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To understand infant-feeding patterns among Hmong women in St. Paul, MN, this qualitative study used a convenience sample of 21 Hmong mothers who had at least 1 child under the age of 2. Drawing on interviews and questionnaires, this researcher explored (a) how participants described their traditional and American cultural traditions, beliefs, and values, (b) their infant-feeding practices, and (c) how their infant-feeding practices are shaped by adaptations to traditional and American cultures. In this sample, those women who had recently immigrated to the United States were more likely to exclusively use formula. Interviews suggest that American norms of breastfeeding in public, hectic lifestyles in a new country, and lack of cultural knowledge about pumping and storing breast milk influenced 1st- and 1.5-generation participants to exclusively use formula. For 2nd-generation participants, the awkwardness of breastfeeding in public was also cited as an important influence on their decision to use formula. However, quite different from 1st- and 1.5-generation women, 2nd-generation women were more educated and more likely to be employed in less segregated and professional occupations, which exposed them to mothers of different backgrounds who were breastfeeding. This exposure to breastfeeding mothers appeared to influence breastfeeding initiation among 2nd-generation Hmong. This study also found that negative social support from participants' mothers and mothers-in-law, and positive social support from sisters and sisters-in-law had a strong impact on their infant-feeding decisions. Unlike previous research among Hispanic immigrants, this study revealed that 2nd-generation Hmong immigrants were slightly more likely to include some form of breastfeeding in their infant-feeding method. This study also revealed the importance of social support and the role of the ethnic community in infant-feeding choices. More research is needed, however, to further clarify the relationship between acculturation and social support on breastfeeding initiation and duration among various immigrant populations. / Sociology

No / There is now a body of research evaluating breastfeeding interventions and exploring mothers' and health professionals' views on effective and ineffective breastfeeding support. However, this literature leaves relatively unexplored a number of questions about how breastfeeding women experience and make sense of their relationships with those trained to provide breastfeeding support. The present study collected qualitative data from 22 breastfeeding first-time mothers in the United Kingdom on their experiences of, and orientation towards, relationships with maternity care professionals and other breastfeeding advisors. The data were obtained from interviews and audio-diaries at two time points during the first 5 weeks post-partum. We discuss a key theme within the data of 'Making use of expertise' and three subthemes that capture the way in which the women's orientation towards those assumed to have breastfeeding expertise varied according to whether the women (1) adopted a position of consulting experts vs. one of deferring to feeding authorities; (2) experienced difficulty interpreting their own and their baby's bodies; and (3) experienced the expertise of health workers as empowering or disempowering. Although sometimes mothers felt empowered by aligning themselves with the scientific approach and 'normalising gaze' of health care professionals, at other times this gaze could be experienced as objectifying and diminishing. The merits and limitations of a person-centred approach to breastfeeding support are discussed in relation to using breastfeeding expertise in an empowering rather than disempowering way. / British Academy. Grant Number: 37524

Yes / Breastfeeding is important to infant health and survival in sub-Saharan Africa. To promote breastfeeding effectively, understanding of psychological factors associated with infant feeding choices is required. This study investigated breastfeeding attitudes and health locus of control (HLoC) in a Nigerian community sample. Men and women (N=400) (71% female; mean age 34.2 years/ range 18–86 years) were recruited through community groups in Nigeria. Self-report survey by questionnaire measured breastfeeding attitudes using the Iowa Infant Feeding Attitude Scale (IIFAS) and health locus of control using the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control Scale (MHLoCs). IIFAS scores (mean=57.7; sd=7.8) became less favourable with increasing age (p=0.02). Men had higher IIFAS scores (mean=58.6; sd=7.6) than women (mean=56.6; sd=8.0) indicating more favourable attitudes toward breastfeeding (p=0.02). Women scored higher than men on external chance HLoC (ECHLoC) (p=0.003) and external powerful others HLoC (EPHLoC) (p=0.02). Increasing age was associated with higher scores on ECHLoC (p<0.01) and EPHLoC (p<0.01). Multiple linear regression analysis was significant (p<0.001) and explained 7.8% of variance in breastfeeding attitude. Lower IIFAS scores, reflecting more negative attitudes to breastfeeding, were associated with higher ECHLoC (p<0.01) and EPOHLoC (p<0.05). Higher IIFAS scores, reflecting more positive attitudes to breastfeeding, were associated with greater IHLoC (p<0.01). Neither age nor gender were associated with IIFAS scores in the final model. This implies a need to explore health locus of control when promoting positive attitudes to breastfeeding and supporting families in breastfeeding advocacy.

