A power system stability is essential for maintaining the power system oscillation frequency within a small and acceptable interval around its nominal frequency. Hence, it is necessary to study and control the frequency for stable operation of a power system by knowing the characteristics within a power system. One approach is to understand the effectiveness of frequency and damping characteristics of generators in power systems. Hence, the simulation analysis of IEEE 118-bus power system is used for this study. The analysis includes theoretical analysis with a mathematical approach and simulation studies of swing equation to determine the characteristics of damped single-machine infinite bus, which is represented as a generator connects to a large network system with a small signal disturbance by line losses. Additionally, mathematical derivation of Prony analysis is presented in order to estimate the frequency and damping ratio of the simulation results. In the end, the results demonstrate that the frequency and damping characteristics of generators are highly dependent on the system inertia constant. Therefore, the higher inertia constant is a critical factor to ensure the system is more stable. / Master of Science / A power system’s stability is dependent on maintaining the oscillation frequency within a small and acceptable variance of its normal frequency. In order to control the frequency for the stable operation of a power system, it is necessary to study the characteristics within a power system. One approach is to study the effectiveness of frequency and damping characteristics of generators in power systems. For this study, the simulation analysis of the IEEE 118-bus power system will be used. This includes a mathematical approach and simulation studies of swing equation. These will determine the characteristics of damped single-machine infinite bus. This is represented as a generator connected to a large network system with a small signal disturbance caused by line losses. Additionally, the mathematical basis of Prony analysis is presented in order to estimate the frequency and damping ratio of the simulation results. In the end, the results demonstrate that the frequency and damping characteristics of generators are highly dependent on the system inertia constant. Therefore, a high inertia constant is critical to the stability of the system.

Syfte och frågeställning Syftet med denna studie är att identifiera effekten av svänghjulsträning på styrkerelaterade variabler som påverkar idrottslig prestation genom en sammanställning av befintlig vetenskaplig litteratur. Studiens frågeställning var: (1) Vilken effekt har svänghjulsträning på muskeltillväxt (hypertrofi)? (2) Vilken effekt har svänghjulsträning på utvecklingen av maximal styrka? (3) Vilken effekt har svänghjulsträning på utvecklingen av Power (effektutveckling)? (4) Vilken effekt har svänghjulsträning på horisontell förflyttning? (5) Vilken effekt har svänghjulsträning på vertikal förflyttning? Metod En metaanalys för 15 experimentella studier som uppfyllt urvalskriterierna genomfördes. De inkluderade studierna kvalitetsgranskades med Pedros skala. För att möjliggöra en sammanställning av samtliga resultat analyserades resultaten i dataprogrammet Review Manager version 5.3 med Random effekt modell och presenteras med Forest plots. Jämförelserna gjordes över en period på 4-24 veckor. Resultat Svänghjulsträning under en period av 4-24 veckor visar på en statistisk signifikant utveckling  av muskulär hypertrofi (effektstorlek 0,68), maximal styrka (1,40), Power (1,0), horisontell (0,54) och vertikal förflyttning (0,60). Slutsats Det finns stöd i litteraturen för att friska individer presterar bättre på så väl dynamiska styrketest som funktionella test efter svänghjulsträning. Evidensen är särskilt stark för att svänghjulsträning utvecklar maximal styrka och Power för tränade yngre individer samt i kortare mer intensiva block. Denna metaanalys har bara sammanställt skillnader i prestation före och efter svänghjulsträning och kan därför inte säga om effekten av svänghjulsträning är större än effekten av upprepade mätningar eller annan träning. / Aim The aim of this study was to identify the effect of the flywheel training on strength-related variables that affect athletic performance by compiling existing scientific literature. Research questions: (1) What effect does flywheel training have on muscle growth (hypertrophy)? (2) What effect does flywheel training have on the development of maximum strength? (3) What effect does flywheel training have on the development of Power (effect development)? (4) What effect does flywheel training have on the development of horizontal movement? (5) What effect does flywheel training have on the development of vertical movement? Method A meta-analysis was conducted from 15 experimental studies that met the selection criteria. The quality of included studies was reviewed by Pedro scale. In order to identify possible bias in the selection process a Funnel plot was carried out. To enable the compilation of all results an analyze with Random effect model was carried out with software Review Manager Version 5.3 and presented with Forest plots. Comparisons were made over a period of 4-24 weeks. Results Flywheel training for a period of 4-24 weeks show a statistically significant increase in effect size for muscular hypertrophy (0,49), maximum strength (1,40), Power (1,00), horizontal-(0,54) and vertical movement (0,60). Conclusions There's support in published studies that healthy individuals perform better on dynamic strength tests as wells as functional test after flywheel training. The evidence is particularly strong that flywheel training develops maximum strength and Power in trained younger individuals and in shorter more intensive blocks. This meta-analysis has just compiled the differences in performance before and after flywheel training and therefore cannot say if the effect of flywheel training is greater than the effect of repeated measurements or other exercise.

