No description available.

Nanoporous alumina is a rather newly characterized material that so far has found limited use in the construction of bioreactors. The material has many advantages compared to conventional immobilization matrices. I have investigated its use in flow-through bioreactors. The rigidity and porous structure of the material makes it an excellent choice for multienzyme reactor construction. The total activity in a reactor is easily controlled by the number of membranes since the porosity makes the material less prone to increase flow system pressure. This bioreactor is suitable for characterization of new enzymes since the amount of immobilized enzyme is standardized and the enzyme may be reused many times. We designed a simple stepwise technique for covalent immobilization on this matrix in a monolayer to minimize mass transfer effects in the reactor function. The kinetic parameters for ten different substrates were investigated for immobilized alcohol oxidase and, as a second step, a two-step reactor was also designed by addition of horseradish peroxidase. This bienzymatic reactor was, in turn, employed for measuring injected alcohol concentrations. The use of the matrix for substrate specificity screening was proven for two new epsilon-class glutathione transferases from Drosophila melanogaster. Immobilized trypsin showed a substantially prolonged lifetime and its potential use as an on-line digestion unit for peptide mass fingerprinting was also demonstrated. Finally, I investigated the immobilization of the model enzyme lactate dehydrogenase by adsorption mediated by metal ion chelation similar to IMAC. Regeneration was here possible multiple times without loss of capacity. In conclusion, immobilization of enzymes on nanoporous alumina is a convenient way to characterize, stabilize and reuse enzymes.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Oregon State University, 2010. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 173-189). Also available on the World Wide Web.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Canterbury, 2007. / Typescript (photocopy). Includes bibliographical references. Also available via the World Wide Web.

Orientador: Rodrigo Fernando Costa Marques / Resumo: A biomassa lignocelulósica vem se destacando como uma matéria-prima essencial para a produção de muitos produtos químicos de interesse industrial em áreas como a produção de energia, alimentos, fármacos, agricultura, meio ambiente e assim por diante. Apesar disso, muitas aplicações vêm esbarrando em uma série de dificuldades encontradas nos processos de conversão enzimática, como instabilidade operação das enzimas, alto custo de produção e purificação, reações de inibição e problemas de recuperação e reciclo. Para contornar esses problemas, muitos métodos de imobilização enzimática têm surgido, entre os quais, destaca-se a obtenção de agregados enzimáticos reticulados magnéticos (MCLEAs). Esta classe de materiais é obtida a partir da reação de reticulação entre agregados físicos de enzimas e suportes magnéticos, o qual pode unir as importantes propriedades catalíticas dos agregados físicos (como resultado da manutenção da estrutura nativa da enzima) à capacidade de recuperação e reciclo do suporte magnético (devido suas propriedades magnéticas intrínsecas). Frente a isso, esse trabalho relata a síntese, caracterização e potencial aplicação de MCLEAs de enzimas celulases em processos de conversão de celulose. Dividido em três capítulos, primeiramente é apresentado um review sobre o estado da arte no que diz respeito a obtenção de produtos de valor agregado a partir da biomassa lignocelulósica utilizando MCLEAs. No segundo capítulo, diferentes MCLEAs foram preparados na presenç... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Lignocellulosic biomass has highlighted as an essential renewable raw material for production of many value-added chemicals of industrial interest in field as energy production, food, pharmaceutical, agriculture, environment and so on. Despite it, many applications have wrought with a series of difficulties in regarding enzymatic conversion processes, as enzyme operational instability, high production and purification cost, inhibition reactions, and issues of recovery and recycle. To overcome these issues, many enzyme immobilization methods have emerged, among which highlights the obtention of magnetic-cross linked enzyme aggregates (MCLEAs). This materials class is obtained from cross-linking reaction between enzyme physical aggregates and magnetic supports, which can gather the important catalytic properties of the physical aggregates (as a result of enzyme native structure maintenance) to recovery and recycle capacity of magnetic nanoparticles (as result of its intrinsic magnetic properties). Faced it, this work reports the synthesis, characterization and potential application of different cellulases MCLEAs in the cellulose enzymatic conversion process. Sectioned in three chapters, firstly is presented a review about the state of art in concern to obtention of value-added chemicals from lignocellulosic biomass using MCLEAs. In the second chapter, different MCLEAs were prepared in the presence of quitosana-coated magnetic nanoparticles with three different precipitation age... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

No description available.

