This thesis, with theological aesthetics as a theoretical horizon, and the iconoclastic controversy in the Byzantine period as a case study, is an analysis of the problem of Christology involved in the icon. It tries to make contribution in the three following aspects: (1) Study of the iconoclastic controversy itself. It is generally accepted that the controversy was the eruption of the inherent differences within early patristic theology as a public conflict, and a continuance of the Christological controversy into the post-Chalcedonian era. But most scholars share a tendency believe that the icon defenders' basic argument was the reality of the Incarnation (and used it against the iconoclasts), and this was for the most part attributed to John of Damascus. This thesis indicates that the ultimate foundation for the theological triumph of the defenders is the doctrine of the hypostasis of God-man, a basis on which the entire effort to defend the integrity of the humanity of Christ depends. Otherwise, the return to the Antrochene tradition of the icon defenders can hardly avoid being suspected of Nestorian. This, however, is the achievement of Theodore of Studios. (2) The theology of icon as theological aesthetics. The essence of the problem of theological justification for depicting the image of Christ is: How is it possible that a transcendent God descends and manifests Himself in a visible, perceivable manner, besides abstract concepts and language? Is there any legitimate dogmatic basis for human beings to receive revelation in this way and express it in a corresponding manner? This is the typical problem that concerns theological aesthetics. Although some scholars have already explored the problem of icon on the horizon of theological aesthetics, the systematic-theological content has not really been dealt with. The author analyzes how a proper understanding of the Incarnation by Byzantine Orthodoxy establishes an indispensable Christological basis for a theological aesthetics of the icon, this eliminating the prohibition of image of the OT, bringing a new order of epistemology, and how this achievement has benefited from the theology of Pseudo-Dionysius and Maximus the Confessor. (3) The tension between Word and Image. The God of Christianity reveals Himself through Word and Image. Thus a proper theology should willingly take in both. Unfortunately, in practice the latter is often neglected, or even put on the opposite side against the former. This tension is a recurring theme in the history of theology, with the Byzantine iconoclasm as an extreme expression. The author tries to demonstrate this tension, and argue that it is in correspondence to relationship between divinity and humanity of Christ. This explains why it has such a strong characteristic of Monophysitism, and behind it is the Platonic tendency of spiritualism and elitism. Similar ideology is still alive in Protestant theology today. Theology and church life are impoverished by this weakness. The theological aesthetics of icon is a necessary remedy for this tendency. By returning to the icon, it restores the balance between divinity and humanity of Christ. Its theoretical purpose has much in common with the correction of Protestant theology by Hans Urs von Balthasar. The aesthetical dimension, sought after by western theology, has always been an inherent central element in the Eastern Orthodox tradition. It can be of great value of reference for western theology as it faces its predicament today. / 沙湄. / 論文(哲學博士)--香港中文大學, 2005. / 論文(哲學博士)--北京大學, 2005. / 參考文獻(p. 170-176). / Adviser: Lo Lung Kwong. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 67-07, Section: A, page: 2619. / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts also in English. / School code: 1307. / Lun wen (Zhe xue bo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2005. / Lun wen (Zhe xue bo shi)--Beijing da xue, 2005. / Can kao wen xian (p. 170-176). / Sha Mei.