The aim of this thesis was to design a device allowing to measure the moments of inertia of a motor vehicle around several intersecting axes. Next, a three dimensional model of the proposed device was created in programme Pro/ENGINEER. Stress analysis of individual components was performed using the finite element method (FEM) in programme ANSYS.

The PID controller is regarded as a dependable and reliable controller for process industry systems. Many researchers have devoted time and attention to PID controller tuning and they all agree that PID controllers are very important for control systems. A PID equation is very sensitive; its parameters must always be varied following the specific application to increase performance, such as by increasing the system’s responsiveness. PID controllers still have many problems despite their importance for control systems in industries. The problem of big overshoot on the conventional gain tuning is one of the serious problems. Researchers use the PSO algorithm to try and overcome those problems. The tuning of the MIMO PID controller based on the PSO algorithm shows many disadvantages such as high-quality control with a short settle time, steady-state error, and periodical step response. The traditional PSO algorithm is very sensitive and it sometimes affects the quality of good PID controller tuning. This research has proposed a new equation for improving the PSO algorithm. The proposed algorithm is the combination of linearly decreasing inertia weight and chaotic inertia weight, after which a control factor was introduced as an exponential factor. This was very useful for simulations as it is adjustable. The Matlab simulation results of the experiments show that the simulations as it is adjustable. The Matlab simulation results of the experiments show that the new proposed equation converges faster and it gives the best fitness compared to linear inertia weight and oscillating inertia weight and other old equations. The MIMO PID controller system that consists of four plants was tuned based on the new proposed equation for the PSO algorithm (LCPSO). The optimized results show the best rise time, settling time, time delays, and steady-state compared to the systems that are tuned using the old equations. The exploration was directed at considering the impact of using the PSO calculation as an instrument for MIMO PID tuning. The results obtained in the examination reveal that the PSO tuning output improved reactions and can be applied to various system models in the measure control industry. The results for the MIMO PID controller tuned using PSO were assessed using integral square error (ISE), integral absolute error (IAE), and the integral of time expanded by absolute error (ITAE). The five well-known benchmark functions were also used to endorse the feasibility of the improved PSO and excellent results in terms of convergence and best fitness were attained. / Electrical and Mining Engineering / M. Tech. (Electrical Engineering)

The use of check valves in the nuclear industry is of great importance from a safety precaution point ofview (McElhaney, 1995). Choosing check valves for these high-pressurized systems comes with agreat challenge. The valves causes what is called check valve slams when closing, leading to a hugepressure wave traveling through the system. To prevent this from happening calculations have to bedone to see what kind of forces are generated during a check valve slam. When the forces are known itis easier designing systems that will endure these slams. A commonly used software in the nuclearindustry is RELAP5 (Reactor Excursion and Leak Analysis Program), its main purpose is to calculatetransients in piping systems. This program can also be used when calculating a check valve slam. Buthow precise is the code compared to the real event? By doing an experiment measuring pressures created by swing check valves during slams, the codewas compared to real data and analyzed to decide what was of importance when modeling for thesetypes of simulations. The RELAP5 code was not initially designed to calculate transients during a check valve slam. This isclearly shown when the code overestimates the pressure waves in the system when using themanufacturer data for the check valve model. Matching the data from the simulations in RELAP5 withthe data recorded from the experiment is not easy. The parameters used for this have no connection tothe specifications for the check valve, which means that transients are hard to estimate withoutexperimental data.

