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Thesis (B.A.)--Haverford College, Dept. of History, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references.

<p>In 1760, when British victory was all but assured and hostilities in the northeastern colonies of North America came to an end, the future of the southeastern colonies was not nearly so clear. British authorities in the South still faced the possibility of a local French and Indian alliance and clashed with angry Cherokees who had complaints of their own. These tensions and events usually take a back seat to the climactic proceedings further north. I argue that in South Carolina, by destabilizing relations with African and Native Americans, the Cherokee Indians raised the social and political anxieties of coastal elites to a fever pitch during the Anglo-Cherokee War. Threatened by Indians from without and by slaves from within, and failing to find unbridled support in British policy, the planter-merchant class eventually sought to take matters into its own hands. Scholars have long understood the way the economic fallout of the French and Indian War caused Britain to press new financial levies on American colonists. But they have not understood the deeper consequences of the war on the local stage. Using extensive political and military correspondence, ethnography, and eighteenth-century newspapers, I offer a narrative-driven approach that adds geographic and ethnographic breadth and context to previous scholarship on mid-eighteenth century in North America. I expand understandings of Cherokee culture, British and colonial Indian policy, race slavery, and the southeastern frontier. At the same time, I also explain the origins of the American Revolution in the South.</p> / Dissertation

O presente trabalho constitui uma análise do processo de reorientação das guerras indígenas no Brasil colonial empreendida mediante a investigação da atividade bélica indígena na capitania da Bahia entre a instalação do governo-geral em 1549 e a invasão holandesa na Bahia de 1624. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica dos estudos antropológicos clássicos acerca do complexo bélico tupinambá e posterior cotejamento com as diferentes configurações assumidas pela guerra indígena nas fontes quinhentistas e seiscentistas e na historiografia contemporânea. Estabeleceu-se como objetivos de estudo avaliar as contribuições e limites das análises antropológicas sobre o complexo guerra-sacrifício tupi, a fim de ampliar a compreensão sobre o processo de reorientação da guerra indígena e explicar a participação indígena nas guerras realizadas na Bahia, bem como avaliar em que medida a atuação dos missionários cristãos como mediadores culturais auxilia a compreensão desse processo. No âmbito teórico, focalizou-se a atuação dos missionários como mediadores das relações interculturais durante a missão jesuíta na Bahia com o aporte da teoria da mediação cultural. Como diretriz metodológica, optou-se pelo gênero narrativo-descritivo para transcrever as narrativas que abordam o processo de transformação das guerras intertribais em guerra coloniais, a fim de evidenciar as diferentes perspectivas teóricas sobre a guerra indígena. Analisaram-se criticamente as representações das guerras nas diferentes fontes, a partir das quais se elaborou a reconstituição de dois processos: a adaptação do sistema bélico tupi para o atendimento das necessidades bélicas coloniais e a construção de uma nova ideologia de guerra com a ênfase na belicosidade indígena e na antropofagia para justificar as novas demandas geradas no contexto da colonização. Identificaram-se como principais resultados do estudo, a utilização da prática bélica indígena como instrumento de colonização e exploração econômica, a exacerbação da belicosidade indígena nos discursos europeus para justificar a necessidade da colonização e a reconfiguração das guerras realizadas no Novo Mundo, que a partir do encontro ultrapassaram as antigas rivalidades intertribais e tornaram-se conflitos coloniais. / This study is an analysis of the reorientation process of the Indian Wars in colonial Brazil undertaken by investigating the indigenous war activity in the captaincy of Bahia between the implementation of Government-General in 1549 and the Dutch invasion in Bahia 1624. Before achieving this goal we make a literature review of the major anthropological studies about Tupinamba Wars confronting these with the references given by the sources and the contemporary historiography that shows that the Indian war in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries assumed different configurations. It was established as study aims to evaluate the contributions and limits of anthropological analyzes of the Tupi war-sacrifice complex, in order to broaden the understanding of the reorientation process of the Indian war and explain the indigenous participation in wars conducted in Bahia, as well as to evaluate if the focus in missionary activity between Indians helps the understanding of this process. In the theoretical realm, we analyzed the performance of missionaries as cultural brokers for the Jesuit mission in Bahia with the contribution of the theory of cultural mediation. As a methodological guideline, we opted for the narrative-descriptive genre to transcribe the stories that address the transformation process of intertribal wars in colonial war in order to highlight the different theoretical perspectives on indigenous war. We analyzed critically the representations of wars in different sources which made possible the reconstruction of two processes: the adaptation of the Tupi war to answer the colonial war needs and the construction of a new ideology of war with emphasis on Indian bellicosity and cannibalism to justify the new demands generated in the context of colonization. It was identified as the main results of this study, the use of indigenous war practice as colonization and economic exploitation instruments, the intensification of the indigenous bellicosity in European speeches to justify the need for colonization and the reconfiguration of the wars carried out in the New World, that since the encounter overcame the intertribal rivalries and became colonial conflicts.

