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CHARLES UNIVERSITY IN PRAGUE FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES Institute of Sociological Studies Department of Sociology Valeriia Galushkevych 'Czech people' coming from Ukraine, their understanding of national identity Thesis abstract Key words: Czech Republic, integration, migration, national identity, perception, push and pull factors, resettlement, Ukrainian migrants. In this thesis, I analyze various aspects of migration from Ukraine to the Czech Republic under the resettlement program of ethnic Czechs introduced by the Czech government in 2015. This program was initiated upon the request of the Czech society in Ukraine in response to steady economic decline and worsening living conditions in Ukraine. The population of my study is ethnic Czechs living in Ukraine and who moved to the Czech Republic within the resettlement program. I study the determinants of their move, speed of integration in the Czech Republic, progress on the Czech labor market, migrants' satisfaction with life in the destination country, discrimination and their plans for the future. I collect qualitative data from individual interviews mostly conducted in hotel rooms where the migrants temporarily reside. A significant distinguishing feature of this study is that I analyze migrants with Czech roots who moved to the Czech Republic under...

Second-generation immigrants are increasingly embracing their biculturalism, equally identifying as American and "other" (Yazykova & McLeigh, 2015). While this allows for ethnic diversity as well as other social and linguistic advantages, the internalization of two different cultures has been linked to causing tensions related to identity development and mental health (Huynh et al., 2018; Ceri et al., 2017; Ritsner & Ponizovsky, 1999). Previous research has shown a link between parental support and an individual's acculturation and psychological well-being (Pawliuk et al., 1996; Abad & Sheldon, 2008). This study seeks to further examine the influence of family on the bicultural identity integration and psychological distress in second-generation immigrants. Researchers recruited 39 participants to explore the relationship of family life satisfaction, family social support, bicultural harmony and blendedness, and self-reported symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. A bivariate correlation analysis showed that satisfaction with family life was negatively associated with depression, stress, and overall psychological distress. In addition, perceived social support from family appeared to have a positive relationship to higher scores of depression. Researchers also found that bicultural identity integration had a negative relationship with anxiety, stress, and overall psychological distress.

Att veta vem man är i en värld fylld av normer och regler kan vara en kamp för många. Vad identitet betyder beror på vem som tillfråggas vilket även skiner ljus på den komplexitet som existerar kring detta ämne. Denna undersökning utfördes i syftet att komma närmare upplevelsen av identitetsskapande hos unga svenskfödda individer med utländsk bakgrund. Åtta intervjuer genomfördes med unga individer mellan 20-24 år. En tematisk analys gav fyra teman som visade att upplevelsen av identitetsskapande hos unga svenskfödda individer med bikulturell identitet differentierar och att det finns både för- och nackdelar. I de svårigheter som representerades förekom även en positiv upplevelse av stolthet, och i de möjligheter som representerades förekom även en synlig kamp. Resultatet tydde på att bikulturella individer behöver känna sig accepterade och få synas som en individ utöver den bikulturella identiteten.

This study aimed to explore the indirect effect of parental attachment on psychological well-being via bicultural identity integration (BII) in a sample of bicultural young adult children of immigrant caregivers, as well as the moderator effect of language brokering on the relation between parental attachment and BII. The final sample included 107 participants who were recruited through various psychology listservs, social media advertisements, undergraduate psychological courses, and snowball sampling methods to complete an online survey via Qualtrics. Preliminary analyses revealed that age and race/ethnicity were significantly associated with some variables of interest. Results of primary analyses revealed a significant relation between parental attachment and psychological distress, but not with life satisfaction. Bivariate correlations revealed a significantly positive relation between BII blendedness and life satisfaction but no significant relation with psychological distress. However, BII harmony was not significantly correlated with either psychological well-being outcome. There were no significant findings when examining the indirect-effect, moderation, and moderated mediational effects. Findings derived from this study contribute to a greater understanding of the cognitive and affective processes that contribute to the integration of bicultural identities. Relevant literature, conceptual reasoning and empirical evidence for the research methods, and counseling implications of the findings, limitations, and future directions are discussed.

