Submitted by Rone Aparecido De Grandis null (degrandis.rone@fcfar.unesp.br) on 2016-04-11T18:47:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DE GRANDIS, R.A..pdf: 22143869 bytes, checksum: 13d11731ce58a5803f5a3babafd43e87 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Juliano Benedito Ferreira (julianoferreira@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-12T18:45:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 degrandis_ra_me_arafc.pdf: 22143869 bytes, checksum: 13d11731ce58a5803f5a3babafd43e87 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-12T18:45:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 degrandis_ra_me_arafc.pdf: 22143869 bytes, checksum: 13d11731ce58a5803f5a3babafd43e87 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-24 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Os ensaios de toxicologia genética são utilizados como base no desenvolvimento de novos fármacos, uma vez que podem identificar rapidamente agentes que causam danos ao material genético. Agências regulatórias preconizam a utilização de ensaios que identificam danos genotóxicos, de forma que possam servir como triagem de processos que levam à carcinogênese. Na busca por novos fármacos, a química inorgânica medicinal representa um campo de grande promessa, com potencial de expansão devido a diversidade química e reatividade dos metais. Especialmente, os complexos de rutênio, têm recebido destaque no tratamento de doenças como o câncer e a tuberculose multi-droga resistente (TB-MDR). Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo, avaliar os efeitos toxicogenéticos e antitumorais de três complexos de rutênio(II), com promissora atividade anti-TB-MDR, denominados de SCAR 4, SCAR 5 e SCAR 6 e, diante da importância do conhecimento farmacocinético de novos fármacos, outro objetivo foi avaliar a permeabilidade in vitro desses complexos. A avaliação toxicogenética foi realizada por meio dos ensaios de mutação gênica reversa com Salmonella typhimurium (Teste de Ames) e pelo ensaio do micronúcleo citoma com bloqueio da citocinese (CBMN-cit) em ausência e em presença do sistema de metabolização. Ensaios de sobrevivência clonogênica foram utilizados para avaliar a viabilidade das células CHO-K1 e HepG2, utilizadas no ensaio do CBMN-cit. A avaliação da atividade antitumoral foi investigada por meio de ensaios de citotoxicidade frente às linhagens tumorais humanas Caco-2, DU-145, HeLa, HepG2 e MDA-MB-231, pela capacidade de inibição da topoisomerase I humana (Top IB) e por ensaios físico-químicos de interação com o calf thymus DNA (ct-DNA). A permeabilidade foi analisada por meio do ensaio in vitro de permeação em monocamadas de células Caco-2 na presença e ausência de albumina do soro bovino (BSA). A interação dos complexos com albumina foi analisada por meio da medida da supressão da fluorescência dos resíduos de triptofano da BSA. Os resultados mostraram que apenas o complexo SCAR 6 apresentou efeito mutagênico, observado no Teste de Ames e no CBMN-cit e, em ambos os modelos, o efeito foi apresentado apenas quando o complexo fora submetido a sistemas metabolizadores. Na avaliação da citotoxicidade frente às linhagens tumorais, todos os complexos se mostraram seletivos contra as linhagens de câncer de próstata e mama, com destaque para o complexo SCAR 6, que se apresentou seletivo em quatro diferentes linhagens celulares tumorais. Por outro lado, o complexo SCAR 5 foi altamente ativo na inibição da Top IB, seguido do complexo SCAR 4. Ensaios físico-químicos apontaram os efeitos de interação dos complexos com o ct-DNA, confirmando a capacidade do complexo SCAR 6 se ligar ao DNA de forma covalente, enquanto SCAR 4 e 5 apresentaram um perfil de interação eletrostática com o ácido nucleico. SCAR 4 e 5 também apresentaram alta permeabilidade aparente (Papp) in vitro. O complexo SCAR 6 apresentou baixa Papp, sobretudo com a adição de BSA no tampão de permeabilidade, provavelmente devido a alta afinidade pela albumina apresentada nos ensaios de interação com a BSA, onde, os complexos SCAR 4 e 5, apresentaram constante de ligação moderada. Nossos estudos mostraram que os complexos SCAR 4, 5 e 6 apresentam uma afinidade relevante por biomoléculas como DNA, Top IB e albumina. A interação, mesmo que ainda pouco elucidada por esses alvos biológicos, pode sugerir a aplicação terapêutica desses complexos de rutênio, seja interrompendo vias bioquímicas, causando danos no DNA ou, inclusive, interagindo de forma sinérgica, promovendo terapias mais seguras e eficazes. / The genetic toxicology assays are used as the basis in the development of new drugs since it’s may rapidly identify agents that cause damage to the genetic material. Regulatory agencies have recommend the use of assays that identify genotoxic effcts, thus they may serve as a screening processes that lead to carcinogenesis. In the