This thesis uses CFPS's 2014 and 2016 data, from the perspective of differences in education levels and city size, using the two-way fixed-effect model and quantile regression to explore how the different educational workers' nominal monthly income gap changes with the expansion of the urban population. As for city size, on average, for every 1% increase in city size, the nominal monthly income of workers will increase by 0.4%. For every 1% increase in the size of the city, the nominal monthly wage of the college education group will increase by 0.9%, and the wage of the postgraduate workers will increase almost by 1.2%. The results show that only workers with a college and postgraduate education level can expand the monthly income gap with the lowest educational level group as the urban population grows. However, the nominal monthly income gap between the high-school educated group and junior high school and below educated workers is insignificantly affected by the city's expansion. JEL Classification J31, J23, J26, C51, I18 Keywords Education Level, City Size, Wage Title Wage Differentials by Education level and City Size: Evidence from Chinese cities Abstrakt Tato práce využívá data CFPS z let 2014 a 2016 z pohledu rozdílů v úrovních vzdělání a velikosti města pomocí dvoucestného modelu s fixním...

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Over the past several decades, the prevalence of overweight and obesity has increased to 68% of American adults1. During this same time period, there has been an increase in sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. This increase in added sugar consumption, particularly from sugar-sweetened beverages, has been theorized as a possible contributor to the obesity epidemic2,3,4. Sugar-sweetened beverages are the number one source of added sugars in the American diet and organizations such as the American Heart Association have addressed this issue of added sugar consumption due to its association with negative health outcomes5. A variety of demographic factors have been linked to increased added sugar consumption6. Health literacy is another variable which may influence beverage consumption patterns, specifically sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. To date only one study has investigated this association, and the authors reported an inverse relationship between health literacy scores and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption7. Therefore, the purpose of this investigation was to determine what demographic variables serve as predictors of consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages, water, milk, and total beverage calories. This could allow for appropriate interventions to be developed targeting healthier beverage consumption patterns in specific sub-populations. / Master of Science

Doctor of Philosophy / Curriculum and Instruction Programs / Charles E. Heerman / This statewide study examined the relationship between building income level and performance level percentage distribution, using 502 schools that earned a 2005-06 Kansas Standard of Excellence (SOE) building-wide award for reading or math. It originated from the premise that excellence is excellence, no matter the setting or income level of a school. A new baseline of data began in 2005-06 due to changes in the Kansas assessments, including more grades being tested than in previous years. The much larger database more accurately reflected the achievement of low-income students in Kansas. Decades of literature were reviewed, addressing influences on the development of Kansas standards, assessments, and the SOE award; the lifelong significance of income levels and achievement; high achievement for low-income students; and the pursuit of excellence through equitable educational reform. For purposes of this study, SOE schools were sorted into six designated types of buildings based on percentages of students eligible for free and reduced lunches, assessed grade levels, and SOE subject award. Results were reported using aggregate building groups as the unit of analysis. A two-way, repeated-measures, mixed design ANOVA general linear model served as an appropriate method to examine means for significant differences. Low-income SOE schools were noticeably fewer than medium- or high-income schools, especially at the senior high level. Three types of buildings showed some significant mean differences, but generally income did not appear to be a major factor. High-income buildings appeared to have a slight advantage; in the Exemplary category, high-income buildings outperformed the others; in the lower performance categories, high-income buildings had significantly lower means. The mean differences for high-income middle school/junior high buildings showed mainly moderate to large differences; other significant differences were rated as small to moderate. SOE schools of a given educational level and of varying income levels generally had similar performance scores in most of the performance level categories. Overall, major differences in performances were not evident among the different income levels of SOE buildings.