No / The present study aimed to explore previously unreported ethnic differences in infant feeding practices during the introduction of solid foods, accounting for maternal and birth factors, and to determine whether these feeding patterns are associated with BMI at 3 years of age. An observational study using Poisson regression was carried out to investigate the relationship between ethnicity and infant feeding practices and linear regression was used to investigate the relationship between feeding practices and BMI at 3 years of age in a subsample of 1327 infants in Bradford. It was found that compared with White British mothers, mothers of Other ethnicities were less likely to replace breast milk with formula milk before introducing solid foods (adjusted relative risk (RR) – Pakistani: 0·76 (95 % CI 0·64, 0·91), Other South Asian: 0·58 (95 % CI 0·39, 0·86), and Other ethnicities: 0·50 (95 % CI 0·34, 0·73)). Pakistani and Other South Asian mothers were less likely to introduce solid foods early ( < 17 weeks) (adjusted RR – Pakistani: 0·92 (95 % CI 0·87, 0·96) and Other South Asian: 0·87 (95 % CI 0·81, 0·93)). Other South Asian mothers and mothers of Other ethnicities were more likely to continue breast-feeding after introducing solid foods (adjusted RR – 1·72 (95 % CI 1·29, 2·29) and 2·12 (95 % CI 1·60, 2·81), respectively). Pakistani and Other South Asian infants were more likely to be fed sweetened foods (adjusted RR – 1·18 (95 % CI 1·13, 1·23) and 1·19 (95 % CI 1·10, 1·28), respectively) and Pakistani infants were more likely to consume sweetened drinks (adjusted RR 1·72 (95 % CI 1·15, 2·57)). No association between infant feeding practices and BMI at 3 years was observed. Although ethnic differences in infant feeding practices were found, there was no association with BMI at 3 years of age. Interventions targeting infant feeding practices need to consider ethnicity to identify which populations are failing to follow recommendations.

INTRODUÇÃO: As recomendações alimentares na infância são a exclusividade do leite materno (LM) até o 6º mês, sua extensão mínima até o 24º mês e introdução programada de alimentos semissólidos e sólidos até os dois anos. O padrão alimentar na infância influencia preferências sensoriais e indicadores de saúde nos ciclos de vida subsequentes. OBJETIVO: Analisar a tendência secular da alimentação de crianças brasileiras menores de cinco anos nas três últimas décadas. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram provenientes da amostra de crianças menores de cinco anos das três Pesquisas de Demografia e Saúde realizadas no Brasil em 1986, 1996 e 2006. O aleitamento materno (AM) foi descrito segundo indicadores propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (2008). As medianas do AM e do aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) e os seus fatores preditores foram estimadas por modelo de regressão de Cox. Os padrões alimentares (PA) foram identificados por análise de componentes principais (ACP) e, em seguida, foram calculados os escores de cada PA. Estes PA foram incluídos como desfechos em modelos de efeitos mistos cujos fatores preditores associados foram aqueles referentes à saúde materno-infantil e sociodemográficos. RESULTADOS: Entre 1986 e 2006, o percentual de crianças expostas ao LM foi de 91 para 97 por cento e a duração mediana, de 6 para 12 meses. Entre 1996 e 2006 a mediana do AME aumentou de 0,7 para 2 meses. A amamentação na 1ª hora de vida foi fator protetor para a duração do AME e do AM. A duração mediana do AME foi homogênea entre as regiões, associada de forma direta com relação de pré-natal, escolaridade materna e índice de riqueza. A duração mediana do AM foi associada de forma inversa com nascimento por parto cesáreo em hospital privado, intervalo interpartal inferior a 24 meses e difere segundo região geográfica, sendo superior no Norte brasileiro. Foram identificados quatro padrões alimentares para as crianças com idade entre 6 e 59 meses: PA1(iogurte, carnes, tubérculos, hortaliças, frutas), PA2(líquidos, leites não-maternos, carnes e carga fatorial negativa para leite materno e papas à base de farinhas enriquecidas), PA3(líquidos, sucos de frutas, papas à base de amido industrializado, papas à base de farinha enriquecida, iogurte