Projektet omfattade en jämförelsestudie avseende stomsystem. Studien undersökte ramverk och fackverk/balk/pelar-system och genomfördes självständigt med stöttning av Ramböll AB´s kontor i Falun. Syftet var främst att undersöka vilka skillnader det finns mellan tvåledsramar och fackverk/balk/pelar-system för lätta hallbyggnader och försöka få klarhet i varför fackverk/balk/pelar-system är det dominerande systemet i Sverige eftersom övriga Europa har tagit en annan utveckling och domineras av tvåledsramar. Studien undersöker skillnaderna mellan systemen i en hallbyggnad med förutbestämda mått i stål.Inledningsvis gjordes en litteraturstudie för att få en bredare bakgrund av systemen och en bättre förståelse om förutsättningarna för varje system. Efter litteraturstudien kunde sedan ett typhus och beräkningsunderlag för jämförelsestudien tas fram. Även en enkätstudie gjordes med syftet att skapa en tydlig bild av vilket stomsystem konstruktörer i Sverige oftast väljer och varför. Resultatet av studien visade att tvåledsramar ger en ökad kostnad jämfört med fackverk/balk/pelar-system i materialåtgång och framställning samt att beräkningarna blir mer komplicerade. Skulle fortsatta studier göras med dessa system i byggnader med andra mått skulle det kanske gå att få fram speciella mått på byggnader där kostnaden för tvåledsramar blir densamma som för fackverk/balk/pelar-system och därför är ett likvärdigt alternativ som stomsystem.En viktig slutsats från projektet är att tvåledsramar används mycket mer sällan än fackverk/balk/pelar-system som stomsystem i lätta hallbyggnader i Sverige på grund av att kostnaderna blir mycket högre med tvåledsramar och att det är ett mer komplicerat system i beräkningsarbetet. De viktigaste slutsatserna från jämförelsestudien går att sammafatta som följande: Tvåledsramar är dyrare att använda. Tvåledsramar är ett mer komplicerat system beräkningsmässigt. Traditionen av att använda tvåledsramar finns inte och därför används inte systemet. / The project included a comparison study on frame systems. The study investigated framework and truss/beam/column-system and was conducted independently with support of Ramboll AB 's office in Falun. The aim was primarily to examine what differences there are between frameworks with two joints and truss/beam/column-systems for light industrial buildings and try to determine why the truss/beam/column-system is the dominant system in Sweden because the rest of Europe has taken a different development and dominated by framework with two joints. The study examines the differences between the systems in a industrial building with predetermined dimensions in steel.Initially, a literature study was conducted to gain a broader view of the systems and to create a better understanding for the conditions for each system. After the literature study was conducted could a exampelhouse and underlay for the comparison study be developed. A survey study were also conducted and the purpose was to create a clear picture of which system the frame system designers in Sweden usually choose and why. The results of the study showed that frameworks with two joints give an increased cost compared with truss/beam/column-system in material consumption and production, and the calculations become more complicated for the framwork. Should further studies be done with these systems in buildings with other measurements, it might possible to obtain specific measures of buildings where the cost of frameworks with two joints will be the same as for a building with truss/beam/column-system and therefore become an equivalent alternative.An important conclusion of this project is that a framework with two joints is used much more rarely than truss/beam/column-system as frame systems in light industrial buildings in Sweden because the cost will be much higher with a framework with two joints and that it is a more complicated system in the computational work . The main conclusions from comparative study can be summarized as follows: Framwork with two joints is more expensive to use. Framework with two joints is a more complicated system computationally. The tradition of using framework with two joints does not exist and it's therefore the system does not being used.