調查研究被廣泛的使用於現今社會，而研究中出現頻繁的「無反應」問題卻常為研究者帶來統計分析過程中的困擾，基於預防重於治療的前提下，「無反應」因素的探究有其必要性。本研究的目的即在現有的理論基礎上，針對「敏感性」問題於「無反應」（收入及投票意向問題）中的情況，應用卡方檢定與logit模型驗証其於本研究的適切性，並進一步建立新的「無反應」問題解釋模型，以幫助我們瞭解此種「無反應」問題在現有台灣調查研究中可能存在的因素，進而減低對研究結果的影響。 影響「無反應」因素的驗證部份，大致上與過去相關的研究結果相同，只有少數的變項有所差異。另外，在模型配適的解釋部份，收入的研究結果中會影響收入「無反應」的因素有：受訪者年齡、受訪者職業、訪員性別、訪員經驗以及調查問題型式。投票意向的研究結果顯示，影響投票意向「無反應」的因素有：受訪者的性別、省籍、政治參與度、對統獨立場的看法、對族群認同的看法、受訪者的性別與對統獨立場看法的交互作用以及受訪者的省籍對族群認同看法的交互作用。本研究的研究結果主要適用於敏感性問題中影響收入與投票意向問題之「無反應」因素情況。 / Investigative process is widely used in our society today. However, statistical analysts are often bothered by the frequent occurrence of the nonresponse problem. Hence, it is important to investigate the cause of the nonresponse situation. The purpose of this research is to create a new model to explain the nonresponse problem in certain sensitive situations. There are two types of questions of sensitive nature; namely, income level and voting inclination, that lead to the nonresponse. We have explored two methodologies, Chi-square test and Logit model, for their applicability to the study. The study will help us to understand what are the factors influencing the nonresponse for investigative process conducted in Taiwan. These findings may be used to reduce the impact of the nonresponse in regards to how we can interpret the results. In terms of verifying influential factors of the nonresponse, there are only a few different outcomes in comparison with previous research results. To find factors in regard to income level, the following five elements are identified: the age of the interviewee, the occupation of the interviewee, the gender of the interviewer, the experience of the interviewer, and styles of the questionnaire. As for the voting inclination, we found the following factors: interviewee's gender, birth origin, degree of political participation, viewpoint toward the issue of unification/independence, and opinion of ethnic identity; interaction between interviewee's gender and his/her viewpoint toward the issue of unification/independence, and interaction between interviewee's birth origin and opinion of ethnic identity. The main application of this study is to identify the various factors causing nonresponse phenomenon in reaction to sensitive questions of income level and voting inclination during an investigative process.

This thesis studies the determinants of grants from the National Endowment for the Arts and identifies the key factors that can account for their variation across communities. The analysis examines the target audience for NEA grants, how the NEA chooses to distribute its funds, and whether the grants aimed at low-income communities are effective in targeting communities that do not otherwise have access to the arts. This study concludes that grants from the National Endowment for the Arts tend to be allocated to communities with higher college graduation rates, but not necessarily higher income levels.

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / While there is a growing body of evidence that psychopathology resulting from exposure or victimization to single traumatic stressors is common among adolescents, little is known about the impact of repeated or multiple exposures in South African adolescents. This study examined the impact of exposure to multiple and repeated traumatic stressors in a sample of adolescents from South African schools.This study was a quantitative, quasi-experimental design that drew its data from a larger comparative survey. The larger survey compared traumatic exposure between Kenyan and South African youth. The South African data from 1140 learners was utilized for the present study. The main aim of this study was to investigate whether multiple and/or repeated exposure, rather than single exposure to traumatic events is more likely to be associated with depression and posttraumatic stress disorder in adolescents. The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the PTSD checklist were used as the outcome measures.ANOVA was used to establish if there were significant differences on psychiatric sequelae between the single and multiple exposure groups.Results revealed that there were significant differences between single traumatic exposure and multiple traumatic exposures on the outcome measures. There were no significant differences found between the no exposure group and single exposure group. The multiple trauma exposure group scored significantly higher when compared to single exposure group on the PTSD symptoms (mean difference = 2.607; CI= 1.67) of which p < 0.01. Results on the BDI indicated that the multiple exposure group scored more than the single exposure group(mean difference = 4.177; CI = 2.05) of which p < 0.01.The results support the hypothesis that greater traumatic exposure is associated with greater distress. These findings have implications for current conceptualizations of PTSD.

Nigeria is one of the countries with the highest Under-5 Mortality rates (U5M) estimated at 117 deaths/1000 live births. Despite public health control initiatives, no significant improvement in U5M has been demonstrated. The purpose of the study was to determine whether history of Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes (APO) and maternal socioeconomic factors could predict the death of children before their fifth birthday, using the life course health development and fetal programming theories. The study population was women in their reproductive age (15- 49 years). The study was a secondary data analysis of the datasets obtained from three Nigeria Demographic and Health Surveys (2003, 2008, and 2013). Complex samples multivariate logistic regression was used to determine the associations among variables. The results showed that lower education level (p < 0.001), lower income level (p <0.05), rural residential setting (p< 0.01), and lower socioeconomic status index (p < 0.001) of women were statistically significant predictors of U5M. APO was not statistically associated with U5M (p > 0.05). This concludes that children of women with low socioeconomic factors and status index could be at higher risk of death within the first 5 years of their lives, and women with history of APO stand no greater risk of losing their under-5 children. The study would contribute to positive social change among women in Nigeria through early identification of women whose children may be at risk of U5M and provision of evidence-based advocacy to urge increased government and public attention to women and child welfare.