Utilizando a survey junto ao consumidor da universidade de Michigan, obtivemos dados a respeito das expectativas dos agentes não só sobre inflação, mas também sobre nível de atividade (os estudos de Roberts (1997) utilizaram apenas os dados de survey sobre expectativas inflacionárias). Verificamos, então, que grande parcela do custo das estabilizações dos EUA foi antecipado pela maior parte dos agentes, o que nos levou a rejeitar os modelos de Taylor (1979, 1980) e de Calvo (1983), mesmo em suas versões com as hipóteses de falta de credibilidade e informação homogeneamente defasada. Em seguida discutimos como um modelo com fairness, pode explicar este quebra cabeças. Finalmente, examinamos, três possíveis fatores (mutuamente compatíveis): a hipótese de que parte da população tenha expectativas inconsistentes, incerteza knightiana e o modelo com fairness. Nossos resultados empíricos penderam a favor de uma combinação de pelo menos uma das duas últimas alternativas com a primeira. / Using the Michigan Universitys consumer survey, we obtained data about agents expectations of both inflation and output (the latter had not been used in Roberts (1997) studies). With this, we were able to verify that a great part of the sacrifice ratios of the US stabilizations were anticipated by common agents, rejecting the Taylor (1979, 1980) and Calvo (1983) models and, with it, the hypothesis that the only reasons underlying them are staggered contracts, homogeneous sticky information and lack in credibility. WE, then, discuss how a model with fairness can explain this puzzle. Finally, we examine three (mutually consistent) factors: the hipothesis that part of the population have inconsistent expectatitons, Knightian uncertainty and te model with fairness. The results favored the combination of at least one of the two latter alternatives with te former.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo principal analisar experimentalmente o comportamento térmico de um sistema de cobertura verde leve (CVL) e, também, comparar o comportamento térmico entre os diferentes sistemas de cobertura, frente aos ganhos térmicos no período de transição entre as estações primavera-verão, na cidade de São Carlos-SP. Os sistemas de cobertura em análise foram: 1) aço galvanizado, 2) telha de fibrocimento, 3) laje pré-moldada cerâmica, 4) telha cerâmica e 5) cobertura verde leve (CVL). A CVL caracteriza-se por um sistema construtivo que possui laje pré-moldada cerâmica impermeabilizada com resina poliuretana vegetal, geomanta tridimensional leve e flexível para drenagem, camada reduzida de substrato e grama em sua superfície. As vantagens em relação à utilização das coberturas verdes, em geral, estão relacionadas à regulação de temperaturas, a melhora na eficiência energética das edificações, a capacidade de retenção das águas pluviais, ao aumento das áreas verdes, a atenuação dos efeitos das ilhas de calor, além da contribuição estética e social no ambiente urbano. A metodologia adotada baseou-se na definição do dia típico experimental e nos parâmetros da inércia térmica aplicados aos componentes construtivos da cobertura. As medições experimentais foram realizadas em células de teste no canteiro experimental da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), pelo grupo de ecotecnologias: novos materiais e procedimentos. Foram armazenados em um sistema de aquisição automática de dados, registros referentes às temperaturas do ar externo e interno às células de teste e da temperatura superficial interna dos sistemas de cobertura. Como resultado, a CVL apresentou um bom comportamento no que se refere à atenuação das variações de temperaturas internas à edificação, frente às temperaturas do ar externo. Obteve, também, a menor temperatura superficial na face interna do sistema de cobertura, quando comparada aos outros sistemas construtivos. Por tanto, conclui-se que a CVL constitui-se de alternativa viável para construção, devido a sua capacidade de amortecimento e atraso do fluxo térmico (inércia térmica), contribuindo com o estabelecimento de temperaturas internas mais amenas e, além disso, por fundamentar-se em preceitos de uma arquitetura de maior consonância com o ambiente natural. / The present research main objective was to experimentally analyze the thermal behavior of an extensive green roof system and also to compare different roof system thermal behavior, considering their thermal profits in the period of transition between the stations