<p>Syftet med uppsatsen var att utröna en inkubators psykologiska betydelse för studenter som startar företag. En kvalitativ undersökning bland nio företagsstartande studenter som tagit hjälp av inkubatorn Idélab gjordes för att identifiera psykologiska faktorer för att en student ska starta företag. Tidigare forskning har visat att self-efficacy kan ha betydelse. Tonvikt lades därför på entreprenöriell self-efficy med hjälp av en andra frågeställning; ”På vilket sätt påverkar Idélab sina studenters entreprenöriella self-efficacy?” Det framkom att <em>entreprenöriell self-efficacy</em>, <em>utbildning</em>, <em>stödjande miljö</em>, <em>känslan av att skapa sitt eget liv och framtid</em> samt <em>styrkan av att vara flera</em> var betydelsefulla faktorer för studenter som startar eget. Det framkom att Idélab troligen höjer sina studenters entreprenöriella self-efficacy med tre av Banduras fyra källor till self-efficacy.</p><p> </p>

Universities are seen as an opportunity for economic growth and increased employment and university spin-offs, operating with new and emerging technologies, are considered as means of return on academic research. However, some problems may occur related to the large number amount of stakeholders and their goals. The government is one important player and it can act as a policy maker, provider of financial support, or even as an owner. Governments regularly provide the innovation market with co-working hubs, incubators and science parks.  The purpose of this thesis is to analyze the possibility of knowledge- transfer from the Swedish system to the Russian regarding the support from the government to the entrepreneurial ventures through the science parks and incubators, and what and why would prevent Russia to adopt this model.

Syftet med uppsatsen var att utröna en inkubators psykologiska betydelse för studenter som startar företag. En kvalitativ undersökning bland nio företagsstartande studenter som tagit hjälp av inkubatorn Idélab gjordes för att identifiera psykologiska faktorer för att en student ska starta företag. Tidigare forskning har visat att self-efficacy kan ha betydelse. Tonvikt lades därför på entreprenöriell self-efficy med hjälp av en andra frågeställning; ”På vilket sätt påverkar Idélab sina studenters entreprenöriella self-efficacy?” Det framkom att entreprenöriell self-efficacy, utbildning, stödjande miljö, känslan av att skapa sitt eget liv och framtid samt styrkan av att vara flera var betydelsefulla faktorer för studenter som startar eget. Det framkom att Idélab troligen höjer sina studenters entreprenöriella self-efficacy med tre av Banduras fyra källor till self-efficacy.

Abstract Small and medium enterprises (SMEs) were one of the major contributors to the economic miracle of Taiwan. There are over a million SMEs, which comprise 97.7% of all Taiwanese enterprises, However, SMEs faced with high risks of failure, especially at their entrepreneurship stages, due to their lack of expertise and abilities in technologies developments, together with their disadvantages in economy scale, market, capital and business connections. Thus more than 60 incubators were founded by Taiwan Government in past seven years to help SMEs entrepreneur cope with the above threaten. These incubators vary in factors such as capabilities, facility, and resources. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate incubator is a critical issue for an SME entrepreneur. This research identifies a set of evaluating criteria within five categories: facility, technical and human resource, business administrative, knowledge source, and organization infrastructure based on extensive literature review and interview with industry experts. ELECTRE I, a multiple criteria decision making method is applied to evaluate incubators. The results provide an efficient and effective method for selecting an appropriate incubator for SME entrepreneur.