e carga fatorial negativa para carnes vermelhas) e PA4(leite não-materno, fórmulas e carga fatorial negativa papas à base de farinhas enriquecidas e ovopeixefrango). A prática dos padrões PA1 e PA3 foi superior entre crianças que recebiam leite materno. O padrão PA1 foi distribuído de forma homogênea entre as regiões enquanto os outros padrões alimentares apresentaram comportamento distinto entre as regiões. A mudança mais expressiva no período analisado foi a virtual substituição do PA4 pelo PA3, cuja composição de alimentos se aproxima mais das recomendações para faixa etária. CONCLUSÃO: O quadro pró-aleitamento materno é centrado principalmente na exposição universal ao LM e na sustentação desta exposição, refletida no incremento da sua duração mediana. Entretanto, o avanço na duração do AME é menos expressivo no período. O aumento da exposição aos alimentos sólidos entre as crianças menores de 12 meses representa a principal alteração dos padrões alimentares entre 1996 e 2006. Três padrões alimentares das crianças menores de cinco anos são influenciados regionalmente e um deles socialmente. / INTRODUCTION: The infant and recommendations are exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) at six months, breastfeeding at least 24th months and the programmed introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods with breast milk until 24 months. Early dietary patterns can explain the sensory preferences and the health indicators throughout the life course. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the secular trend of Brazilian young child feeding practices in last three decades. METHODS: The under five children sample was from three probabilistic Brazilian Demographic Health Surveys carried out in 1986, 1996 and 2006. The breastfeeding (BF) was described according to the indicators from World Health Organization (WHO, 2008). The BF and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) medians and the predictor factors were estimated using Cox regression model. The dietary patterns (DP) were identified by principal component analysis (PCA) and the dietary pattern scores were included as outcome variables in logistic mixed model. The predictive variables were sociodemographic, maternal and infant health. The complex design sample was considered in statistical analysis. RESULTS: In the period between 1986 and 2006, the percentage of children exposed to breast milk increased from 91 to 97 per cent and the BF median increased from 6 to 12 months and the EBF increased from 0.7 to 2.0 months. Early initiation of breastfeeding was a protective factor for BF and EBF length. The EBF length was uniform among geographic regions and it was directly associated with antenatal care, maternal schooling and wealth index. The EF median was inversely associated with cesarean delivery in private hospital, birth interval less than 24 months and it was different among regions (higher in North). Four DP were identified for children age 6 to 59 months: PA1(composed of yogurt, red meat, chicken, eggs, tubers, vegetables and fruits), PA2(composed of liquids, non-breast milk, red meat, chicken, eggs and negative loadings for breast milk and enriched starch porridge), PA3(composed of liquids, fruit juices, industrialized starch porridge, yogurt and negative factor loadings for red meat) and PA4( composed of non-breast milk, formula and negative factor loadings for enriched starch porridge and egg/fish/chicken). The PA1 and PA3 practices were higher among breastfed children. The PA1 dietary pattern was uniform among geographic regions otherwise, another patterns were differently distribute. The most important DP change was the virtual replacement PA4 for PA3, that was more appropriated for children aged higher than 12 months. CONCLUSION: The pro-breastfeeding scenarium is focused mainly in children universally exposed to BF and the upkeeping of BF, assessed by BF median duration. However, in this survey periods, the increase of EBF duration is lower than the BF duration. The increased solids exposure in children under 12 months expresses the main dietary pattern change between 1996 and 2006. Three dietary patterns of under five children are predicted by geographic region factors and one of them by socioeconomic factors.

