Lack of safe drinking water and lack of water hygiene literacy contribute to a large disease burden in rural areas of Africa, and children suffer disproportionately more than adults from diarrheal diseases caused by nonpotable water. Research is needed to help merge education and water sanitation to provide more effective methods of preventing diarrheal diseases. The ecological model and hygiene improvement framework were used to guide the study. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to describe the shared experiences of people participating in the water hygiene education program provided by Lifewater International. Lifewater is a nonprofit organization focused on improving access to clean water and increasing water hygiene literacy in rural parts of developing countries. Individual interviews were conducted with six Lifewater program participants, using the Delphi sampling technique. After I transcribed and thematically analyzed data for codes, three main themes were identified that motivated Lifewater partners and members of their community to change behavior: improving their children's health, saving time and money, and being a better Christian. The most meaningful part of participating in the program is that they use the information to improve the lives of those in their communities. In addition to making curricula for the Lifewater organization and its partners more streamlined, if the lessons are more culturally relevant, people are more likely to accept the behavior changes being taught, which can also influence the behavior change. Culturally relevant curriculum could help increase the access to and knowledge of clean water in developing areas, which contributes to the United Nation;s Millennium Development Goals, and thus promotes social change.

SAMMANFATTNING  Syfte Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka anledningen till att vissa familjer väljer att söka akutsjukvård till sina barn istället för att vända sig till andra vårdinstanser.  Metod En enkät utformades för studien. Enkäten delades ut till familjer som sökte för icke akuta åkommor på en barnakutmottagning i Uppsala län. Studien pågick under en tolvdagarsperiod och avslutades när 80 familjer besvarat enkäten. Frågorna bearbetades med hjälp av beskrivande statistik samt chi2-test.  Resultat Den huvudsakliga anledningen till att man valde att söka på barnakutmottagningen var att man telefonledes blivit hänvisad av annan vårdinstans (73,8%). Av de familjer som varit i kontakt med annan vårdinstans hade 70% hänvisats via sjukvårdsrådgivningen/1177.De vanligaste åkommorna som det söktes för var andningsbesvär, luftvägsinfektioner och bukbesvär. Någon skillnad i sökmönster beroende på demografiska faktorer kunde inte urskiljas.  Slutsats Studien visade att anledningen till att familjer sökte akutsjukvård för icke akuta åkommor i mycket stor grad berodde på att man hänvisats till barnakutmottagningen av annan vårdinstans. Det är således inte familjernas intention att söka akut i första hand utan systemets utformning som styr familjerna till barnakutmottagningen. / ABSTRACT  Aim The aim was to evaluate why families visited the pediatric emergency department with non-acute conditions instead of seeking other healthcare providers.  Method A questionnaire was constructed and distributed to families that visited a pediatric emergency department in Uppsala county. The study was terminated after twelve days. 80 families were included. The results were evaluated with descriptive statistics as well as Chi2-test.  Results The most common reason (73,8%) for visiting the pediatric emergency department was that the families had been instructed by phone to do so by another health care provider. Of the families that had been referred by another health care provider 70% had been referred by the ”Sjukvårdsrådgiving/1177”. The most common reasons for the visit were troubles with breathing, upper air way infection and abdominal problems. There were no discernable differences in the visiting patterns due to demographic differences.  Conclusion The study shows that the reason that families visited the pediatric emergency department for for non-acute conditions to a large degree was that they had been recommended to do so by another health care provider. It is thus not the families own intention to primarily visit the pediatric emergency department but the health care system channels them there.

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Today we live in a highly developed science, high technology and fast transmit-ted information time, the competition is more and more intense in all industries of course the medical. People in medical industry not only have to response the impact from the change of the national policy but accept the concept to service by patient¡¦s demand and needs. In the past, the staff of hospital needn¡¦t to care about the source of patient, the fair of payment policy and the sustainable management in their hospital. But these competitive advantages had disappeared after the National Health Insurance policy was executed from 1995 AD., the pressure of management are more and more heavy especially the practitioners. In order to manage sustainably, the staff of hospital not only have to control the cost of management but also create the advantages and good chances by understood the demand and needs of the patient. The research of the considering factors in medical treatment is one of the analysis in the patient¡¦s demand and needs. Generally, patient has to know what the illness he or she gets, then patient will choice the suitable hospital for their medical treatment. In this research we separate the illness into two parts¡GOne is the specialty illness (ophthalmology, dental, orthopedic, neurology, psychiatry, obstetrics & gynecology, radiology neoplasm¡K, these illness can be confirmed the part of body.), the other is common illness (catch a cold, a cough, stomachache, headache), we analysis the dif-ferences of the considering factors in medical treatment between specialty and com-mon illnesses. In this research, we analysis the medical industrial by Marketing domain, the marketing mix 7Ps is the skill we adapt because the medical industry is part of service industry. There are 34 sheets of paper related to medical research we study and 502 pieces of considering factors in medical treatment we sort by 7Ps, finally 33 pieces factors were extracted as the items of the questionnaire. There are 528 pieces of valid respondent questionnaire we get and we use them as the data in this research. We think we can provide the result of the research and the marketing suggestions for medical industry and the initial marketing 7Ps research of medical industry.