search of new molecules for therapeutic purposes, medicinal inorganic chemistry is a major promise of the field, with potential expansion due to chemical diversity and reactivity of metals. Especially, ruthenium complexes, have been highlighted in the treatment of growing diseases such as cancer and multi-drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB). In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the toxicogenetic effects of three ruthenium(II) complex, that showed promising anti-MDR-TB activity, called SCAR 4, SCAR 5 and SCAR 6. In addition to this safety profile, and cosidering the traditionally antitumor activity of ruthenium complexes, this study also aimed to evaluate the antitumor activity of these complexes. In front of the importance of pharmacokinetic knowledge of new drugs, another aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro permeability of these complexes. The toxicogenetics evaluation was performed by reverse gene mutation assays with Salmonella typhimurium (Ames test) and by Cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome assay (CBMN-cyt). In both assays, we used models to assess the effect of complexes’s metabolization. The clonogenic survival assays were used to assess the viability of HepG2 and CHO-K1 cells, that it has been used in CBMN-cyt assay. The evaluation of the antitumor activity was investigated by means of cytotoxicity assays with the human tumor cell lines Caco-2, DU-145, HeLa, HepG2 and MDA-MB-231, by the ability to inhibit human topoisomerase I (Top IB) and physico-chemical assays of interaction with the thymus calf DNA (ct-DNA). The permeability was examined by means of in vitro permeation assay with Caco-2 cell monolayers in presence and absence of Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). The interaction of the complex with albumin was analyzed by measuring the suppression of the fluorescence of tryptophan residues from BSA. In genotoxicity evaluation, only SCAR 6 complex showed mutagenic effect. This effect was observed in the Ames test and the CBMN-cyt and, in both models, the effects were observed only when the complex was subjected to metabolizers systems. In cytotoxicity evaluation, all the complexes showed selective index against prostate and breast cancer cell lines, especially SCAR 6, which was selective in four different tumor cell lines. Moreover, the SCAR 5 complex was highly active in inhibiting Top IB, followed by SCAR 4. Physico-chemical assays showed the effects of interaction of the complexes with ct-DNA, confirming the capacity of SCAR 6 to bind covalently to DNA, while SCAR 4 and 5 showed an electrostatic interaction profile with DNA. SCAR 4 and 5 also showed high apparent permeability (Papp) in vitro. The SCAR 6 complex showed low Papp, especially with the addition of BSA in the permeability buffer, probably due to the high affinity for albumin presented in interaction assays with BSA, where the complexes SCAR 4 and 5 have showed moderate binding. Our studies showed that SCAR 4, 5 and 6 have presented a relevant affinity for biomolecules such as DNA, Top IB and albumin. The interaction, even middling elucidated, by these biological targets, may suggest the therapeutic application of these ruthenium complexes, such as disrupting biochemical pathways, causing DNA damage, or even interacting synergistically, promoting more safer and effective therapies.

Da die Arzneistoffpermeation durch okulare Gewebe einen entscheidenden Einfluss auf die Heilung vieler Augenleiden hat, wurde die in vitro-Permeation hydrophiler und lipophiler Arzneistoffe durch okulare Gewebe und Zellkulturen in dieser Arbeit untersucht. Die Dissertation befasst sich vorrangig mit der Permeation des hydrophilen Modellarzneistoffs Pilocarpinhydrochlorid (P-HCl) durch isolierte Schweinecornea (SC), Schweinesklera, Kaninchenkonjunktiva und corneale bzw. konjunktivale Kaninchenepithelzellkultur. Der Einfluss verschiedener Formulierungsparameter wie Benzalkoniumchlorid (BAC), Natriumedetat, pH-Wert und Tonizität auf die P-HCl-Permeation wurde untersucht. Dabei konnte eine gute Korrelation zwischen isolierten Geweben und Zellkulturen in Reaktion auf die Variation der Formulierungsparameter festgestellt werden. Unter den getesteten Parametern zeigte BAC den größten Enhancereffekt. Weiterhin wurden vergleichende Permeationsstudien an gelaserter SC mit P-HCl und dem relativ lipophilen Diclofenac-Natrium (D-Na) durchgeführt. Das Entfernen von Epithelschichten der SC mittels Excimer-Laser sollte den Heilungsverlauf, vor allem aber die zeitabhängige Reepithelisierung der Cornea nach erfolgter Photorefraktiver Keratektomie, simulieren. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studie zeigten, dass unterschiedliche Epitheldicken einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die P-HCl-Permeation haben. Im Gegensatz dazu blieb die D-Na-Permeation nahezu unbeeinflusst. Ein weiteres Anliegen dieser Arbeit bestand darin, eine okular applizierbare Formulierung des Immunsuppressivums Mycophenolatmofetil (MMF) zu entwickeln. Sowohl für das Prodrug MMF als auch für dessen aktiven Metaboliten Mycophenolsäure (MPA) wurde die Permeabilität von SC getestet. Ausgewählt wurde eine Zubereitung, die 1% MMF in Glutathion-Bicarbonat-Ringerlösung enthält und mit 10% Hydroxypropyl-beta-Cyclodextrin versetzt ist. Diese Suspension wurde bei 121° C und 200 kPa für 15 min autoklaviert, um das schwerlösliche MMF in Lösung zu bringen. Da der Ester MMF bei der Herstellung der Testlösung einer teilweisen Hydrolyse zu MPA unterliegt, außerdem eine minimale in vitro-Verfügbarkeit aufweist und sehr schwer wasserlöslich ist, sollte MPA in Augentropfenformulierungen der Vorzug gegeben werden. Die Korrelierbarkeit mit in vivo-Resultaten ist jedoch im Rahmen dieser Arbeit nicht untersucht worden, so dass die Ergebnisse als Grundlage für Permeationsstudien am in vivo-Modell zu bewerten sind. / The permeation of drugs through ocular tissues plays an important role in healing of various eye diseases. The objective of this work was to investigate the in vitro permeability of hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs through ocular tissues and cell cultures. Mainly, the permeability of the hydrophilic model drug pilocarpine hydrochloride (P-HCl) through isolated pig cornea (PCr) and sclera, rabbit conjunctiva, and rabbit conjunctival or corneal epithelial cell culture was compared. Additionally, the study included investigations about the influence of the formulation parameters benzalkonium chloride (BAC), ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid disodium salt, pH value and tonicity on the permeability of the small drug. In summary, a good correlation between the isolated tissues and cell cultures with regard to P-HCl transport could be observed. In general, BAC caused the most facilitated drug transport within the formulation parameters. Furthermore, the permeation of P-HCl and the lipophilic diclofenac-sodium (D-Na) through lasered PCr was studied. To investigate the effects of photorefractive keratectomy on drug permeation, excimer laser ablations with varying depths were performed on isolated pig eyes. As a result, P-HCl demonstrated a significant enhancement of permeation in relation to the ablation depth. In contrast, corneal epithelial thickness scarcely influenced the permeation rate of D-Na. Another aim of this work was to develop an appropriate application form for topical ocular use of the immunomodulating substance mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) and to investigate the in vitro permeability of PCr for the prodrug MMF and its parent substance mycophenolic acid (MPA). The test formulation consisted of Glutathion-bicarbonate-Ringer's solution, 10% hydroxypropyl- beta-cyclodextrin and 1% MMF. To reach a concentration of 1% of the poor soluble MMF a treatment under autoclaving conditions at 121° C and 200 kPa for 15 min was needed. MPA should be preferred in eye drops because of an higher in vitro availability compared to MMF, an hydrolysis of MMF to MPA in the cornea during permeation and the poor water solubility of MMF. The correlation with in vivo results was not studied in this work but the findings can be assumed as basis for investigations on in vivo models.

Cannabidiol, a non-psychoactive constituent of cannabis, has garnered much attention after United States Food and Drug Administration approved Epidiolex® for oral use. Although therapeutic effect of cannabidiol after systemic absorption has been investigated extensively, its therapeutic potential in treating skin disorders after local delivery still needs further exploration. Our study has investigated the effect of cannabidiol concentration, chemical enhancers, and essential oils on percutaneous absorption of cannabidiol. In vitro permeation tests were conducted on human skin. The 24 h study results suggest no significant difference in amount of drug absorbed into skin, between 5% (242.41 ± 12.17 µg/cm) and 10% (232.79 ± 20.82 cm) cannabidiol solutions. However, 1% delivered (23.02 ± 4.74 µg/cm) significantly lower amount of drug into skin than 5% and 10%. Transcutol and isopropyl myristate did not enhance delivery of cannabidiol. However, oleic acid was found to be useful as chemical enhancer. Oleic acid (43.07 ± 10.11 µg/cm) had significantly higher cannabidiol delivery into skin than the group without oleic acid (10.98 ± 3.40 µg/cm) after a 4 h in vitro permeation study. Essential oils at concentrations tested had lower total cannabidiol delivery when compared to control. This study's findings will help guide future research on the pharmacological effect of percutaneously delivered cannabidiol on inflammatory skin disorders.