Introdução - A anemia é um problema de saúde pública dos mais relevantes pela elevada frequência com que ocorre e pelas consequências deletérias decorrentes. A alimentação insuficiente e/ou inadequada em ferro é seu principal determinante. Objetivos - Avaliar a prevalência de anemia e seus determinantes entre crianças de 2 a 5 anos de idade, atendidas pelo programa Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF); analisar a prática alimentar maranhense por meio de marcadores de alimentação saudável e não saudável; avaliar a sensibilidade e a especificidade de fatores alimentícios associados à deficiência de ferro (carnes, feijão, alimentos fortificados com ferro) bem como fatores sociais que interferem no consumo alimentar (inserção no programa Bolsa Família, insegurança alimentar e número de filhos menores do que 5 anos) para identificar a anemia diagnosticada pela concentração da hemoglobina. Método - Estudo transversal, de base populacional, com amostra representativa de famílias com filhos com idades entre 2 e 5 anos, atendadas pela ESF no Estado do Maranhão. A amostra foi composta por 568 crianças cujo consumo alimentar foi obtido de inquéritos alimentares de frequência alimentar e recordatório de 24 horas. Foram calculadas médias e desvios padrão de variáveis que caracterizam a criança, sociodemográficas e de consumo. Realizaram-se regressão de Poisson e testes de sensibilidade e especificidade entre variáveis que interferiram na absorção de ferro em relação à anemia. Resultados - Observou-se que 42 por cento das crianças estudadas eram anêmicas. Pela razão de prevalência, verificou-se associação da anemia com escolaridade materna, mais de uma crianças menor de 5 anos na residência, inserção no Bolsa Família e índice antropométrico peso para a idade (p>0,05). A dieta das crianças apresentou frequência insignificante de verduras e hortaliças, frutas sem presença rotineira e o feijão como único marcador de alimentação saudável frequente (77 por cento dos questionários). Alimentos não saudáveis tiveram aumento nas referências conforme a idade, mostrando a influência da transição celular já na infância. Os valores de sensibilidade e especificidade encontrados para diferentes fatores dietéticos e sociodemográficos não permitiram utilizá-los como indicadores precoces da anemia. Conclusão - Fatores sociodemográficos são indicadores importantes na determinação da ocorrência da anemia. Escolaridade da mãe, receber Bolsa Família e ausência de anemia na mãe foram fatores de proteção contra a anemia. Morar na capital e ter mais de um filho aumentaram o risco da desnutrição. A qualidade alimentar avaliada por marcadores de dieta saudável e não saudável mostra que a transição alimentar esteve presente mesmo entre a população infantil: baixo consumo de frutas, verduras e hortaliças e consumo cada vez mais frequente de alimentos processados, ricos em sal, gorduras e açúcar. A educação alimentar é destacada como indispensável, juntamente da suplementação de ferro para lactentes na expectativa de intervenções mais efetivas para o controle da anemia. Consumo de alimentos fontes de ferro, Bolsa Família, número de filhos e insegurança alimentar não foram indicadores da anemia, possivelmente porque a deficiência marcial é um fenômeno multifatorial, que envolve situações fisiológicas, socioeconômicas, bioquímicas que interagem num mesmo tempo. / Introduction - Anemia is a relevant public health problem because of its high frequency and due to its deleterious consequences. An inadequate and/or inadequate diet in iron is its main determinant. Objectives - To evaluate the prevalence of anemia and its determinants among children 2 to 5 years of age, assisted by the Family Health Strategy (FHS) program; analyze the food practice in the State of Maranhão through healthy and unhealthy food markers; to evaluate sensitivity and specificity of food factors associated with iron deficiency (meat, beans, and fortified foods with iron) as well as social factors that interfere with food consumption (inclusion in the Bolsa Família program, food insecurity and number of children under 5 years at home) to identify anemia diagnosed by hemoglobin concentration. Method - A cross-sectional, population-based study with a representative sample of families with children between the ages of 2 and 5, attended by the FHS in the state of Maranhão. The sample consisted of 568 children whose food intake was obtained through food surveys of food frequency and 24-hour recall. Means and standard deviations of variables that characterized the child, sociodemographic variables and consumption variables were calculated. Poisson regression, and sensitivity and specificity tests were performed between variables that interfered with iron absorption in relation to anemia. Results - We observed that 42 per cent of the children studied were anemic. For the prevalence ratio, there was an association of anemia with: maternal schooling, more than one child under 5 years of age at residence, insertion into the Bolsa Família Program and weight-for-age anthropometric index (p>0.05). The children\'s diet presented insignificant frequency of vegetables; fruits without a routine presence; and beans as the only marker of frequent healthy eating (77 per cent of the questionnaires). Unhealthy foods had an increase in the references according to age, showing the influence of cellular transition already in childhood. The sensitivity and specificity values found for different dietary and sociodemographic factors did not allow them to be used as early indicators of anemia. Conclusion - Socio-demographic factors are important indicators in determining the occurrence of anemia. Schooling of the mother, receiving Bolsa Família Program and absence of anemia in the mother were protective factors against anemia. Living in the capital and having more than one child increased the risk of malnutrition. Food quality evaluated by healthy and unhealthy diet markers shows that the food transition was present even among children: low consumption of fruits, vegetables and increasingly frequent use of processed foods rich in salt, fats and sugar. Food education is highlighted as indispensable, as well as iron supplementation for infants in the expectation of more effective interventions to control anemia. Food consumption of iron sources, Bolsa Família Program, number of children and food insecurity were not indicators of anemia, possibly because martial deficiency is a multifactorial phenomenon, involving physiological, socioeconomic, biochemical situations that interact at the same time.