O presente trabalho constitui uma análise do processo de reorientação das guerras indígenas no Brasil colonial empreendida mediante a investigação da atividade bélica indígena na capitania da Bahia entre a instalação do governo-geral em 1549 e a invasão holandesa na Bahia de 1624. Trata-se de uma revisão bibliográfica dos estudos antropológicos clássicos acerca do complexo bélico tupinambá e posterior cotejamento com as diferentes configurações assumidas pela guerra indígena nas fontes quinhentistas e seiscentistas e na historiografia contemporânea. Estabeleceu-se como objetivos de estudo avaliar as contribuições e limites das análises antropológicas sobre o complexo guerra-sacrifício tupi, a fim de ampliar a compreensão sobre o processo de reorientação da guerra indígena e explicar a participação indígena nas guerras realizadas na Bahia, bem como avaliar em que medida a atuação dos missionários cristãos como mediadores culturais auxilia a compreensão desse processo. No âmbito teórico, focalizou-se a atuação dos missionários como mediadores das relações interculturais durante a missão jesuíta na Bahia com o aporte da teoria da mediação cultural. Como diretriz metodológica, optou-se pelo gênero narrativo-descritivo para transcrever as narrativas que abordam o processo de transformação das guerras intertribais em guerra coloniais, a fim de evidenciar as diferentes perspectivas teóricas sobre a guerra indígena. Analisaram-se criticamente as representações das guerras nas diferentes fontes, a partir das quais se elaborou a reconstituição de dois processos: a adaptação do sistema bélico tupi para o atendimento das necessidades bélicas coloniais e a construção de uma nova ideologia de guerra com a ênfase na belicosidade indígena e na antropofagia para justificar as novas demandas geradas no contexto da colonização. Identificaram-se como principais resultados do estudo, a utilização da prática bélica indígena como instrumento de colonização e exploração econômica, a exacerbação da belicosidade indígena nos discursos europeus para justificar a necessidade da colonização e a reconfiguração das guerras realizadas no Novo Mundo, que a partir do encontro ultrapassaram as antigas rivalidades intertribais e tornaram-se conflitos coloniais. / This study is an analysis of the reorientation process of the Indian Wars in colonial Brazil undertaken by investigating the indigenous war activity in the captaincy of Bahia between the implementation of Government-General in 1549 and the Dutch invasion in Bahia 1624. Before achieving this goal we make a literature review of the major anthropological studies about Tupinamba Wars confronting these with the references given by the sources and the contemporary historiography that shows that the Indian war in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries assumed different configurations. It was established as study aims to evaluate the contributions and limits of anthropological analyzes of the Tupi war-sacrifice complex, in order to broaden the understanding of the reorientation process of the Indian war and explain the indigenous participation in wars conducted in Bahia, as well as to evaluate if the focus in missionary activity between Indians helps the understanding of this process. In the theoretical realm, we analyzed the performance of missionaries as cultural brokers for the Jesuit mission in Bahia with the contribution of the theory of cultural mediation. As a methodological guideline, we opted for the narrative-descriptive genre to transcribe the stories that address the transformation process of intertribal wars in colonial war in order to highlight the different theoretical perspectives on indigenous war. We analyzed critically the representations of wars in different sources which made possible the reconstruction of two processes: the adaptation of the Tupi war to answer the colonial war needs and the construction of a new ideology of war with emphasis on Indian bellicosity and cannibalism to justify the new demands generated in the context of colonization. It was identified as the main results of this study, the use of indigenous war practice as colonization and economic exploitation instruments, the intensification of the indigenous bellicosity in European speeches to justify the need for colonization and the reconfiguration of the wars carried out in the New World, that since the encounter overcame the intertribal rivalries and became colonial conflicts.