spring-summer, in the city of São Carlos-SP. The roof systems analyzed were: 1) galvanized steel, 2) earth flax, 3) paving-stone, 4) ceramic tile and 5) extensive green roof. The extensive green roof can be characterized as a constructive system that holds a waterproofed paving-stone with vegetable resin, a slight and flexible three-dimensional geomat, used for draining, a reduced layer of substratum and grass in its surface. The green roofs advantages are mainly related to temperatures regulation, improvement of energy efficiency in constructions, possibility of pluvial waters retention (runoff), increase of green areas, attenuation of heat islands effects, beyond the aesthetic and social contribution for the urban environment. The methodology used was based on the definition of the experimental typical day and the parameters of the thermal inertia applied to the constructive components of the cover. The experimental measurements had been carried in test of cells located in the experimental base of the University of São Paulo (USP), by the group of ecotecnologys: new materials and procedures. They were stored in a system of automatic acquisition of facts, records regarding the temperatures of the internal and external air in the test of cells, and the superficial temperature of the internal roof systems. As a result, the extensive green roof presented a good behavior, considering the attenuation of the construction internal temperatures variations, facing the temperatures of the external air. It presented, also, the lesser superficial temperature of the internal face of the roof system, when compared with the other constructive systems. Therefore, one concludes that the extensive green roof consists of a feasible alternative for construction, due to its capacity of damping and delaying the thermal flow (thermal inertia), contributing to the establishment of pleasant internal temperatures and, moreover, for basing its rules on architecture patterns more sensitive to environmental issues.

A presente pesquisa teve como objetivo principal analisar experimentalmente o comportamento térmico de um sistema de cobertura verde leve (CVL) e, também, comparar o comportamento térmico entre os diferentes sistemas de cobertura, frente aos ganhos térmicos no período de transição entre as estações primavera-verão, na cidade de São Carlos-SP. Os sistemas de cobertura em análise foram: 1) aço galvanizado, 2) telha de fibrocimento, 3) laje pré-moldada cerâmica, 4) telha cerâmica e 5) cobertura verde leve (CVL). A CVL caracteriza-se por um sistema construtivo que possui laje pré-moldada cerâmica impermeabilizada com resina poliuretana vegetal, geomanta tridimensional leve e flexível para drenagem, camada reduzida de substrato e grama em sua superfície. As vantagens em relação à utilização das coberturas verdes, em geral, estão relacionadas à regulação de temperaturas, a melhora na eficiência energética das edificações, a capacidade de retenção das águas pluviais, ao aumento das áreas verdes, a atenuação dos efeitos das ilhas de calor, além da contribuição estética e social no ambiente urbano. A metodologia adotada baseou-se na definição do dia típico experimental e nos parâmetros da inércia térmica aplicados aos componentes construtivos da cobertura. As medições experimentais foram realizadas em células de teste no canteiro experimental da Universidade de São Paulo (USP), pelo grupo de ecotecnologias: novos materiais e procedimentos. Foram armazenados em um sistema de aquisição automática de dados, registros referentes às temperaturas do ar externo e interno às células de teste e da temperatura superficial interna dos sistemas de cobertura. Como resultado, a CVL apresentou um bom comportamento no que se refere à atenuação das variações de temperaturas internas à edificação, frente às temperaturas do ar externo. Obteve, também, a menor temperatura superficial na face interna do sistema de cobertura, quando comparada aos outros sistemas construtivos. Por tanto, conclui-se que a CVL constitui-se de alternativa viável para construção, devido a sua capacidade de amortecimento e atraso do fluxo térmico (inércia térmica), contribuindo com o estabelecimento de temperaturas internas mais amenas e, além disso, por fundamentar-se em preceitos de uma arquitetura de maior consonância com o ambiente natural. / The present research main objective was to experimentally analyze the thermal behavior of an extensive green roof system and also to compare different