INTRODUÇÃO: As recomendações alimentares na infância são a exclusividade do leite materno (LM) até o 6º mês, sua extensão mínima até o 24º mês e introdução programada de alimentos semissólidos e sólidos até os dois anos. O padrão alimentar na infância influencia preferências sensoriais e indicadores de saúde nos ciclos de vida subsequentes. OBJETIVO: Analisar a tendência secular da alimentação de crianças brasileiras menores de cinco anos nas três últimas décadas. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram provenientes da amostra de crianças menores de cinco anos das três Pesquisas de Demografia e Saúde realizadas no Brasil em 1986, 1996 e 2006. O aleitamento materno (AM) foi descrito segundo indicadores propostos pela Organização Mundial da Saúde (2008). As medianas do AM e do aleitamento materno exclusivo (AME) e os seus fatores preditores foram estimadas por modelo de regressão de Cox. Os padrões alimentares (PA) foram identificados por análise de componentes principais (ACP) e, em seguida, foram calculados os escores de cada PA. Estes PA foram incluídos como desfechos em modelos de efeitos mistos cujos fatores preditores associados foram aqueles referentes à saúde materno-infantil e sociodemográficos. RESULTADOS: Entre 1986 e 2006, o percentual de crianças expostas ao LM foi de 91 para 97 por cento e a duração mediana, de 6 para 12 meses. Entre 1996 e 2006 a mediana do AME aumentou de 0,7 para 2 meses. A amamentação na 1ª hora de vida foi fator protetor para a duração do AME e do AM. A duração mediana do AME foi homogênea entre as regiões, associada de forma direta com relação de pré-natal, escolaridade materna e índice de riqueza. A duração mediana do AM foi associada de forma inversa com nascimento por parto cesáreo em hospital privado, intervalo interpartal inferior a 24 meses e difere segundo região geográfica, sendo superior no Norte brasileiro. Foram identificados quatro padrões alimentares para as crianças com idade entre 6 e 59 meses: PA1(iogurte, carnes, tubérculos, hortaliças, frutas), PA2(líquidos, leites não-maternos, carnes e carga fatorial negativa para leite materno e papas à base de farinhas enriquecidas), PA3(líquidos, sucos de frutas, papas à base de amido industrializado, papas à base de farinha enriquecida, iogurte e carga fatorial negativa para carnes vermelhas) e PA4(leite não-materno, fórmulas e carga fatorial negativa papas à base de farinhas enriquecidas e ovopeixefrango). A prática dos padrões PA1 e PA3 foi superior entre crianças que recebiam leite materno. O padrão PA1 foi distribuído de forma homogênea entre as regiões enquanto os outros padrões alimentares apresentaram comportamento distinto entre as regiões. A mudança mais expressiva no período analisado foi a virtual substituição do PA4 pelo PA3, cuja composição de alimentos se aproxima mais das recomendações para faixa etária. CONCLUSÃO: O quadro pró-aleitamento materno é centrado principalmente na exposição universal ao LM e na sustentação desta exposição, refletida no incremento da sua duração mediana. Entretanto, o avanço na duração do AME é menos expressivo no período. O aumento da exposição aos alimentos sólidos entre as crianças menores de 12 meses representa a principal alteração dos padrões alimentares entre 1996 e 2006. Três padrões alimentares das crianças menores de cinco anos são influenciados regionalmente e um deles socialmente. / INTRODUCTION: The infant and recommendations are exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) at six months, breastfeeding at least 24th months and the programmed introduction of solid, semi-solid or soft foods with breast milk until 24 months. Early dietary patterns can explain the sensory preferences and the health indicators throughout the life course. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the secular trend of Brazilian young child feeding practices in last three decades. METHODS: The under five children sample was from three probabilistic Brazilian Demographic Health Surveys carried out in 1986, 1996 and 2006. The breastfeeding (BF) was described according to the indicators from World Health Organization (WHO, 2008). The BF and exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) medians and the predictor factors were estimated using Cox regression model. The dietary patterns (DP) were identified by principal component analysis (PCA) and the dietary pattern scores were included as outcome variables in logistic mixed model. The predictive variables were sociodemographic, maternal and infant health. The complex design sample was considered in statistical analysis. RESULTS: In the period between 1986 and 2006, the percentage of children exposed to breast milk increased from 91 to 97 per cent and the BF median increased from 6 to 12 months and the EBF increased from 0.7 to 2.0 months. Early initiation of breastfeeding was a protective factor for BF and EBF length. The EBF length was