Les neurotoxiques organophosphorés (NOP) sont extrêmement toxiques et peu volatils. Dans des conditions normales de température et de pression, ils peuvent pénétrer rapidement la peau sous forme liquide et exercer leurs effets délétères. En milieu civil ou militaire, leur utilisation potentielle est toujours redoutée. Le développement de dispositifs de protection cutanée vis-à-vis de ces agents est donc d’un intérêt majeur pour les armées et la sécurité civile. Dans ce contexte, les objectifs de ce travail ont été de formuler et évaluer la stabilité et l’efficacité de topiques protecteurs cutanés (TP) vis-à-vis des NOP. Le premier objectif a consisté à mettre au point des TP de compositions et de formes galéniques différentes (émulsions, gels) puis à valider leurs stabilités physicochimiques. Cent trente TP ont été formulés et 30 ont montré une stabilité physicochimique satisfaisante. Le second objectif a été d’évaluer l’efficacité des TP les plus prometteurs vis-à-vis des composés organophosphorés. Actuellement il n’existe pas de standardisation de ce type d’étude. Par conséquent, l’utilisation de plusieurs tests in vitro et in vivo (membranes biologiques ou synthétiques, NOP ou simili), dont la pertinence et la fiabilité ont été déterminées, nous a permis d’établir une logique de criblage pour l’évaluation de l’efficacité des TP. Parmi les 13 formulations testées, les résultats ont montré qu’un gel hydro-alcoolique apporte une protection cutanée significative et supérieure aux produits de référence testés vis-à-vis du VX, un NOP d’intérêt / Prevention of exposure to the neurotoxic organophosphorus compounds (OP) that are quickly absorbed in the skin is a major concern both for pesticide users and soldiers. Skin barrier creams are being developed to complement or replace uncomfortable chemical protective suits. The objectives of this work were to formulate and assess physicochemical stability and protective efficacy of topical skin protectant (TSP) against OP compounds. The first objective was to formulate several different TSP (emulsions, gel) and validate their physicochemical stability.The second objective was to determine the consistency of results from in vitro tests and the importance of the formulation composition in the skin protective efficacy. Quick evaluation of formulations efficacy mainly relies on in vitro tests which lead to consistent, complementary and relevant results. Our results indicated that the least effective formulations could be quickly identified by performing in vitro permeation tests with silicone membrane and by evaluating interfacial interactions between formulations and OP. We showed that a hydrogel containing specific hydrophilic polymers was by far the most effective of the formulations evaluated against VX, OP compounds, skin permeation in vitro

Les nanomatériaux représentent un créneau de recherche en plein essor dans de nombreuxdomaines. Leurs propriétés inédites leur confèrent de nombreux avantages mais soulèvent égalementdes interrogations quant à leur profil toxicologique. Parmi leurs applications possibles, lesnanomatériaux sont intégrés au sein de topiques protecteurs : dans le secteur militaire, afin de limiterla pénétration cutanée des agents chimiques de guerre et dans le secteur cosmétique, notammentdans les produits de protection solaire. Ce travail porte sur l'intérêt du dioxyde de cérium pur ou dopéau calcium dans ces deux applications. Dans un premier temps, les nanoparticules ont étésynthétisées par une méthode hydrothermale, assistée de la voie micro-ondes. La caractérisation pardifférentes méthodes a permis d'identifier la phase cristalline du CeO2 et a montré que lesnanoparticules présentaient une taille de 3 nm, pouvant être augmentée jusqu'à 95 nm en fonction dutraitement thermique appliqué. Par la suite, l'efficacité des nanoparticules seules puis incorporées ausein de topiques à effets barrières vis-à-vis de la pénétration du paraoxon, agent organophosphoré, aété testée. Une émulsion H/E constituée de 10 % de cérine a permis de réduire de façon significativela pénétration du toxique. Enfin, la photoprotection et la sécurité d'emploi du CeO2 ont été comparéesà celles des filtres solaires, et notamment à celles de l'oxyde de zinc (ZnO) fréquemment rencontrédans les produits de protection solaire. Le CeO2, en améliorant la protection dans le domaine des UVBet en ne présentant aucun effet antiprolifératif ou génotoxique sur une lignée cellulaire dekératinocytes humains, représente une alternative particulièrement intéressante au ZnO. / Nanomaterials represent a growing niche research in many fields. Their unusual properties provide many benefits, but also raise questions about their toxicological profile. Among their applications, nanomaterials are integrated into topical skin protectant: in the military sector, in order to reduce skin penetration of chemical warfare agents and in the cosmetics industry, especially in sunscreen products. This work focuses on the interest of pure or calcium doped cerium dioxide in these two applications. Initially, the