Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal descobrir e revelar como Francisco Mignone compôs as 12 Valsas de Esquina e as 12 Valsas-Choro para piano solo, contribuindo para o estudo e a divulgação da música brasileira. Através da análise realizada nesta tese, revelou-se o idiomático de Mignone referente a essas obras. Além disso, investigaram-se os dados biográficos desse compositor, o gênero valsa e a contextualização da época em que as peças foram compostas. Como acréscimo, foi elaborado um guia interpretativo baseado na análise dessas Valsas e realizada uma entrevista com a pianista e viúva do compositor, Maria Josephina Mignone. A conclusão desta pesquisa, a partir das importantes informações apresentadas nos capítulos e também do resultado da análise, identifica a estrutura musical utilizada nas 12 Valsas de Esquina e nas 12 Valsas-Choro. / This paper\'s main objective is to discover and reveal how Francisco Mignone wrote the 12 Waltzes Corner and Choro-12 Waltzes for piano, contributing to the study and dissemination of Brazilian music. Through the analysis conducted in this thesis, proved the idiom of Mignone on these works. Furthermore, we investigated the biographical data of the composer, the dance, and the gender context of the time in which the pieces were composed. How increase has produced a guide for interpretation based on analysis of waltzes and held an interview with the pianist and composer\'s widow, Maria Josephina Mignone. The conclusion of this research, from the important information presented in the chapters and also the result of the analysis identifies the musical structure used in the 12 Waltzes Corner and 12 Waltzes-Choro.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo principal descobrir e revelar como Francisco Mignone compôs as 12 Valsas de Esquina e as 12 Valsas-Choro para piano solo, contribuindo para o estudo e a divulgação da música brasileira. Através da análise realizada nesta tese, revelou-se o idiomático de Mignone referente a essas obras. Além disso, investigaram-se os dados biográficos desse compositor, o gênero valsa e a contextualização da época em que as peças foram compostas. Como acréscimo, foi elaborado um guia interpretativo baseado na análise dessas Valsas e realizada uma entrevista com a pianista e viúva do compositor, Maria Josephina Mignone. A conclusão desta pesquisa, a partir das importantes informações apresentadas nos capítulos e também do resultado da análise, identifica a estrutura musical utilizada nas 12 Valsas de Esquina e nas 12 Valsas-Choro. / This paper\'s main objective is to discover and reveal how Francisco Mignone wrote the 12 Waltzes Corner and Choro-12 Waltzes for piano, contributing to the study and dissemination of Brazilian music. Through the analysis conducted in this thesis, proved the idiom of Mignone on these works. Furthermore, we investigated the biographical data of the composer, the dance, and the gender context of the time in which the pieces were composed. How increase has produced a guide for interpretation based on analysis of waltzes and held an interview with the pianist and composer\'s widow, Maria Josephina Mignone. The conclusion of this research, from the important information presented in the chapters and also the result of the analysis identifies the musical structure used in the 12 Waltzes Corner and 12 Waltzes-Choro.

This purpose of this thesis is to explore the relationship between idiomatic knowledge and second language proficiency. As the amount of research directly related to this topic is sparse, an in-depth discussion of relevant research and definitions comprises the first part of this paper. Two studies are then presented here that test the relationship between idiomatic knowledge and second language proficiency. A new definition for idioms proposes that all non-compositional phrases, popularized by usage, that is stored, retrieved, and employed as a single lexical unit. The results from more than 400 participants across two studies indicate that the two constructs are strongly correlated, but that the observable relationship between them is only modest. Additional results from the two studies also indicate that idiomatic knowledge is more strongly correlated with speaking skill than with writing or reading skills. The impacts of this study on existing research are discussed and directions for new research is suggested.