uniform among geographic regions and it was directly associated with antenatal care, maternal schooling and wealth index. The EF median was inversely associated with cesarean delivery in private hospital, birth interval less than 24 months and it was different among regions (higher in North). Four DP were identified for children age 6 to 59 months: PA1(composed of yogurt, red meat, chicken, eggs, tubers, vegetables and fruits), PA2(composed of liquids, non-breast milk, red meat, chicken, eggs and negative loadings for breast milk and enriched starch porridge), PA3(composed of liquids, fruit juices, industrialized starch porridge, yogurt and negative factor loadings for red meat) and PA4( composed of non-breast milk, formula and negative factor loadings for enriched starch porridge and egg/fish/chicken). The PA1 and PA3 practices were higher among breastfed children. The PA1 dietary pattern was uniform among geographic regions otherwise, another patterns were differently distribute. The most important DP change was the virtual replacement PA4 for PA3, that was more appropriated for children aged higher than 12 months. CONCLUSION: The pro-breastfeeding scenarium is focused mainly in children universally exposed to BF and the upkeeping of BF, assessed by BF median duration. However, in this survey periods, the increase of EBF duration is lower than the BF duration. The increased solids exposure in children under 12 months expresses the main dietary pattern change between 1996 and 2006. Three dietary patterns of under five children are predicted by geographic region factors and one of them by socioeconomic factors.

Transitioning to the father role can be complex and stressful and fathers may not be fully prepared to assume the father role. Since fathers have little formal preparation for becoming a father, they may need more social support resources to support their adaptations to the father role. In addition, fathers are instrumental in supporting mothers’ breastfeeding and other infant feeding decisions, but may experience difficulties with infant care tasks, such as feeding and providing care to their infant. Studies show that many fathers want to be productive and nurturing in the father role but little is known about fathers’ parenting knowledge and needs. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to describe the social support resources of fathers with infant feeding and related parent educational learning needs during the first year after birth. Cross-sectional data was obtained for this descriptive, exploratory study by using a questionnaire and semi-structured interviews. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze questionnaire findings and directed content analysis was used to analyze the qualitative data. Since there is little evidenced-based literature on social support and parenting knowledge and needs of fathers in general, the study design was descriptive, exploratory and included new and experienced fathers. The study was guided by Bandura’s Self-Efficacy Theory. The findings reported in this study originated in a larger study on social support needs of urban fathers with infants during the first year after birth. Thirty experienced and new fathers were recruited from community organizations that offer services to low-income families in a southern part of the United States. The mean age range of the fathers was 30 (SD = 5) and 60% were experienced fathers and 40% were new fathers. The majority of the fathers were single (67%), Black (90%), had some or completed high-school education (81%) and 85% reported low annual incomes of less than $20,000. Most infants were bottle-fed (73%) and all infants were between 2-12 months. Inclusion criteria included being 18 years old with an infant that was born full-term. The study was reviewed and approved by the university internal review board. Findings revealed most fathers were confident with feeding their baby, however, some fathers were not confident because they were afraid to handle their baby due to the baby’s size or felt awkward when holding the baby. When fathers had difficulties with feeding their babies, they primarily asked family and friends for advice. Other resources included the internet and healthcare professionals. Fathers reported positive and negative attitudes towards breastfeeding and reasons why breastfeeding was stopped. After the baby’s birth, fathers reported the majority of parent educational learning needs related to how to take of infant, normal infant behavior, basic, daily care, and recognizing signs and symptoms of illness. At time of interview, the majority of parent educational learning needs related to how to cope with a difficulty baby, accessing positive parenting tips and resources, being responsive to the infant, coping with being a new father, and recognizing signs of depression. Recommendations for practice and research will be provided.