A reconstruction algorithm in computerized tomography is a procedure for reconstructing the attenuation coefficientscient, a real-valued function associated with the object of interest, from the measured projection data. Generally speaking, reconstruction algorithms in CT fall into two categories: direct, e.g., filtered back-projection (FBP), or iterative. In this thesis, we discuss a new fast matrix-free iterative reconstruction method based on a polyenergetic model. While most modern x-ray CT scanners rely on the well-known filtered back-projection algorithm, the corresponding reconstructions can be corrupted by beam hardening artifacts. These artifacts arise from the unrealistic physical assumption of monoenergetic x-ray beams. In this thesis, to compensate, we use an alternative model that accounts for differential absorption of polyenergetic x-ray photons and discretize it directly. We do not assume any prior knowledge about the physical properties of the scanned object. We study and implement different solvers and nonlinear unconstrained optimization methods, such as a Newton-like method and an extension of the Levenberg-Marquardt-Fletcher algorithm. We explain how we can use the structure of the Radon matrix and the properties of FBP to make our method matrix-free and fast. Finally, we discuss how we regularize our problem by applying different regularization methods, such as Tikhonov and regularization in the 1-norm. We present numerical reconstructions based on the associated nonlinear discrete formulation incorporating various iterative optimization methods.

Šviesos netiesinio fokusavimosi reiškinys tyrinėjamas jau nuo pat lazerio sukūrimo. Ypatingai aktyviai nagrinėjamas šviesos gijų susidarymas bei jų dinamika skirtingos fazinės būsenos medžiagose. Šviesos gijos įdomios tuo, kad šviesa jose sklinda beveik nepatirdama difrakcijos ir dispersijos. Mokslininkai pasiūlė nemažai šviesos gijos taikymų, kaip pvz. atmosferos sluoksnių spektrinė analizė, atosekundinių impulsų generacija inertinėse dujose ar bangolaidžių užrašymas kietose skaidriose terpėse. Šviesos saviveikos metu pradinė bangų paketų forma erdvėje bei laike gali stipriai pakisti. Standartiniai impulsų charakterizavimo metodai, kurie remiasi erdvėje integruotų autokoreliacinių ir kryžminių koreliacinių funkcijų matavimu, įgalina gauti tik dalinę informaciją apie vykstančias šviesos impulso bei terpės savybių transformacijas ir jų fizikinę prigimtį. Todėl, norint gerai įvaldyti minėtus taikymus bei suprasti vykstančius fizikinius reiškinius, visiškam šviesos impulsų sąveikos su medžiaga ir šviesos gijų formavimo proceso charakterizavimui reikalingi nauji matavimo metodai, kuriuos pasitelkus būtų galima išmatuoti bangų paketo intensyvumo pasiskirstymą trijų matmenų erdvėje bet kuriuo laiko momentu bei registruoti momentinius terpės struktūros pokyčius. Antra vertus, šviesos ir medžiagos sąveikos procesai yra labai spartūs, tad jų tyrimui reikalinga labai didelė tiek erdvinė (μm eilės), tiek laikinė (fs eilės) skyra. Šiame darbe pasiūlėme didelės laikinės (20 fs) ir... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the disertation, the self-focusing phenomenon of intense femtosecond light pulses in media with cubic nonlinearity is investigated and the origin of formation of light filaments is revealed. In this work, new measurement techniques are introduced and applied experimentally, which allowed high resolution temporal, spatial and spectral mapping of light wave-packet dynamics during the nonlinear propagation in transparent media, and enabled to observe and make accurate quantitative evaluation of the ultrafast change of medium properties. By means of high temporal (20 fs) and spatial (1 μm) resolution laser 3D mapping technique, it was shown that the initial Gaussian wave packet during self-action in Kerr media redistributes its energy in a way that in spatio-temporal domain the wave packet takes a complex X-type intensity distribution. This transformation is universal and is determined by temporal and spatial spectral broadening (as a consequence of self-focusing and self phase modulation), conical emission (as a consequence of four-wave mixing) and nonlinear losses caused by multiphoton absorption. By means of imaging spectrometer technique it was shown that in the medium with normal group velocity dispersion the far-field angular spectrum of the wave packet takes a characteristic X shape, whereas in anomalous group velocity dispersion regime – a characteristic O shape. In both cases the localization of the wave packet is observed, however the quantitative differences of the... [to full text]