A new immobilization technique has been developed in our lab using a new inert support material. Immobilized enzymes by the new method have a number of salient features of high activity, low cost and large catalytic area in comparison with the traditional immobilized enzymes. This new immobilization technique has potential to be widely applied for other enzymes. / Another new application of the immobilization method is to produce low lactose milk using immobilized lactase. A large population of people, especially the Asian, has intolerance to milk because of the lack of lactase in intestines. Pre-treatment of milk with immobilized lactase effectively reduces the milk lactose to an acceptable level for those people. / Enzyme was introduced for industrial application as early as nineteenth century. Immobilized enzymes have been developed since early 1960s. In recent years, immobilized enzymes have expanded their applications in many fields, food industry in particular, thanks to their superiority over the soluble forms: multiple or repetitive use; easier separation from reaction system; continuous production process; longer half-life and predictable decay rates. / Glucoamylase was also immobilized by the method. The differences between soluble and immobilized enzyme were compared. The potential using the immobilized glucoamylase in production of glucose syrup in replacement of liquid glucoamylase in current industrial process was assessed. / In this thesis, I have established the optimal immobilization conditions for three food enzymes, glucose isomerase, glucoamylase and lactase. The parameters including temperature, pH, protein capacity, and the ratios of cross-linker and adsorption agent have been studied in details. The applications of the consequently produced immobilized enzymes were studied and compared with the current industrial processes. / The novel immobilized glucose isomerase was applied to convert corn glucose into High Fructose Corn Syrup (HFCS) containing higher concentration of fructose than the current HFCS and achieved much better productivity than the existing immobilized glucose isomerases. / Shen, Dong. / "August 2007." / Advisers: Jun Wang; Kwok Kueng Ho. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: B, page: 1000. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 175-194). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T11:52:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2014-07-25Bitstream added on 2015-03-03T12:06:21Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000806886_20160725.pdf: 581026 bytes, checksum: 4c55faecb6d2b9cbebcf0fed8076771a (MD5) Bitstreams deleted on 2016-07-25T13:17:27Z: 000806886_20160725.pdf,. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-07-25T13:18:38Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000806886.pdf: 2412685 bytes, checksum: 76a763d7dfe3317535d6f9ec19a7cd78 (MD5) / As endoglicanases EC 3.2.1.4 são enzimas capazes de hidrolisar as ligações glicosídicas ?-1,4 da celulose, resultando na liberação de glicose, celobiose e celo-oligossacarídeos. Empregadas mundialmente em diversos processos industriais, por exemplo, como amaciante de tecidos de algodão e bioestonagem de jeans, na extração de sucos de frutas, na adição em detergentes comerciais, na fabricação de cerveja, e na produção de papel e de etanol. Atualmente, há um grande interesse em enzimas que hidrolisem biomassa lignocelulósica para obtenção de etanol de segunda geração. A imobilização de enzimas em matrizes sólidas oferece muitas vantagens, entre as quais, reuso da enzima, a fácil separação do produto e o aumento da estabilidade operacional. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: produzir CMCases secretadas por Aspergillus niger e Humicola grisea var. thermoidea em cultivo sólido e submerso; imobilizar CMCases em suporte agarose com diferentes ativações químicas; determinar a estabilidade térmica e as propriedades cinéticas dos derivados obtidos, comparando-os com as enzimas livres; avaliar a capacidade de reuso dos derivados ativos e estáveis e analisar qualitativamente o produto de hidrólise dos substratos celulósicos. O fungo A. niger secretou grandes quantidades de CMCases, 34,1 U.mg-1, em meio Vogel, utilizando pó de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar como fonte de carbono. O pH 5 foi determinado como o ótimo para a enzima, apresentando instabilidade ao pH 10. Com a utilização de aditivos estabilizante, a trealose a 10% (m/v), manteve, em pH 10, 80% de atividade residual, por 25 horas. Em relação à temperatura, apresentou uma faixa ampla de atividade entre 45°C a 75°C, tendo como temperatura ótima 65°C. O derivado enzimático que ofereceu melhor estabilidade foi aquele em que a imobilização foi conduzida juntamente com o substrato carboximeticelulose (CMC 1%), em... / The endoglucanases EC 3.2.1.4 are enzymes that hydrolyze the ?