roof system thermal behavior, considering their thermal profits in the period of transition between the stations spring-summer, in the city of São Carlos-SP. The roof systems analyzed were: 1) galvanized steel, 2) earth flax, 3) paving-stone, 4) ceramic tile and 5) extensive green roof. The extensive green roof can be characterized as a constructive system that holds a waterproofed paving-stone with vegetable resin, a slight and flexible three-dimensional geomat, used for draining, a reduced layer of substratum and grass in its surface. The green roofs advantages are mainly related to temperatures regulation, improvement of energy efficiency in constructions, possibility of pluvial waters retention (runoff), increase of green areas, attenuation of heat islands effects, beyond the aesthetic and social contribution for the urban environment. The methodology used was based on the definition of the experimental typical day and the parameters of the thermal inertia applied to the constructive components of the cover. The experimental measurements had been carried in test of cells located in the experimental base of the University of São Paulo (USP), by the group of ecotecnologys: new materials and procedures. They were stored in a system of automatic acquisition of facts, records regarding the temperatures of the internal and external air in the test of cells, and the superficial temperature of the internal roof systems. As a result, the extensive green roof presented a good behavior, considering the attenuation of the construction internal temperatures variations, facing the temperatures of the external air. It presented, also, the lesser superficial temperature of the internal face of the roof system, when compared with the other constructive systems. Therefore, one concludes that the extensive green roof consists of a feasible alternative for construction, due to its capacity of damping and delaying the thermal flow (thermal inertia), contributing to the establishment of pleasant internal temperatures and, moreover, for basing its rules on architecture patterns more sensitive to environmental issues.

Sistemas alostéricos são característicos de proteínas com um ou mais estados de equilíbrio. Nesse sentido, uma enzima passa por modificações de sua atividade quando um substrato cooperativo se liga a um estado ou outro (1). Estes estados são reconhecidos por possuírem uma conformação mais estável e coexistirem num ensemble. Este trabalho sustenta que tais proteínas oscilem naturalmente entre esses estados. Experimentos de difração de raios-X e RMN, que proporcionam parâmetros de deslocamento anisotrópicos e tempos de relaxação de spin nuclear, já demonstram a coexistência de ambos estados em solução e descrevem o movimento como uma mudança de equilíbrio populacional dos confórmeros (2). Também é possível desenvolver métodos numéricos, como o cálculo de modos normais e a simulação de dinâmica molecular, para associar a geometria proteica a um movimento sobre determinado potencial de campos de força. O sistema adotado para o desenvolvimento desses estudos é a enzima alostérica Glucosamina-6-fosfato Desaminase. Características que defendem seu uso são sua reversibilidade catalítica, rápido equilíbrio cinético e muito baixa afinidade do estado T por ligantes. Sua estrutura também já foi resolvida por experimentos de cristalografia, identificando ambos estados alostéricos. E a caracterização das mudanças estruturais entre os estados T e R está bem estabelecida, identificando diferentes subunidades a distintos graus de rotação e prevendo uma oscilação de baixa frequência entre eles (3). Resultados obtidos neste projeto constituem: (a) uma dinâmica de 100ns partindo do estado T de toda a proteína (hexamérica) solvatada explicitamente, formando um ensemble NVT de 92000 átomos através do programa NAMD, usando o campo de forças CHARMM; (b) análise de componentes principais aproveitando esta dinâmica e usando algoritmos do programa Gromacs; (c) e análise de modos normais, em que os cálculos de minimização de energia foram feitos pelo programa Gromacs sob o campo de forças ENCADV, no vácuo. Análises desses resultados envolvem cálculos de RMSDs e flutuações, trajetórias calculadas para os autovetores oriundos de NMA ou de PCA, fatores de Debye-Waller e a confirmação visual (e gráficos de distância entre resíduos) de aproximação a um estado ou outro. Como a prévia caracterização da movimentação alostérica, identificava duas regiões para cada