Nos sociétés évoluent et se transforment constamment. Il devient de plus en plus difficile pour chacun de nous d’éviter le changement social. Lorsqu’un changement survient, nous devons modifier qui nous sommes afin de s’adapter à notre nouvel environnement et ressentir du bien-être. Plusieurs études ont proposé des étapes menant à l’intégration identitaire, mais ces processus demeurent limités sur une perspective statique. Les processus statiques ne parviennent pas à expliquer le processus itératif utilisé chaque jour pour intégrer une nouvelle identité. Le but de notre étude est de fusionner deux champs de la littérature : la psychologie sociale et les neurosciences afin de créer le Modèle bayésien d’intégration identitaire (MBII). Lors d’une première étude, nous discutons du fondement théorique du MBII ainsi que deux exemples fictifs de l’intégration d’une identité personnelle et sociale. Dans la seconde étude, nous testons certaines parties du MBII dans le contexte de la légalisation du cannabis au Canada. Ce contexte peut avoir changé l’intégration du cannabis des Canadiens dans leur identité de groupe. Nous avons mesuré l’intégration du cannabis de 1682 Canadiens sur trois temps de mesure à l’aide d’un questionnaire. Nous avons utilisé le MBII sur les trois temps de mesure afin de prédire l’intégration du cannabis au temps 3. Des analyses de régression montrent que les scores prédits par le MBII prédisent positivement les scores rapportés par les participants au temps 3. Les implications théoriques, méthodologiques et pratiques sont discutées. / Societies grow and modify themselves continually. It becomes more and more difficult for people to avoid social change. When social change does show up, people need to modify who they are as to adapt themselves to their new environment and experience well-being. Several studies propose stages that lead to identity integration, but these processes remain limited to a static perspective. Static processes cannot explain how people actualize their identities on an iterative basis every day. The goal of the present study is to develop a new dynamic conceptualization of identity integration. To do so, we merge two fields of research: social psychology and fields of computed neuroscience and machine learning as to create our model: The Bayesian Model of Identity Integration (BMII). We discuss and test the BMII in two studies. In the first study, we describe the theoretical basis of our model along with two examples of how the BMII could explain a personal and a social identity integration. In the second study, we test several parts of the BMII in the context of cannabis legalization in Canada. Such context may have changed people’s integration of cannabis into their identity of Canadians. We measure cannabis integration of 1682 Canadians over three measurement time questionnaires. The BMII is used on all three questionnaires and produce scores that aim to predict cannabis integration at time 3. Regression tests between predicted scores and actual scores of cannabis integration at time 3 shows positive predictions. Theoretical, methodological and practical implications are discussed.

Donor conception (DC) is an artificial reproductive technique that refers to the use of donated gametes. Adolescence is an important period for identity formation and being donor conceived might be an important part of people’s identity, yet few studies have investigated donor conceived adolescents’ experiences. The research questions were: 1) How do adolescents integrate their donor conception into their identity? 2) Does the level of integration differ between adolescents with early and late disclosure and is there a difference when controlling for family type, current age and gender? 3) Does the level of integration differ between adolescents in families with heterosexual and lesbian parents and is there a difference when controlling for age at disclosure, current age and gender? The study had a cross-sectional design and included 86 donor conceived adolescents between 13-16 years old. They were children of heterosexual or lesbian couples that took part in the longitudinal Swedish Study on Gamete Donation. Data was collected through a questionnaire survey. The integration of DC into identity was measured with the Donor Conception Identity Questionnaire. Wilcoxon Signed Rank test and Mann-Whitney U tests were conducted to answer the research questions. Adolescents showed low curiosity and avoidance regardless of family type, indicating that the DC was not seen as a crucial part of their identity, nor something that bothered them. Adolescents with late disclosure showed more avoidance than those with early disclosure, supporting the idea that early disclosure is beneficial for the integration of DC into identity. / Donationsbehandling innebär befruktning med hjälp av donerade könsceller. Tonårstiden är viktig för identitetsformation. Att ha blivit till genom donationsbehandling kan vara en viktig del i identiteten men få studier har undersökt detta hos tonåringar. Forskningsfrågorna var: 1)Hur har tonåringar integrerat att de blivit till genom donationsbehandling i sin identitet? 2)Skiljer sig integrationen åt mellan tonåringar som fick veta tidigt och sent och finns det en skillnad när man kontrollerar för familjetyp, nuvarande ålder och kön? 3) Skiljer sig integrationen åt mellan tonåringar i familjer med heterosexuella och lesbiska föräldrar och finns det en skillnad när man kontrollerar för kön, nuvarande ålder och när de fick veta hur de blivit till? Studien var en tvärsnittsstudie med 86 stycken 13-16-åringar. De var barn till heterosexuella eller lesbiska par som deltog i den longitudinella studien Swedish Study on Gamete Donation. Data samlades in genom frågeformulär. Donor Conception Identity Questionnaire användes för att mäta hur tonåringar integrerat sitt ursprung i identiteten. Wilcoxon Signed Rank-test och Mann-Whitney U-tester genomfördes för att besvara frågeställningarna. Oavsett familjetyp visade tonåringarna låg grad av nyfikenhet och undvikande. Att de blivit till med donationsbehandling verkade alltså varken upplevas som bekymmersamt eller som en viktig del av identiteten. Tonåringar som fick veta sent visade större undvikande än de som fått veta tidigt. Det talar för att tonåringar som blivit till genom donationsbehandling kan ha enklare att integrera det i sin identitet om de tidigt får veta hur de blivit till. / Swedish Study on Gamete Donation