The aim of this thesis is to capture the view of young (professionally) generation of actors and actresses who have played in at least one film or television film with the theme of the history of the twentieth century, on problems of contemporary history and historical subjects in the film. Another aim is to examine the reflection of the risks or benefits of film processing or historical events affecting the film medium itself, survivors from among the family members of narrators and schooling. Research is conducted through qualitative methods based on interviews with fourteen respondents, together with an analysis of film and television works, in which individual respondents portraying their roles. This is a case study of called "exclusive" group of artists. The thesis also deals with the question of the actor's "empathy" in character. Key words: Actors and actresses, Image of history, Historical subject, Film, Empathy

Le présent travail se décline en trois parties, chacune développant un volet de la thèse globale. Premier volet : La genèse de la modernité politique a été l'objet de nombreuses interprétations philosophiques. Au cœur de ces interprétations, le théorème de la sécularisation s'est révélé aussi décisif que discuté. Pour mettre à l'épreuve ce concept, ce premier volet entend faire valoir la fécondité herméneutique de la théologie politique chrétienne, dont le concept central est celui de médiation : d'une part au travers de ses multiples paradigmes, d'autre part, en la confrontant à plusieurs théories philosophiques du XXè siècle. Le deuxième volet, le plus volumineux, s'est donné pour tâche de procéder à l'examen critique de la théologie politique du juriste Carl Schmitt. En quoi offre-t-elle des éléments de réponses pour une adéquation de la théologie politique chrétienne au paradigme moderne et séculier de la condition politique? En quoi conduit-elle à une impasse, qu'il convient de surmonter pour élaborer un nouveau rapport entre christianisme et politique et une pensée de l'histoire ? Pour répondre à cette question, le troisième volet s'est imposé, dans un premier temps, par l'investigation de la philosophie de Rosenzweig dans L'Etoile de la Rédemption, notamment s'agissant de son concept de peuple (juif et chrétien). Dans un deuxième temps, par l'explicitation des divergents-accords entre la thèse de Rosenzweig et celle de Schmitt : celle du Juif hors de l'histoire et du Chrétien dans l'histoire, dont les deux auteurs font un usage diamétralement opposé. C'est à l'aune de ces divergents-accords que la thèse conclusive de l'élaboration d'une théologie « du » politique peut trouver un espace réflexif pour un autre rapport entre une transcendance religieuse et le fondement autonome et séculier d'une philosophie politique de la démocratie. / The present work is laid out in three sections, each of which develops a part of the overall thesis. First section: the origin of political modernity has been the object of numerous philosophical interpretations. At the heart of these interpretations, the concept of secularization has proven to be as decisive as it is contentious. In order to put this concept to the test, this first section seeks to show the value of the hermeneutical fruitfulness to be found in Christian political theology, whose central notion is that of mediation; it does this on the one hand through the multiple paradigms of this latter, and on the other hand by confronting it with several twentieth-century political philosophies. The second section, which is the most important in terms of volume, sets out on a critical examination of the political theology of the jurist Carl Schmitt: to what extent does it offer elements which respond to questions concerning the adequacy of Christian political theology vis-à-vis the modern secular paradigm prevalent in today's political environment? to what extent does it lead to an impasse which needs to be obviated in order to work out a new way of relating Christianity and politics and historical thought? In order to answer this question [translator's note: these questions?], the third section adds various considerations. First of all, it proceeds with an investigation of Rosenzweig's philosophy exhibited in L'Etoile de la Rédemption [The Star of Redemption], notably with regard to his concept of people (Jewish or Christian). Secondly, it details the theories of Rosenzweig and Schmitt with regard to diverging agreement: the place of the Jew outside of history versus the place of the Christian within history. A concept which the two authors take in diametrically opposed directions. It is by taking the measure of these diverging agreements that one arrives at the conclusive thesis, namely the working out of a theory of “the political man”, can find room for flexibility, providing a link between religious transcendence and the autonomous and secular grounding of a political philosophy of democracy.