This thesis addresses nanostructure fabrication techniques based on electron beam lithography, which is the most widely employed nanofabrication techniques for R&D and for the prototyping or production of photo-mask or imprint mold. The focus is on the study of novel resist and development process, as well as pattern transfer procedure after lithography. Specifically, this thesis investigates the following topics that are related to either electron beam resists, their development, or pattern transfer process after electron beam lithography: (1) The dry thermal development (contrary to conventional solvent development) of negative electron beam resists polystyrene (PS) to achieve reasonably high contrast and resolution. (2) The solvent development for polycarbonate electron beam resist, which is more desirable than the usual hot aqueous solution of NaOH developer, to achieve a low contrast that is ideal for grayscale lithography. (3) The fabrication of metal nanostructure by electron beam lithography and dry liftoff (contrary to the conventional liftoff using a strong solvent or aqueous solution), to achieved down to ~50 nm resolution. (4) The study a novel electron beam resist poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (sodium PSS) that is water soluble and water developable, to fabricate the feature size down to ~ 40 nm. And finally, (5) The fabrication of gold nanostructure on a thin membrane, which will be used as an object for novel x-ray imaging, where we developed the fabrication process for silicon nitride membrane, electroplating of gold, and pattern transfer after electron beam lithography using single layer resist and tri-layer resist stack.

This thesis presents a method for dynamic characterization of MEMS structures and discuses parameters that affect its measurements and techniques to improve them. Current methods of non-contact, laser based vibration measurement require special and expensive instruments. The method used in this thesis on the other hand, relies on Fast Fourier Transform analysis of blurred images captured using conventional cameras. The Fourier series analysis and transformation are introduced. Basic concepts of blur image analysis and associated technical terms are described. Step by step data extraction process for Fourier analysis of blurred images and results such as amplitude, attenuation, signal to noise ratio and Bessel curve are explained. Macro and micro scale experiments are designed and used to determine the effect and significance of different parameters on signal-to-noise ratio of extracted results. For this purpose geometrical parameters of macro scale combs such as length, width and duty cycle are varied across a considerable range and tests results are examined. In addition to the experiments, MATLAB code is used to model environmental effects such as addition of noise or changes of brightness. In micro scale experiments, extra patterns are created using Focused Ion Beam and etching process. Test and comparison of modified micro structures with unpatterned structures show improvement in signal to noise ratio especially in environments with high level of noise.

Darbo tikslas: • Išanalizuoti šviesos spindulio diferencialinių lygčių sferiškai simetriškus sprendinius. Darbo uždaviniai: • Užrašyti ir išspęsti konkrečioje koordinačių sistemoje šviesos spindulio sklidimo diferencialines lygtis. • Iliustruoti sprendinius su Mathcad programa. / Work is to analyze the differential equations spherically symmetric solutions. Recorded and resolved in a particular coordinate system the light specific propagation in differential equations.Using the original beam equations found in specific cases spread radius of the sphere in which the refractive index depends only on the distance on the center. Derived formulas we framed when the beam trajectory equations given different refractive index dependence on the distance to the center of spherical symmetry.

Commercially available glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) off-the-shelf structural shapes have great potential as stay-in-place open structural forms for concrete structures, including bridge decks and girders. The system simplifies and accelerates construction, and the non-corrosive GFRP forms can fully or partially replace steel rebar. In this study, eight concrete slabs were constructed using flat pultruded GFRP plates, and nine girders were constructed using trapezoidal pultruded GFRP sheet pile sections as stay-in-place structural forms. No tension steel reinforcement was used. All specimens were tested in four-point monotonic uniaxial bending. Four adhesive and mechanical bond mechanisms were explored to accomplish composite action. The most effective mechanism, considering structural performance and ease of fabrication, was wet adhesive bonding of fresh concrete to GFRP. Although failure was by debonding, no slip was observed prior to failure. Other parameters studied were concrete slabs’ thicknesses and their shear span-to-depth ratios. For the girders, three different cross-sectional configurations were examined, namely, totally filled sheet piles, one with a voided concrete fill, and an all-GFRP box girder developed by bonding flat GFRP sheets to the upper flanges of the sheet piles with a cast-in-place concrete flange. Girders were tested in positive and negative bending to simulate continuity. The built-up box girders showed superior performance, with up to 70% higher strength and 65% lower weight than the totally filled sections. It was found that similar size conventional steel-reinforced concrete sections of comparable stiffness have considerably lower strength, while those of comparable strength have considerably higher stiffness than FRP-concrete members. An analytical model was developed to predict the behaviour and failure loads of slabs and girders, using cracked section analysis. A unique feature of the model is a multi-stepped failure criteria check that can detect flexural, shear, or bond failure. The model was successfully validated using the experimental results, and used in a parametric study. It was shown that using the typical value of 1MPa for shear strength of cement mortar predicts debonding failure, which occurs slightly above the interface, quite well. Also, in practical applications of longer spans, flexural failure is likely to occur prior to bond failure. / Thesis (Master, Civil Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2008-07-14 15:12:48.405