The purpose of this dissertation is to examine both the gendered and racialized nature of workplace risk and compensation in the manufacturing industry of apparel. The author selects this industry because of its low-wage, labor intensive, and "deskilled" work, performed in often unsafe employment environments with minimal governmental regulations and limited unionization. The apparel industry is also characterized by its large percentage of racial and ethnic minorities, especially immigrant employees, that further disadvantage them in terms of communication barriers, threat of deportation, and the multiple and intersecting marginalizations associated with occupying a low-wage, minority and/or immigrant status. The gendered effects of workplace risk are addressed in the garment industry, as women and girls largely comprise these workers. Using governmental data, including Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) data, the author measures the incidences, rates, and demographic characteristics associated with workplace injuries and illnesses for the years 1993-2002. In addition to occupational injuries and illnesses in these industries, the author examines Department of Labor, Wage and Hour Division data to examine the incidences and types of compensation violations from the years 1993-2002. Finally, the author examines the limitations of government safety and compensation regulations and enforcement, and the corrective measures that are needed to uphold and safeguard the occupational health, safety, and compensation rights of these workers.

Darbo tikslas – ištirti aplinkos georodiklių sąsajas su skirtingų susirgimų grupių rizika ir ranguoti Lietuvos regionus pagal palankumą (nepalankumą) susirgimams atskiromis ligų grupėmis. Tyrimų duomenys – teritorijos georodikliai paimti iš Lietuvos teritorijos geologinių tyrimų duomenų, o duomenys apie susirgimus iš Higienos instituto. Tyrimų objektas – Lietuvos teritorija. Tyrimų metodai – matematinė statistinė analizė, daugiakriterinė analizė ir daugiatikslių sprendimų priėmimo metodai. Tyrimo rezultatų mokslinis naujumas – pirmą kartą atliktas Lietuvos teritorijos rangavimas pagal riziką susirgti tam tikromis ligomis ir sukurta rangavimo metodika galėtų teikti papildomą informaciją kadastrams. Galimas praktinis rezultatų panaudojimas – vertinant teritorijas sveikatingumo požiūriu, nustatant nekilnojamojo turto rinkos vertę, pasirenkant gyvenamąją vietą. Darbą sudaro: įvadas, 3 skyriai, išvados, literatūros sąrašas, priedai. Darbo apimtis – 58 p. teksto be priedų, 35 paveikslų, 10 lentelių. / The research purpose – to analyze the correlation between the geographical environment indexes and risk of different illnesses and to rank Lithuanian regions by disfavor and disfavour of particular illnesses groups. The research data – the environment geoindexes were taken from Lithuanian Geology Service of GIS date base and data about illnesses were taken from Hygiene Institute. The object of the research – the territory of Lithuania. The method of the research – the mathematical statistical analysis, the multiobjective analysis and the multipurpose awards accepatnce method. The scientific novelty of results – The first time Lithuanian territories were arranged by the risk to developing certain illnesses and the created method of arrangement can give an additional information for the Cadastres. Its is possible the practical results using – to value the territories according as the attitude of healthy; evaluated the market value of the realty, choosing the living place. It includes: an introduction; 3 chapters; the conclusion, references, additions. The size of the thesis - 58 pages of the text without additions, 35 illustrations, 10 charts.