When analyzing the policies of the John F. Kennedy administration towards the People’s Republic of China, previous historians have focused on the lack of substantive change, emphasizing the continuity of action with the prior polices of the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration. At the same time, a number of historians have noted that it was during the years Kennedy was in office that a majority of the American people began viewing communist China as a greater threat to world peace than the Soviet Union. However, none have sought to explain this sizeable shift in public opinion, or analyze its potential impact on policy. This thesis incorporates archival materials with contemporary print and visual media to make a connection between the sources of public opinion shifts and a change in the assumptions upon which U.S. China policy was based. Almost from the moment the new president assumed office, Robert Komer at the National Security Council and Chester Bowles at the State Department began pushing for changes in China policy based on the assumptions that the communist regime was not a “passing phase,” would only become more powerful and over time constitute an inexorable greater threat to U.S. interests in Asia, and that rapprochement, rather than isolation, was the best means of ameliorating this threat. Together with James Thomson, Roger Hilsman, and eventually Walt Rostow, they pushed for the adoption of what A. Doak Barnett would later term “Containment Without Isolation.” While the Sino-Soviet split accentuated charges of Chinese anti-white racism and the Great Leap Forward reinforced the sense of Mao’s irrationality, the Sino-Indian War confirmed both rising Chinese power and their leadership’s capacity for rational calculation. Meanwhile, in the popular culture, particularly motion pictures, the Yellow Peril enjoyed a revival as Chinese villains stepped to the fore, beginning to free themselves of their Soviet masters. However, while foreign Chinese were feared as never before, Chinese in America gained new acceptance. Laying the groundwork for the next five decades of China policy and enemy images, Kennedy’s Thousand Days constituted a turning point.

This work reevaluates commonly accepted interpretations of Seminole ethnogenesis in light of recent scholarship and previously ignored sources from the Spanish archives. It argues that Seminole formation was largely a bi-product of a struggle between two opposing Lower Creek factions: the Creek "nationalists" and the ostensive Creek "partisans" of the British. This factional struggle became increasingly bitter during the French and Indian War and ultimately led to a schism whereby the ostensive "partisans" of the British colonized of the Alachua savanna in the early 1760s to become recognized as the first Florida Seminoles. This work also raises questions about the ostensive Anglophile identity of the first Seminoles and suggests that such an "identity" was based largely on deception and theatrics. In closing, this work addresses the institutional basis of the myth of Seminole aboriginality.

No description available.

Chief Justice William Allen and Benjamin Franklin met hundreds of times prior to Franklin's departure to London in 1757, and yet very little has been written about Allen. For over twenty years, Franklin and Allen worked closely on a variety of municipal improvements: the library, the hospital, the school, the fire company and many other projects that were the first of their kind in America. And while Allen was Franklin's main benefactor for close to twenty-five years --it was Allen's endorsement of Franklin that got him his job as Postmaster-- Franklin mentions him only twice in his &lt;italic&gt;Autobiography / History

The purpose of this paper is to explore the nature and language of Anglo-American opposition to quartering from the start of the French and Indian War in 1756 to the Revolutionary War in 1776. This paper will also attempt to demonstrate the shifting focus of Anglo-American arguments against the quartering of troops over these two decades. Quartering of troops in private homes and defraying the cost of quartering were the prevalent concerns of Anglo-Americans during the French and Indian War. Then, the Quartering Act of 1765 significantly changed the perception of Anglo-Americans toward quartering of troops as a matter of illegal taxation. Lastly, the unfolding events in 1768 and onwards, in Boston, marked a turning point as the fear of a standing army in peace time redefined Anglo-American opposition to the quartering of redcoats. The significance of Anglo-American opposition to the Quartering Acts paled in comparison to other colonial grievances that stemmed from taxation issues, but it was important enough to finds its place in the Declaration of the Independence and in the Third Amendment of the federal constitution. / Master of Arts