Conceptual Metaphor Theory (CMT, Lakoff & Johnson 1980; Lakoff, 1983, 1987, 1993, 2008, 2009), the most prominent cognitive approach to metaphor comprehension, argues that the nature of interconnections within the conceptual system is inherently metaphoric-analogical and that systematic patterns in linguistic metaphor reveal these cognitive interconnections. Relevance Theory (RT, Sperber & Wilson, 1986; Wilson & Sperber, 1993; Sperber & Wilson, 1995; Wilson & Sperber, 2002, 2004) and Graded Salience (GS, Giora, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2003; Peleg et al., 2008; Peleg & Giora, 2011) disagree that systematic patterns in linguistic metaphor can be taken as direct evidence of their cognitive representation. A metaphor consists of two concepts, a source and a target concept. The metaphor implies an analogy between the two concepts. To comprehend a metaphor is to infer under which conditions the implied analogy holds. The meaning of the two concepts is pragmatically enriched by these additional assumptions. Metaphor comprehension is an inferential process. The result of this process is the enriched meaning of the metaphor. This meaning can become conventionalised, in which case it often serves as an inferential shortcut: instead of having to consider all conceptually possible interpretations and their plausibility in the context of the analogy, speakers who are familiar with the conventional (i.e. idiomatic) meaning are provided with a default interpretation. According to CMT, the inferential process is a process of interconnecting primary embodied concepts to ever more complex higher-order concepts. On this view, a metaphoric idiomatic meaning is such a complex concept where the conceptual interconnections are conventional. According to RT, the inferential process is a process of inferring a meaning that is in line with the speaker's communicative intent, the discourse context, and interlocutors' expectations of the cognitive relevance of potential inferences. On this view, metaphoric idiomatic meanings are highly salient inferences with a high degree of contextual relevance because speakers' expectations of relevance are conventionalised. According to GS, the inferential process consists of two modules that work in parallel: a module that infers salient meanings based on linguistic knowledge and a module that enriches the meaning by taking non-linguistic knowledge such as conceptual, experiential, perceptual, contextual, and world knowledge into consideration. On this view, metaphoric idiomatic meanings are highly salient inferences because of speakers' knowledge of non-conceptual linguistic conventions. This thesis investigates the claims made by CMT, RT and GS by experimentally testing the cross-linguistic communicability of metaphoric proverbs with idiomatic meanings. Proverbs are selected such that the similarity of metaphors' source and target concepts, expectations of contextual relevance, and the degree of familiarity with proverbs' conventional wording is cross-linguistically maximised. If CMT is correct, then when cross-linguistic conceptual similarity is maximised in this way, monolingual native speakers should find L2 language-specific metaphors communicable. If RT and GS are correct, then monolingual native speakers should find L2-specific metaphors less communicable than L1-specific and non-language-specific metaphoric proverbs because they lack knowledge of the necessary non-conceptual linguistic conventions. Cross-linguistic metaphor communicability is measured in three ways in the experiments: (1) through reading/response times, (2) through plausibility judgements, and (3) through a context creation task. Results show that cross-linguistic metaphor communicability of L2-specific metaphors is lowered for monolingual native speakers on all three measures.

AN ABSTRACT OF THE THESIS OF BRITTNEY E. EBERHARDT, for the Master of Science degree in Behavior Analysis and Therapy, presented on August 2016, at Southern Illinois University Carbondale. TITLE: TEACHING IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS TO CHILDREN WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS USING THE PEAK RELATIONAL TRAINING SYSTEM MAJOR PROFESSOR: Dr. Mark R. Dixon Idiomatic expressions are commonly used phrases, which require the listener to interpret the meaning figuratively rather than literally. The purpose of this study was to expand the research in the area of stimulus equivalence to determine whether untaught symmetrical and transitive responding in relation to idiomatic expressions would emerge for two participants with developmental delays. The first phase of the study involved directly training participants to respond with the statement (B stimuli; i.e.: “Go to bed.”) that corresponded with an intraverbal (A stimuli; i.e.: “What do you do at night after you put on your pajamas?”). After participants mastered these relationships, they were directly trained to respond with the idiomatic expression (C stimuli; i.e.: “Hit the hay”) when the experimenter verbally asked, “What is another way to say [A stimuli]?”. The results indicate that both participants achieved mastery criteria during the first phase of the study on A-B relations, however they were unable to demonstrate the derived equivalence A-C relation or C-B relation. After training on the B-C relationship, participants were again able to achieve criteria on the trained relationship and demonstrated some of the derived symmetrical relationships as well as derived transitive relationships. In addition, this study utilized the procedures from the PEAK-E relational training system to aid in replication in research and clinical practice.