-1, 4 glycosidic linkages of the cellulose producing glucose, cellobiose and cello-oligosaccharides. Used worldwide in many industrial processes such as fabric softener and bioestonagem cotton jeans, extraction of fruit juices, in the addition of commercial detergents, in brewing, and the production of paper and ethanol. Currently, there is great interest in enzymes that hydrolyze lignocellulosic biomass to obtain second-generation ethanol. The immobilization of enzymes on solid arrays provides many advantages as the enzyme reuse, easy separation of the product and increased operational stability. The aims of this study were to produce secreted: CMCases produce secreted by Aspergillus niger and Humicola grisea var. thermoidea in solid and submerged cultivation; CMCases immobilized on agarose support with different chemical activations; determine the thermal stability and kinetic properties of the derivatives obtained comparing them with the free enzyme; evaluate the reuse capacity assets and stable derivatives and qualitatively analyze the product of hydrolysis of cellulosic substrates. The fungus A. niger secreted large amounts of CMCases, 34.1 U.mg-1 amid Vogel, using powdered sugarcane bagasse as a carbon source. The pH of 5 was determined as the optimum for the enzyme, presenting instability to pH 10. With the use of stabilizing additives, the 10% trehalose (w / v), kept at pH10, 80% residual activity for 25 hours. Regarding temperature there was a broad activity range from 45 °C to 75 °C and the optimum temperature as 65 °C. The enzyme derivative which offered better stability was one in which immobilization was conducted with the carboxymethycellulose substrate (1% CMC) in agarose support Glutaraldehyde (70% of reactive groups), preserving catalytic activity of 35% at 60 °C for 250 hours. Through qualitative TLC analysis, it...

Orientador: Rubens Monti / Banca: José Roberto Ernandes / Banca: Eleonora Cano Carmona / Banca: Hamilton Cabral / Banca: Sandra Helena da Cruz / Resumo: As endoglicanases EC 3.2.1.4 são enzimas capazes de hidrolisar as ligações glicosídicas β-1,4 da celulose, resultando na liberação de glicose, celobiose e celo-oligossacarídeos. Empregadas mundialmente em diversos processos industriais, por exemplo, como amaciante de tecidos de algodão e bioestonagem de jeans, na extração de sucos de frutas, na adição em detergentes comerciais, na fabricação de cerveja, e na produção de papel e de etanol. Atualmente, há um grande interesse em enzimas que hidrolisem biomassa lignocelulósica para obtenção de etanol de segunda geração. A imobilização de enzimas em matrizes sólidas oferece muitas vantagens, entre as quais, reuso da enzima, a fácil separação do produto e o aumento da estabilidade operacional. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: produzir CMCases secretadas por Aspergillus niger e Humicola grisea var. thermoidea em cultivo sólido e submerso; imobilizar CMCases em suporte agarose com diferentes ativações químicas; determinar a estabilidade térmica e as propriedades cinéticas dos derivados obtidos, comparando-os com as enzimas livres; avaliar a capacidade de reuso dos derivados ativos e estáveis e analisar qualitativamente o produto de hidrólise dos substratos celulósicos. O fungo A. niger secretou grandes quantidades de CMCases, 34,1 U.mg-1, em meio Vogel, utilizando pó de bagaço de cana-de-açúcar como fonte de carbono. O pH 5 foi determinado como o ótimo para a enzima, apresentando instabilidade ao pH 10. Com a utilização de aditivos estabilizante, a trealose a 10% (m/v), manteve, em pH 10, 80% de atividade residual, por 25 horas. Em relação à temperatura, apresentou uma faixa ampla de atividade entre 45°C a 75°C, tendo como temperatura ótima 65°C. O derivado enzimático que ofereceu melhor estabilidade foi aquele em que a imobilização foi conduzida juntamente com o substrato carboximeticelulose (CMC 1%), em... / Abstract: The endoglucanases EC 3.2.1.4 are enzymes that hydrolyze the β-1, 4 glycosidic linkages of the cellulose producing glucose, cellobiose and cello-oligosaccharides. Used worldwide in many industrial processes such as fabric softener and bioestonagem cotton jeans, extraction of fruit juices, in the addition of commercial detergents, in brewing, and the production of paper and ethanol. Currently, there is great