Submitted in fulfillment of the requirements for the M Tech: Nursing, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa, 2017. / Child health has always been a global priority for decades; however, despite efforts to reduce the child mortality statistics, 5.9 million children under the age of five years have deceased in 2015. IMCI guidelines are used to assess, classify and treat sick children under the age of five years, however, despite the prevalent use of traditional medicine for this age group of children, the guidelines excludes the use of traditional medicine, hence the tendency exists to ignore such questions being asked. It is this gap in the history taking pertaining to sick children seeking health care at clinics that the researcher has identified, therefore, this study is intended to highlight the use of traditional medicine in children under the age of five years. The researcher’s methodology is a quantitative descriptive study by means of a self- developed structured questionnaire which was handed out to 183 caregivers attending a Gateway Clinic and 324 caregivers at Paediatric Out – Patient Department. The total sample size was 507 caregivers of children under the age of five years. Data was analysed using SPSS version 17. The data derived from this study indicated that although most caregivers would take their sick children to the clinic for first line treatment, there are a significant number who would rather use home remedies or seek care from traditional healers. The study reveals that 28.5% of caregivers were found to be administering traditional medicine with conventional medicine and 17.4% would do so concurrently. Evidence also revealed that 75.7% of the caregivers would disclose the use of traditional medicine for their children only if nurses enquired about it. Recommendations arising from the study findings are that the IMCI guidelines should incorporate a classification chart for use by health care professionals in order to identify children who were treated by traditional medicine preferably as “RED” - requiring urgent attention and possible admission to hospital, in view of the potential threat to life. Since the IMCI guidelines are also a teaching tool in nursing curricula, the assessment of sick children using traditional medicine will be incorporated into the formal teaching of nurses. Key words used were Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses, effects and use of traditional medicine on children. / M

The purpose of the present study was to determine the degree of relationship between neurotoxic chemicals in the blood of chemically sensitive patients and psychoneurological functioning. Blood samples were drawn from 30 patients being treated for environmental illness. All patients were administered a standardized intermediate psychoneurological examination. Results indicate a significant positive relationship between psychoneurological (cognitive neurobehavioral) functioning and the number of and total parts per billion of certain environmental toxins (solvents) in the blood of the subjects. The symptoms most commonly exhibited included deficits in short-term memory, problems with coordination and motor sequencing, somatosensory deficits, and cognitive dysfunction.

Adolescents in the United States continue to exhibit epidemic proportions of obesity and overweight, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality rates. Obesity and overweight are also found to be associated with other unhealthy behaviors in adolescents, such as physical inactivity and smoking. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports the annual rates of adolescent obesity in the U.S.; however, comparative trends for the past two decades and comparisons of rates between general U.S. and Tennessee, a tobacco-producing state in the stroke belt, are not available. To compare trends in rates of BMI percentile, overweight, and obesity among adolescents, grades 9th through 12th, between the U.S. and Tennessee during 2003-2017 and identify critical factors associated with them. Both national and Tennessee BMI trends show different patterns from 1999 to 2017; further analysis of covariate factors will provide more information on this difference in trends. We expect to find little variation between the United States and Tennessee when comparing the age of high school obesity rates. However, previous trends in racial and ethnic disparities for BMI percentiles, obesity, and overweight suggest there will be differences among these variables. Preventable chronic diseases should not affect children. The outcomes of childhood obesity are too severe to ignore. Understanding the risk factors, risk behaviors, and prevalence of adolescent obesity is the first step in addressing this public health crisis.

Many students in primary and secondary schools are impacted by a chronic health condition. Researchers have postulated that interprofessional collaboration between medical and mental health providers can be beneficial in improving the academic, behavioral, and social-emotional outcomes of students with chronic health conditions (Drotar, Palermo, & Barry, 2003; Shapiro & Manz, 2003). An emerging area of focus is on the school-based collaboration between school nurses and school psychologists regarding supporting students with chronic health conditions. This study investigated school nurses’ perceptions of the benefit of collaborating with school psychologists, school nurses’ awareness of the roles of school psychologists, the frequency of collaborative practices, the relationship between the awareness of roles and frequency of collaborative practices, and the barriers and facilitators to the collaborative process. A total of 1,054 school nurses were recruited from National Board for Certification of School Nurses to participate in the study, and 240 surveys were completed (23% response rate). Findings indicate that school nurses perceive the collaborative practice as being beneficial for supporting students with chronic health conditions. Additionally, school nurses were able to accurately identify many roles of school psychologists. Despite school nurses perceiving collaboration with school psychologists as beneficial, and being aware of the roles of school psychologists, the frequency of collaboration between school nurses and school psychologists was low. Further analysis found a significant and positive relationship between awareness of the roles and collaborative practices. Benefits of the collaborative process included cross-disciplinary problem solving and the opportunity to share resources.