This master thesis has two main objectives, the first is to develop a list of impressionistic key features and the second is to apply those key features when writing idiomatic music for the guitar. The composers of the impressionist era tried to capture the sense of an emotion through the musical language, something this master thesis investigates further. During the process of gathering information about impressionistic key features, I found important building blocks that made me aware of the impressionistic musical language. The four methods I used were arranging and analyzing sheet music, interviews with composers, literature studies and video interpretation. When I found enough material, I started to write music using the impressionistic key features. It resulted in three impressionistic sounding pieces. The pieces are presented with sheet music and an audio recording. As a reader and musician, one can gain knowledge about the impressionistic sound, how to write idiomatic music for the guitar and methods how one can intertwine these two subjects. The discussion part of the thesis addresses problems I struggled with during the process and how I could move away from these difficulties using composing methods and utilizing the impressionistic key features in a creative manor.

"The object of this thesis is neither to uphold the sacred cows of traditionalist grammar nor to forge a way for a liberal philology. It does, however, examine "the kind of English that most people use most of the time," that is, the idiom of the language, and specifically the phrases and expressions that compose idioms."--1.

The purposes of the essay are to transcribe and analyze selected solos from the 1964 J. J. Johnson recording, Proof Positive as well as to increase the amount of analytical literature on J. J. Johnson presently obtainable for study by jazz trombonists. J. J. Johnson will further be affirmed as a jazz musician worthy of doctoral level study. Selected solos from the 1964 J. J. Johnson recording Proof Positive will be transcribed and analyzed in depth using a method of analysis incorporating improvisational devices identified by the author. A brief biography of J. J. Johnson is presented along with a review of jazz trombone history in order to provide perspective. A review of related literature will be provided as well. The study will be limited to those solos that meet a selection criterion. The specific solos that were selected met the standard of containing a substantial number of Johnson's characteristic improvisational devices. Melody, harmony, rhythm, and stylistic inflection within each solo are discussed in detail and musical examples from the improvisations are cited to provide emphasis. The 1964 J. J. Johnson recording, Proof Positive was chosen for transcription and analysis due to its historical significance as a seminal recording and for the fact that only "Stella by Starlight" has been published. The remaining trombone solos have not yet been readily made available for study.

The subject of this thesis is to investigate the Italian names of colours, placing them into context and issue of translation of the names of colours into Czech. The thesis has two parts. The first part theoretical deals in general with colours and colour terms, colour perception, symbologies, research and etymology. This thesis also analyse the process of colour perception throughout history and in the evolution of humans. In the practical part we will then get through five subdivisions to the terms from the area of biology (the names of plants and animals), in which there occurs any of Italian names of colours then we get to idiomatic expressions, uniting with the verb, comparison and collocation, in which there also occur terms indicating colours. In all of these five areas, we analyse similarity between the two languages by using analogous databases in Czech language and translation into Czech language. The aim of this thesis is delimitation of colour terms in the Italian language, their definition, putting into context, confrontation of loose and established closer links and also their comparison with Czech.