ABSTRACT The small & median enterprises that possess elasticity and efficiency always play to very important roles in the economic development of Taiwan. However the small & median enterprises hold technology and R&D ability in start-up stage, which are more fragile and to wait their maturity. Beside their business scales, markets, capital and human relationship networks are less. They face to be high uncertainty and market competition from start-up to firm business all the time. They are very careful under these situations, but still fail after all. Incubators are sponsors help entrepreneurs or start-ups that have originality, technique and potentiality to give some supports in early stage that lacks experiences, capital, resources and reputation. In order to achieve diversification purposes such as job creation, assisting the economic revitalization of an area, creating wealth, fostering new product/enterprise and so on. We expect from development experience of foreign incubators to base on " an advice from others may help one's defects" viewpoint. To conclude a successful business model of incubator through researches of relevant literature and depth interviews of experts. Our discoveries of researches as follow, ¡¯The importance of incubator successful business model take turns¡G 1.Clearing business missions/purposes. 2.Recruiting excellent managers who can run an incubator to regard as a business. 3.Offering services and helps for tenants. 4.Drawing up a feasibility/business plan that can attract investors. 5.The board of directors that can promise missions/purposes and help to elevate competence. 6.Maintaining 3 to 5 years finance. 7.Obtaining helps and supports of stakeholders, further develop to become a networked incubator. Furthermore the supports and participation of school decision makers are very important because the generalities are academic incubators in domestic. ¡¯The best important item of incubator successful business model in individual condition discriminates¡G 1.Clearing business missions/purposes.¡G"commercialize key technology" 2. Drawing up a feasibility/business plan that can attract investors.¡G"strategy" 3. The board of directors that can promise missions/purposes and help to elevate competence.¡G"accumulated resources in past practice experiences" 4.Recruiting excellent managers who can run an incubator to regard as a business.¡G"entrepreneurship" 5.Offering services and helps for tenants.¡G" technology & talent support" 6.Tenants' entrance criteria¡G"demonstrated business capability of principals" 7.Maintaining 3 to 5 years finance.¡G"self-sufficiency in a proper way " 8.Obtaining helps and supports of stakeholders.¡G"industries" 9.Developing key of a networked incubator.¡G" preferential access to potential resources and partners than competitor from network." Suggestions¡G 1.Creating incentives in order to conduct continuously for academic incubators and professors and managers. 2.Local governments should play more aggressive roles for the development of incubators, and integrate a distinguishing feature of universities and local industries. 3.To encourage development and collaboration of private incubators through governments' reward and taxes reduction. 4.The incubation objects should reinforce to foster traditional businesses that have upgrade and transfer pattern wishes except start-ups. 5.Incubators should promote incubation outcomes to internal and external market through internet or trade organizations. 6.The institutions or organizations of abroad successful incubator are invited by Small & Median Enterprises Development Fund to guide or transfer technologies.

ABSTRACT Urban Consulate is an exploration of urban exchange and growth within the 21st century paradigm. This dissertation investigates the potential of reclaimed civic space within the city as urban catalyst for participation and growth – a platform with which to regenerate meaningful participation within the urban environments and ensure densification without negation and destruction. The suburb of Brixton is one of the oldest suburbs in Johannesburg. Located to the west of Braamfontein and viewed as a compartmentalized fragment within the city of Johannesburg, this urban suburb forms the laboratory of investigation for the dissertation. Currently in flux, the area is rezoned for urbanisation and densification within the Johannesburg City plan. There are various proposals to relink the suburb back to the city. The chosen site of investigation is concerned with harnessing both the local condition and its potential to connect to the city of Johannesburg. In an attempt to redefine concepts of territory and boundary in civic architecture, the investigation is contextually located between urban fragments of suburbia, urban conditions and veld (natural environment). The site is a lost urban asset on the edge of Brixton next to the Sentech Tower. The urban intention is to reprogram the site as part of a productive public landscape, while the programmatic intentions are to enable the urban condition of city growth through facilitating local needs and desire lines. The dissertation therefore blurs the present day distinctions of ‘public’, ‘social’, ‘productive’, and ‘natural’ space while at the same time placing focus on local and socio-economic conditions. It investigates how the support of community and local conditions enables the urban. The architectural intentions are to “blur” the physical and perceived boundaries between the dweller and the city, the suburban and the urban. The scheme seeks to find how architecture as an enabler of “structures of enchantment” – the ordinary and extraordinary that make up a city – can facilitate individual and collective memory and couple the idea of city and the fantastical with that of home-finding and the everyday. In short, the 21st century approach to design and city-making must shift towards a participative approach in terms of urban exchange and place-making. / Mini Dissertation MArch(Prof)--University of Pretoria, 2018. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Food is a primary aspect of daily life, and it’s preparation and consumption function as accessible markers of cultural heritage and as a vehicle for cultural exchange. The Kitchen Culture Project seeks to create a Center for Food and Culture that will function as an aggregator for a number of different programs and organizations working to promote cultural awareness and community development through culinary education and exchange. The focus of the project will be the design of a building on a site in Greenfield, Massachusetts; to house these combined programs and a study of their potential interactions in the community.