interest in enzymes that hydrolyze lignocellulosic biomass to obtain second-generation ethanol. The immobilization of enzymes on solid arrays provides many advantages as the enzyme reuse, easy separation of the product and increased operational stability. The aims of this study were to produce secreted: CMCases produce secreted by Aspergillus niger and Humicola grisea var. thermoidea in solid and submerged cultivation; CMCases immobilized on agarose support with different chemical activations; determine the thermal stability and kinetic properties of the derivatives obtained comparing them with the free enzyme; evaluate the reuse capacity assets and stable derivatives and qualitatively analyze the product of hydrolysis of cellulosic substrates. The fungus A. niger secreted large amounts of CMCases, 34.1 U.mg-1 amid Vogel, using powdered sugarcane bagasse as a carbon source. The pH of 5 was determined as the optimum for the enzyme, presenting instability to pH 10. With the use of stabilizing additives, the 10% trehalose (w / v), kept at pH10, 80% residual activity for 25 hours. Regarding temperature there was a broad activity range from 45 °C to 75 °C and the optimum temperature as 65 °C. The enzyme derivative which offered better stability was one in which immobilization was conducted with the carboxymethycellulose substrate (1% CMC) in agarose support Glutaraldehyde (70% of reactive groups), preserving catalytic activity of 35% at 60 °C for 250 hours. Through qualitative TLC analysis, it... / Doutor

Self-immobilisation enzyme technologies, such as SphereZyme™, suffer from the lack of applicability to hydrolyse large substrates. Solid support immobilisation is usually a method of choice, to produce a stable biocatalyst for large substrates hydrolysis in the industry. In order to investigate this limitation, a commercial protease called Alcalase® was chosen as a model enzyme due to its natural activity (hydrolysis of large substrates-proteins). Prior to immobilising through the SphereZyme™ technology, Alcalase® was partially purified through dialysis followed by CM Sepharose™ FF cation exchanger. Sample contaminants, such as salts and stabilisers can inhibit protein crosslinking by reacting with glutaraldehyde. Alcalase® was successfully separated into 3 proteases with the major peak correlating to a positive control run on native PAGE, indicating that it was likely subtilisin Carlsberg. A 16% alkaline protease activity for azo-casein hydrolysis was retained when 5% v/v PEI: 25% v/v glutaraldehyde solution was used as a crosslinking agent in Alcalase® SphereZyme™ production. An increase in activity was also observed for monomeric substrates (PNPA) where the highest was 55%. The highest % activities maintained when 0.33 M EDA: 25% v/v glutaraldehyde solution was initially used as crosslinking agent were 4.5% and 1.6% for monomeric and polymeric substrates, respectively. PEI is a hydrophilic branched polymer with an abundance of amine groups compared to EDA. A comparison study of immobilisation efficiencies of SphereZyme™, Eupergit® and Dendrispheres was also performed for large substrate biocatalysis. The two latter technologies are solid-support immobilisation methods. Dendrispheres reached its maximum loading capacity in the first 5 minute of the one hour binding time. Twenty minutes was chosen as a maximum binding time since there was constant protein maintained on the solid support and no enzyme loss was observed during the 1 hour binding time. PEI at pH 11.5, its native pH, gave the highest immobilisation yield and specific activity over the PEI pH range of 11.5 to 7. SphereZyme™ had the highest ratio for azocasein hydrolysis followed by Dendrispheres and Eupergit®. The SphereZyme™ was also shown to be applicable to biosensors for phenol detection. Different modifications of glassy carbon electrode (GCE) were evaluated as a benchmark for the fabrication of SphereZyme™ modified phenol biosensor. GCE modified with laccase SphereZyme™ entrapped in cellulose membrane was the best modification due to the broad catechol range (<0.950 mM), high correlation coefficient (R2, 0.995) and relative high sensitivity factor (0.305 μA.mM-1). This type of biosensor was also shown to be electroactive at pH 7.0 for which its control, free laccase, lacked electroactivity. From the catalytic constants calculated, GCE modified with laccase SphereZyme™ entrapped in cellulose membrane also gave the highest effectiveness factor (Imax/Km app) of 1.84 μA.mM-1. The modified GCE with Alcalase® SphereZyme™ was relatively more sensitive than GCE modified with free Alcalase®.