This project proposes a reactor-based instrument, which retains most of the above advantages of spallation source engineering instruments, while maintaining the advantages inherent to steady-state instruments. The main idea is to allow the entire white beam from the reactor onto the sample---no monochromation. Diffraction is then allowed at a fixed angle, and information from two sample directions can be obtained simultaneously. Since a white beam is incident onto the sample, the diffraction condition is satisfied for multiple sample planes in the fixed angle of diffraction. Multiple analyzer/detector pairs are placed downstream from the sample and tuned to scatter only one of the diffracted wavelength bands. Monte Carlo methods were used to create models of both a standard two-axis engineering diffractometer, found on current reactor sources, and the proposed white beam instrument. There models were validated by experiments performed on a standard two-axis instrument, which was also modified to operate in a white beam configuration, in which the position of the sample and monochromator were interchanged. Both the models and the experiments of the white beam instrument showed proof of concept for this design and identified areas of concern that required special attention. Upon a comparison on the results from the standard two-axis instrument to the results from the white beam instrument (both simulation and experimental), it was found that the standard diffractometer showed a better performance in all aspects. However, this project proposes numerous areas where the white beam design can be improved upon in order to enhance its performance as an engineering instrument. The most important of these is the design of an appropriate analyzer/detector system, as the results overwhelmingly show this to be the area of greatest concern. Ideas for a few such designs are also given. / Thesis (Master, Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy) -- Queen's University, 2009-04-23 17:46:59.419

Cobalt 60 (Co-60) radiation therapy is a simple and reliable method of treating cancer by irradiating treatment volumes within the patient with high energy gamma rays. Medical linear accelerators (linacs) began to replace Co-60 units during the 1960’s in more developed countries, but Co 60 has remained the main source of radiotherapy treatment in less developed countries around the world. As a result, technological advancements made in more developed countries to deliver more precise radiation treatment that improves patient outcome have not been clinically applied to Co-60 machines. The medical physics group at the Cancer Centre of Southeastern Ontario has shown that these same technological advancements can be applied to Co-60 machines which would increase the accessibility of these modern improvements in radiotherapy treatment. However, for these modern treatments to improve patient outcome they require more precise localization of the patient prior to therapy. In more developed countries, this is currently provided by comparing computed tomography (CT) used for treatment planning with images acquired on the linac immediately before treatment. In the past decade, cone-beam CT (CBCT) has been developed to provide 3D CT images of the patient immediately prior to treatment on a linac. This imaging modality would also be ideal for patient localization when conducting modern Co-60 treatments since it would only require the addition of an imaging panel to produce CBCT images using the Co-60 source. A prototype Co-60 CBCT imaging system was implemented and characterized. Image noise, contrast, spatial resolution, and artifacts were studied. Algorithms to reduce the image artifacts were implemented and found to improve perceived image quality. The imaging system was found to have a ~1.8 mm high-contrast spatial resolution and the ability to detect 3 cm low-contrast soft-tissue structures in water. Anthropomorphic phantoms were also imaged and the observed anatomy in Co-60 CBCT images was comparable to kilovoltage CT. These results are comparable to clinically relevant linac-based CBCT using high energy X rays of similar energies to Co-60 gamma rays. This suggests that Co-60 CBCT should be able to provide the necessary images to localize patients for modern Co-60 radiation treatments. / Thesis (Master, Physics, Engineering Physics and Astronomy) -- Queen's University, 2010-11-30 13:40:07.61

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