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A former industry town where the one big industry has left town. Spacial segregation and a lack of social and ecological resilience. No common ground (both litterarly and figuratively). Prognosis: double the inhabitants by 2100, to 20.000. That is the current situation of the city of Torshälla.   A global food system that is broken and responsible for more than a third of the green house gas emissions. Production, consumtion and transportation need to be more sustainable. Also, we are unprepared – there will be an increase of 60-70% in food demand by 2050.  PROVIANTEN - A building with a purpose of proposing a solution to the current challenges in the city of Torshälla and also striving to be an accelerator in transforming our food industry to be more sustainable. In Provianten the people will meet through ”good food”.  Some of the people will be entrepreneurs with an aim to challenge the existing food system and to explore new possibilites. Maybe it is by producing new forms of proteins, maybe through yummy veggie food or maybe finding more efficient ways of transporting food. Some people will be there to cook and eat together, to learn mor and to meet new and existing friends and neighbours around a common interest in good food. / Å ena sidan: Torshälla - bruksstaden där bruket har lämnat staden. Segregation och avsaknad av social och miljömässig resiliens samt gemensamma mötesplatser för medborgarna, i både bildlig och bokstavlig mening. Prognosen; dubbelt invånarantal år 2100 till 20.000 personer.  Å andra sidan: Ett globalt matsystem som är ur funktion och som står för mer än en tredjedel av världens utsläpp av koldioxid. Produktion, konsumtion och transport inom matsystemet behöver bli mer hållbart. Dessutom är vi oförberedda - fram till år 2050 är prognosen att efterfrågan på mat kommer att öka med 60-70 %.  PROVIANTEN - en pusselbit i arbetet med att lösa Torshällas nuvarande och framtida utmaningar samtidigt som det är en accelerator för att omvandla vårt matsystem till att bli mer hållbart. I Provianten kommer människor mötas genom ”god mat”.  Några av brukarna kommer att vara entreprenörer med ett uppdrag att utmana dagens lösningar på matproduktion och -transport och att utforska nya möjligheter. Kanske är det genom att ta fram och producera nya proteiner, odla hållbart och rättvisemärkt alternativ till kaffe, hitta nya sammansättningar av grön mat eller att hitta mer miljövänliga förpackningar eller transportvägar. Till sitt förfogande har entreprenörerna arbetsplatser, kökslabb, kemiskt labb, odlingsmöjligheter samt en personal som hjälper till med affärsidéer och kontakter. Gemenskapen och kunskapsutbytet står de för tillsammans. Från teori till praktik under ett tak. Några av brukarna kommer att vara där med ett syfte att mötas över ”god mat”. Det stora kökslabbet har dubbel funktion och används av medborgarna för gemensam matlagning till självkostnadspris. Detta stimulerar möten mellan medborgarna och skapar nya och godare vanor och intressen. Ibland ordnas pop-up restaurang där entreprenörerna testar sina nya idéer och ibland ordnas event kring mat.

Starting the own business is sometimes a dream sometimes a nightmare but undoubtedly from a macro-economic perspective it is considered to be a promising concept to secure long-term economic growth and society’s welfare, at least in Germany. Strong efforts were made to support start ups and potential entrepreneurs to run their own business. A plethora of programs were launched which were supposed to facilitate the start up process – but reality is disenchanting: The published data in the 2004 GEM indicate that the idea of an entrepreneurial society in Germany is still far beyond its realization. Germany ranks 17th out of 31 GEM states in terms of “nascent entrepreneurs” and only 22nd regarding the “young entrepreneurs”. Compared to other GEM countries the German adults are considered to be more pessimistic in terms of entrepreneurial issues: The chances of establishing a successful business are evaluated lower than the years before. On the other hand the context factors which are considered to influence the start up opportunities especially in terms of governmental support and physical infrastructure were evaluated to be one of the best. Especially concerning the latter aspect strong efforts have been made to support entrepreneurs. In this context, and maybe because of - A “… post-1970s fascination with ‘high-tech’ regions worldwide” (Cooke/Leydesdorff 2006: 9), - A continuous liberalization of the world market and its impact on national production systems (which is well discussed in the context of the conversion of cooperatives), or - The dawn of the concept of national innovations systems (e.g. Lundvall 1988; Cozzens et al. 1990), For more than two decades, one promising concept of sustaining entrepreneurs was seen in the idea of incubators1 which mainly offer support in terms of infrastructure and funding opportunities. Meantime, we observe that questions emerge of how effective and efficient incubators work as one major instrument of macroentrepreneurial (Van de Veen 1995, Chiles/Meyer 2001) activities in order to facilitate start ups and to support the first steps of a new business from its start to its growth. The value of the incubator model as an effective means of technology and knowledge transfer especially from universities is continually discussed and questioned (Cunningham 1999). For example, a study run by Allen and Kahman (1985) concluded that incubators are tools for developing enterprises which create a positive environment for small businesses to succeed. Indeed, lots of studies brought up that incubators are an efficient and effective way to sustain spin-out processes and to contribute to regional development and prosperity. However, on the other hand some shortcomings are obvious: Finer and Holberton (2000) take into question the incubator model because it takes the initiative away from the start-up team. The paper refers to these observations. We assume by means of some international empirical studies that the functions of incubators are enhanced as a result of a (evolutional) learning process. On this basis we derive hypothesis about the dealing with the upcoming challenges and provide further research questions in an explorative way. Paragraph 2 introduces a three phased model of business incubators and classifies existing incubators. It will be obvious, that there is an increasing amount of functions that are allocated by incubators. Within paragraph 3 we examine recent developments from a macroeconomic perspective and contrast to this the evolution of incubators. Paragraph 4 presents two types of incubators that take these 1 In the context of this paper we primarly refer to non-profit incubators. contradictions into account and offers an alternative coping. Summarizing, we give an outlook on further research questions which will substantiate the evolutionary perspective on incubators.