GOMES, Languisner. Expressões idiomáticas: explorando as trilhas da geração do sentido. 2009. 274f. – Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Departamento de Letras Vernáculas, Programa de Pós-graduação em Linguística, Fortaleza (CE), 2009. / Submitted by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-25T16:36:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tese_lgomes.pdf: 2234502 bytes, checksum: ceb44d6e2fd6d1a87f768fd71d8b664f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo(marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2014-08-25T17:22:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tese_lgomes.pdf: 2234502 bytes, checksum: ceb44d6e2fd6d1a87f768fd71d8b664f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-08-25T17:22:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2009_tese_lgomes.pdf: 2234502 bytes, checksum: ceb44d6e2fd6d1a87f768fd71d8b664f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / We had some questions that have driven our investigation: (i) What are the mechanisms that are involved in the metaphorical/literal meaning generation of the idiomatic expressions (IE) and its pictorial representation (PR)?, (ii) What is the role of the conceptual metaphor/blending in the metaphorical/literal meaning generation between the two modalities (verbal IE and non-verbal PR)? And (iii) What is the role of the congruent projections of each modality in the metaphorical/literal meaning generation? To answer these questions we had a main objective: describe the internal structure of the conceptual integration network of the mechanisms responsible for the metaphorical/literal meaning generation of the idioms and its PRs and some specific objectives: (i) to describe, by use of a model, the internal structure of conceptual integration network and of the mechanisms involved in the generation of meaning of IEs and their PRs; (ii) to describe the figurative and/or literal process that interferes in the meaning generation and (iii) propose a model that demonstrates the internal structure of the IE meaning generation and its PRs in the conceptual integration network.. The following works had been selected to compose the research corpus: (a) A vaca foi pro brejo – the cow went to the swamp (FERNANDES, 2001) and (b) Pequeno Dicionário de Expressões Idiomáticas (ZOCCHIO; BALARDIN, 1999). From the work by Fernandes (2001), the expressions (1) “o bom cabrito não berra”, (2) “não ter papas na língua” e (3) “só falam abobrinhas” were selected; from Zocchio and Balardin (1999), the IE “engolir sapo”. In order to reach our objectives, we based our research on the postulates of the Theory of Conceptual Integration (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2003) and on Lakoff and Johnson’s (1980, 1999) Theory of Conceptual Metaphor. With the analyses as a starting point, the designed model of the internal structure of conceptual integration networks revealed that the interrelation between the IE and its PR allows a multiplicity of projections which contribute to the generation of meaning. The model also allows the expansion of conceptual relationships, generating different blends, so that the image, in terms of its verbal representation, may be partially or totally congruent. The degree of (in)congruence between the literal and the idiomatic is, in a continuum, decisive for the determination of the blended result. It was possible to show that there is a close connection between one modality and the other. This suggests that the nature of the processing of an IE may have a metaphorical or literal basis. Still based on the analyses, our model of blends proved to be efficient to demonstrate the internal organization of the nets in the generation of meaning, from the interrelation between verbal and non-verbal representation. In the designing of the networks, the various creative and imaginative projections come into play, which allows for new configurations of meaning to be successively (re)constructed. / As questões que nos levaram à investigação do tema foram: (i) Quais são os mecanismos envolvidos na geração do sentido metafórico/literal das expressões idiomáticas (EIs) e suas desconstruções pictóricas (DPs)? (ii) Qual é o papel da metáfora/mesclagem conceptual na geração do sentido metafórico/literal entre as duas modalidades (EI verbal e DP não-verbal)? e (iii) Qual é o papel das projeções congruentes e não congruentes de cada uma das modalidades na geração do sentido metafórico/literal? Para responder a esses questionamentos tivemos como objetivo principal descrever a estrutura interna da rede de integração conceptual dos mecanismos responsáveis pela geração do sentido metafórico/literal das EIs e suas DPs e como objetivos específicos: (i) descrever e propor um modelo que revele a arquitetura interna da rede de integração conceptual envolvida nos processos de geração do sentido entre as duas modalidades (verbal e não-verbal), (ii) descrever como processos de figuratividade e/ou literalidade participam nas modalidades verbal e não-verbal e interferem na geração do significado e (iii) propor um modelo que revele a estrutura interna do percurso gerativo do sentido das EIS e suas DPs nas redes de integração conceptual. (RP). Para composição do corpus da pesquisa foram selecionadas as seguintes obras: (a) A vaca foi pro brejo – the cow went to the swamp (FERNANDES, 2001) e (b) Pequeno Dicionário de Expressões Idiomáticas (ZOCCHIO; BALARDIN, 1999). Da obra de Fernandes (2001) foram escolhidas as expressões (1) “o bom cabrito não berra”, (2) “não ter papas na língua” e (3) “só falam abobrinhas”; de Zocchio e Ballardin (1999), a expressão “engolir sapo”. Para atingirmos nossos objetivos, tomamos como base os postulados da Teoria da Integração Conceptual (FAUCONNIER; TURNER, 2003) e da Teoria da Metáfora Conceptual de Lakoff e Johnson (1980, 1999). A partir das análises, o modelo projetado da estrutura interna das redes de integração conceptual revelou que a inter-relação entre EI e sua RP permite uma multiplicidade de projeções que participam na geração do sentido. O modelo também permite ampliar as relações conceptuais gerando diferentes mesclagens, de forma que a imagem em relação à sua representação verbal pode ser parcial ou totalmente congruente. O grau de (in)congruência entre o literal e o idiomático é, no continuum, decisivo para a determinação do resultado mesclado. Foi possível tornar evidente que há uma estreita ligação entre uma modalidade e a outra. Isso aponta para desvelar que a natureza do processamento da EI pode ser de base metafórica ou literal. Ainda com base nas análises, o modelo de mesclagem proposto comprovou ser eficiente para a demonstração da organização interna das redes na geração do sentido, a partir da inter-relação entre a representação verbal e não-verbal. Na estruturação das redes entram em jogo as várias projeções criativas e imaginativas, o que possibilita novas configurações de sentido (re)construído sucessivamente.