nanoparticles were synthesized by a microwave-hydrothermal method. Characterization by different methods has identified the crystalline phase of CeO2 and has showed that the nanoparticles had a size of 3 nm, which could be increased up to 95 nm depending on the heat treatment applied. Thereafter, the effectiveness of nanoparticles alone and then incorporated in a topical barrier cream over the penetration of paraoxon, organophosphorus agent was tested. An O/W emulsion, consisting of 10 % ceria, has reduced significantly the penetration of the toxic. Finally, photoprotection and safety of CeO2 were compared with sunscreens, and in particular with zinc oxide (ZnO), frequently encountered in sunscreen products. CeO2, improving protection in the UVB range and showing no antiproliferative or genotoxic effect on human keratinocyte cell line, is a particularly attractive alternative to ZnO.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-01T11:59:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 4.pdf: 2145558 bytes, checksum: 50549f6c199193ece4951dbb22851f56 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-21T14:39:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 4.pdf: 2145558 bytes, checksum: 50549f6c199193ece4951dbb22851f56 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto de Tecnologia em Fármacos/Farmanguinhos. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. / Os sistemas de liberação transdérmica (SLT) representam atualmente uma via alternativa para a administração de fármacos por difusão passiva através da pele. Os SLT são capazes de contornar inconvenientes, como interações com alimentos e metabolismo de primeira passagem, e de substituir esquemas de doses repetidas, aumentando a adesão do paciente ao tratamento. Entretanto, não há pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) uma regulamentação específica que oriente quanto a exigências para pesquisa, desenvolvimento e registro desses medicamentos, contemplando ensaios e parâmetros definidos na avaliação de segurança e eficácia desses dispositivos. Sendo assim, esta dissertação objetiva realizar um levantamento e comparar as exigências regulatórias utilizadas para obtenção de registro dos SLT nas três principais agências, European Medicines Agency (EMA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) e ANVISA. Adicionalmente, objetiva realizar uma análise das técnicas que vêm sendo mais vastamente empregadas nos ensaios in vitro de permeação pela comunidade científica, podendo nortear a proposta de uma metodologia harmonizada, inexistente até o momento. A definição dos parâmetros empregados na realização de tais testes é fundamental para o aumento na confiabilidade do método e simulação de biodisponibilidade in vitro, como alternativa aos testes in vivo. A partir do resultado obtido com a pesquisa concernente aos aspectos regulatórios, foi possível identificar duas diretrizes do EMA, dois guias do FDA e testes específicos para os SLT descritos na USP, como fontes suficientes na construção de uma legislação específica voltada a esses dispositivos. Com relação aos testes in vitro de permeação, dois guias da Organização para Cooperação Econômica e Desenvolvimento (OECD) e a análise da prática científica nesses ensaios, possibilitaram a realização de uma proposta para a definição dos parâmetros a serem empregados. / The transdermal drug delivery systems (TDDS) current presents an alternative for drug administration by passive diffusion throughout the skin. The TDDS are capable to avoid inconvenients, as food interactions and first pass metabolism, and to replace repetitive dose scheme, increasing patients adhesion on treatment. However, there is no specific regulation by Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária (ANVISA) to guide for requirements regarding research, development and registration for this drugs, including assay and defined parameters on evaluation of safety and efficacy of these devices. So, the main objective of this work is to identify and to compare the regulatory requirements for TDDS regulatory approval of three most important agencies, European Medicines Agency (EMA), Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and ANVISA. In addition, this work aims to study the must employed techniques on in vitro permeation tests by scientific community to guide the development of an harmonized methodology, which does not exist until now. The parameters definition to be applied on these tests are essential to increase method reliability of in vitro bioavailability simulation, as an alternative for in vivo tests. With results obtained after searching about regulatory aspects, it was possible to identify two EMA guidelines, two FDA guides and specific tests related to TDDS on USP, as suficient sources for specific regulation construction focused on these devices. About in vitro permeation tests, two OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development) guides and the analysis of scientific practice on these tests, allowed a proposal definition for parameters to be employed.