutsatsen som dras är att det behövs mer utbildning för sjuksköterskor i att kunna identifiera depression hos den äldre personen.</p> / <p>Depression in elderly people has become a big health problem. Today, depression is the most common psychiatric illness amongst elderly. If depression is not identified, it can lead to serious consequences. One of the nurse’s duties could be identify depression in elderly people. The purpose of this literary study was to find the nurse’s difficulties and possibilities in identifying depression in elderly. The chosen method was a qualitative literary study and was carried out according to Friberg (2001). That knowledge that emerged about the nurses was categorised in difficulties in identifying depression and possibilities of discovering this. The result of the study shows that nurses have difficulties in identifying depression in elderly, but there are possibilities to improve an identification. When the depressed elderly disguises the depressive symptoms in somatic illnesses, the nurse may have difficulties in identifying the depression. There may also be the attitude of the nurses, that depression is part of the aging process. This may lead to that depression is not identified. By using communication, the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), information from people close to the patient and education, the nurse’s possibilities in identifying a depression are increased and can thereby reduce the suffering of the elderly. The conclusion is that nurses need more education to be able to identify depression in eldery.</p>