monômero como representativas de corpos rígidos, também é desenvolvida uma análise por tensores de inércia. Espera-se que, ao longo do tempo, essas subunidades se comportem como corpos quase rígidos e os movimentos destas regiões rígidas correspondam a uma maior representatividade da transição alostérica. Assim, a caracterização dos tensores seria capaz de filtrar movimentos de mais alta frequência que constituem ruído em relação a movimentos funcionais da proteína. - Algoritmos para cálculos matriciais dos tensores foram escritos em Fortran e em TCl. / Allosteric systems are characteristic of proteins with one or more equilibrium states. Such an enzyme experiences a modification of its activity when a cooperative substrate binds to a state or another, thus, establishing a change in population equilibrium (1). These states are recognized by having a more stable conformation, and they coexist in an ensemble. X-ray diffraction and NMR experiments already demonstrated this dynamic equilibrium, and simulation methods, as molecular dynamics and normal mode analysis, generally provide a more complete proof (2).The allosteric enzyme Glucosamine-6-Phosphate Deaminase appeared to be a good model to better understand the equilibrium dynamics as essential to the protein function, given its reversibility of the catalysis and rapid-equilibrium kinetic mechanism. It also has the structure elucidated for both its conformers (3). A computational approach would now give better perspective on how the conformational changes occur. A set of results of this latter kind were obtained: (a) a 100ns dynamic starting at the hexameric T conformer, explicitly solvated, building a NVT ensemble using NAMD program and CHARMM force field; (b) a principal components analysis making use of the calculated dynamic and of the Gromacs algorithms; (c) and normal mode analysis of the T conformer structure (pdb code 1fsf) minimized with Gromacs program using ENCADV vacuum force field. Not only the conventional analyses for these results (fluctuations and projections) were taken, but also an inertia tensor analysis was developed. As the allosteric conformational change, for this protein, was described by the displacement of only two rigid body subunits³, its description by inertia tensors should act as a filter for the high frequency and functionally uninteresting motions, which normally constitute only noise.

Un gran porcentaje de las viviendas construidas en Latino América son producto de la autoconstrucción, es decir, no cuentan con estudios preliminares, licencias de construcción, supervisión profesional, son construidas con materiales inadecuados, presentan deficiencia estructural y están ubicadas en zonas no aptas para la construcción. Esto genera peligro a la población, a pesar de que se realice mediante procesos constructivos convencionales sugeridos y asistidos por los maestros de obra. En los primeros meses de 2017, se registraron intensas lluvias debido al Fenómeno del Niño Costero, y se generaron importantes daños en viviendas y carreteras en la Costa de Latino América. Las obras de reconstrucción no se han realizado y existe una gran cantidad de familias damnificadas que esperan acceder a una vivienda segura. En la presente investigación se desarrolló la propuesta de un diseño general de vivienda modular sostenible basado en la Construcción Vernácula a través del uso de materiales eficientes como la caña, la madera, la fibra paja y el barro. / A large percentage of homes built in Latin America are the result of the self-construction, which in most cases means, they do not have preliminary studies, building permits, professional supervision, are built with inadequate materials have structural deficiency and are located in unsuitable areas for construction; despite the fact that it is carried out through conventional constructive processes suggested and assisted by the construction masters it still generates danger to the population. In the first months of 2017, intense rains were recorded due to the El Niño Coastal Phenomenon, and significant damage was caused to homes and roads in the Latin American Coast. The reconstruction works has not been carried out and there are many families affected who hope to access safe housing. In the present investigation the proposal of a general design of sustainable modular housing based on Vernacular Construction was developed with efficient materials such as cane, wood, straw fiber and mud. / Trabajo de investigación