Abstract This dissertation analyzes conceptions of the nature of the Treaty of Nöteborg, signed in 1323 between Sweden and Novgorod, especially in 19th and 20th century Finnish historical research and popular literature. The methodologies used are contextualization and the sociology of science. The treaty rose to great prominence in mid-19th century periodization of Finnish history. At the time, Finnish historiography considered the Crusade Period in Finland as a showdown between Sweden and Russia and emphasized the significance of interstate treaties. The treaty has maintained its status as a cornerstone of the periodization of Finnish history up to the present. It has symbolized the Christianization and Swedification of Finland and the nationalist myth of the birth of a unified Finnish people in medieval times. With the view of an era of Karelian disunity, symbolized by the treaty, an image of history was constructed in Finnish kinship ideology from the mid-19th century up to the end of World War II. This image was used in furthering the unification of Eastern Karelia with Finland. An image of the treaty as having confirmed an ancient Karelian position of power in Northern Finland was created with the view of the border as stretching to the Bay of Bothnia. This was important particularly in the 19th century, as various nations were constructing views of their own ancient dominance in the North Calotte region. Using these border conceptions, a nationalist image of Finns as having conquered Eastern Savo and Northern Finland for Sweden in late medieval times was also created. The conception of Northern Finland as a common was created in the 1960s. This view was partially based on the 19th century Swedish nationalist conception of the border as stretching to the Arctic Sea. Especially in Savo, views of the location of one’s own locality on the ancient borderline have been used in creating a local identity in the late 20th century. The conception of the border as a dividing line between modern Western and Eastern Finland arose in early 20th century Finnish ethnology based on dubious views of settlement history and geography. The hazy source material concerning borders has been interpreted based on various theoretical background assumptions, and it has been compatible with several different theories. / Tiivistelmä Tässä väitöskirjassa analysoidaan käsityksiä Ruotsin ja Novgorodin välillä vuonna 1323 solmitun Pähkinäsaaren rauhan luonteesta erityisesti 1800- ja 1900-lukujen suomalaisessa historiantutkimuksessa ja populaarissa kirjallisuudessa. Metodeina käytetään kontekstualisointia ja tieteensosiologian metodeja. 1800-luvun keskivaiheilla Pähkinäsaaren rauha nousi merkittävään asemaan Suomen historian aikakausijaottelussa. Ajan suomalainen historiantutkimus piti Suomen ristiretkiaikaa venäläis-ruotsalaisena välienselvittelynä ja korosti valtioiden välisten sopimusten merkitystä. Rauha on säilyttänyt asemansa Suomen historian periodisoinnin kulmakivenä nykypäivään asti. Se on symboloinut Suomen kristillistymistä ja ruotsalaistumista sekä nationalistista myyttiä yhtenäisen Suomen kansan synnystä keskiajalla. Käsityksellä Pähkinäsaaren rauhan symboloimasta Karjalan hajanaisuuden ajasta rakennettiin 1800-luvun puolivälistä toisen maailmansodan loppuun heimoaatteessa historiakuvaa, jonka mukaan itäinen Karjala tulisi yhdistää Suomeen. Käsityksellä Pähkinäsaaren rauhan Pohjanlahdelle ulottuneesta rajasta luotiin 1800-luvulla kuvaa rauhan luonteesta muinaisen karjalaisvallan vahvistajana pohjoisessa Suomessa. Tällä oli merkitystä varsinkin 1800-luvulla, jolloin eri kansakunnat rakensivat näkemyksiä omasta muinaisvallastaan pohjoiskalotilla. Rajanäkemyksillä on myös rakennettu nationalistista näkemystä siitä, että suomalaiset valloittivat itäisen Savon ja pohjoisen Suomen Ruotsille myöhäiskeskiajalla. 1960-luvulla syntynyt näkemys piti Pohjois-Suomea yhteisalueena. Se perustui osittain 1800-luvun ruotsalaiseen nationalistiseen näkemykseen, jonka mukaan raja ulottui Jäämerelle. Erityisesti käsityksiä oman paikkakunnan sijainnista muinaisella rajalla on voitu käyttää etenkin Savossa paikallisen identiteetin rakentamisessa 1900-luvun lopulla. Käsitys rajasta Itä- ja Länsi-Suomen jakajana syntyi 1900-luvun alkupuolen suomalaisessa kansatieteessä kyseenalaisten maantieteellisten ja asutushistoriallisten näkemysten pohjalta. Rajoihin liittyvää epäselvää lähdemateriaalia on tulkittu useiden eri teoreettisten taustaoletusten pohjalta, ja se onkin ollut yhteensopiva useiden eri teorioiden kanssa.

This diploma thesis reveals the processes of shaping the image of Emil František Burian, the theater director, composer, journalist and playwright in three key headings. The first heading explains the principles of self-presentation and choice of characteristic means to build its external image in the changing personal attitudes and social development in the 30th - 50 years of 20th century. The second heading shows the coordinates of cultural policy communist regime and monitors the construction of public image representative of official socialist culture. Both headings are mainly based on a detailed analysis of Burian's theater activity, broadcasting activities and articles in professional and social printing. The third heading of qualification work pays attention to creating individual memory of a systematic effort to build a "cult of personality" of E. F. Burian. Interpretation biography and memories of actors, directors, journalists and politicians attempts to profile the professional and private life of this artist.