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Un nombre important d’individus subit des conséquences négatives en lien avec une appartenance à un groupe peu adapté socialement (p. ex., membre d’un gang de rue). Certains parviennent à mettre fin à cette identification, alors que d'autres n’y arrivent pas. Nous proposons que les individus qui réussissent le peuvent grâce à l’intégration d’une nouvelle identité, davantage adaptée, et conflictuelle avec leur identité d’origine. Dans ce mémoire, nous mettons de l’avant l’argument que lors de conflit identitaire majeur entre deux identités, le processus d’intégration identitaire est soustractif. Cinq sous hypothèses ont été testées lors de deux études effectuées avec des participants vivant un conflit identitaire majeur. Un niveau élevé de conflit identitaire prédit un faible niveau d’identification envers l’identité au statut le moins élevé (hypothèse 1). Un lien prédictif est postulé entre le statut perçu d’une identité et le niveau d’identification à cette identité (hypothèse 2). Un niveau d’intégration identitaire élevé de la nouvelle identité prédit un faible niveau d’identification envers l’identité au statut le moins élevé (hypothèse 3). Un niveau d’intégration identitaire élevé de la nouvelle identité prédit un faible niveau de déviance (étude 1) et d’alcoolisme (étude 2) (hypothèse 4). Finalement, un niveau d’intégration identitaire élevé de la nouvelle identité prédit un niveau de bien-être élevé (hypothèse 5). Les résultats de la première étude (N=42), effectuée sur un échantillon de jeunes filles placées en Centre Jeunesse, vont dans le sens des hypothèses 2 et 3. Les résultats de la deuxième étude (N=28), effectuée sur un échantillon d’individus membres des Alcooliques Anonymes, vont dans le sens des hypothèses 2 et 5. / An important number of individuals suffer from negative consequences associated with a negative social identity (i.e., members of street gangs). A number of them are able to get rid of that identity, whereas others continue to belong to a negative group. We theorize that individuals who no longer identify to a negative group are those who integrate a pro-social identity, in conflict with their original identity. In this thesis, we bring forward the argument that in the presence of a strong identity conflict between two identities; the identity integration process follows a subtractive pattern. In order to support this statement, the five following sub-hypotheses have been tested: a high level of identity conflict predicts a low level of identification towards the identity with a perceived lower status (hypothesis 1). The status attributed to an identity predicts of the level of identification toward that identity (hypothesis 2). A high level of identity integration of the new identity predicts a low level of identification towards the identity with the perceived lower status (hypothesis 3). A high level of identity integration of the new identity predicts a low level of deviance (study 1) and alcoholism (study 2) (hypothesis 4). Finally, a high level of identity integration of the new identity predicts a high level of well-being (hypothesis 5). Results from the first study (N=42), conducted on a sample of young girls placed in a rehabilitation center, support hypothesis 2 and 3 whereas results from study 2 (N=28), conducted on a sample of individuals member of Alcoholics Anonymous, support hypotheses 2 and 5.

La tesi si focalizza sui processi di costruzione dell’identità in adolescenti e giovani adulti in adozione internazionale analizzandone l’influenza sul benessere. L’approccio quantitativo e l’assunzione di una prospettiva familiare caratterizzano l’impianto di ricerca dei quattro studi che compongono questa ricerca. Il primo studio tratteggia un quadro della famiglia adottiva di fronte all’adolescenza dei figli adottivi prendendone esaminandone dimensioni specifiche a livello individuale, relazionale e sociale. Il secondo studio identifica una tipologia identitaria di adottati alla luce dei pattern di identificazione etnica e nazionale che discrimina rispetto alla qualità della relazione familiare, benessere e motivazioni identitarie dell’adottato. Il terzo studio evidenzia l’influenza di alcune variabili familiari e sociali sui processi identitari degli adottati ed analizza come i diversi esiti identitari siano legati al benessere. Il quarto studio si focalizza sulla socializzazione culturale e la percezione di discriminazione quali predittori della costruzione dell’identità etnica in Italia e negli U.S.A, mettendo in evidenza aspetti comuni e differenze culturali specifiche. Dai risultati emerge che il legame tra il benessere e la capacità di confrontarsi con la duplice appartenenza al proprio gruppo etnico e al nuovo contesto sociale di appartenenza. I genitori assumono un ruolo fondamentale nel sostenere tale processo tramite le strategie di socializzazione culturale. / This work is focused on the identity process among adolescents and young adults internationally adopted and their well-being. The four studies that compose this dissertation are characterize by the quantitative approach and the assumption of a family perspective. The first study explore well-being, ethnic identity, family relations and the perception of social context among adoptees and their parents. The second study identifies a type of identity of adoptees for different patterns of ethnic identification and national. The type of adoptees shows differences with respect to the quality of family relations, well-being and multiple motives on identity construction. The third study develops a model of the explanatory factors determining the adoptees well-being; it confirms the influence of some family and social variables on identity processes and assess whether adoptees’ identity is related to psychosocial well-being. The fourth study is focused on the perception of cultural socialization and discrimination as predictors of ethnic identity in Italy and the USA, highlighting common aspects and specific cultural differences. The results show that family relations and the degree of integration between two cultural identities are important protective factors for psychosocial adjustment and well-being of adoptees. Parents play a vital role in supporting this process through cultural socialization strategies.