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The basis of this thesis is to change the non-standard problem situation into a standard situation by using an increase of financial literacy of the bank's clients in relation to the account management. The literary research focuses on banking and technological concepts, supplemented by increased risk knowledge. The main contribution of my work is the creation of a set of individual risks and their categorization, which was created based on my gained practical experience. In addition, this thesis comprises of a survey which was carried out in the thesis and then statistically analyzed.

[pt] Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar a morfologia de biofilmes, formados em superfície de aço API 5L X80 submetida a um fluido com baixo BSW (Basic Sediment Water), ou seja, baixo teor de água em óleo, através de análise por Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), determinar a cinética e quantificar os grupos bacterianos de formação destes biofilmes, e avaliar a biocorrosão causada por estes microrganismos. Foram realizadas alterações no protocolo original de preparo de amostras, com a finalidade de obter melhor definição das morfologias avaliadas. Realizaram-se estudos dinâmicos (looping) e em condições estáticas, com e sem a adição de agente biocida. Utilizando-se como fluido de processo o óleo coletado no terminal da Petrobras em Barra do Furado que tem como característica um BSW de aproximadamente 1 por cento de água. Para alcançar os objetivos descritos foram quantificadas bactérias sésseis (bactérias facultativas heterotróficas, bactérias precipitantes do ferro, bactérias anaeróbias heterotróficas e bactérias redutoras de sulfato) através da técnica do número mais provável (NMP). A intensidade do processo corrosivo foi avaliada através da análise dos pites formados nos cupons por microscopia óptica. A seqüência de fixação com alteração do protocolo inicial, permitiu uma melhor preservação estrutural do biofilme obtendo-se assim imagens com melhor resolução, tendo em vista que a fixação primária com glutaraldeído fixa principalmente proteínas pelo estabelecimento de ligações divalentes com grupamento amino, e a pós-fixação em tetróxido de ósmio reage com os lipídios. Quanto a cinética, observou-se também que na presença de fluido oleoso, a formação do biofilme só é detectada após 15 dias de exposição. A adição do agente biocida inibiu o crescimento do biofilme, não sendo detectada a presença de células cultiváveis após 7 dias em contato com o fluido contendo o agente químico. / [en] This study aims to evaluate the morphology of biofilms formed on the surface of API 5L X80 steel exposed to a low BSW (Basic Sediment Water) fluid comprising oil of a low water content. The analisys was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to determine the formation kinetics, to quantify and identify the bacterial groups present as the film formed, and to evaluate the biocorrosion caused by these organisms. Modifications were made to the original sample preparation protocol, in order to better define the film morphologies. Studies were undertaken applying either static or dynamic (looping) conditions, bith with and without the addition of biocides. The process fluid used was oil collected from the Petrobras Barra do Furado Terminal, characterized by its 1 percent BSW. The evaluation was performed quantifying the sessile bacteria present in the film (heterotrophic bacteria, iron bacteria, anaerobic bacteria e sulphate reducing bacteria) via the Most Probable Number (MPN) technique. The intensity of the corrosion process was determined by the analysis of pits forme in the testpieces, by optical microscopy. The application of a sample fixation sequence, in addition to modifications of the inicial sample preparation protocol, permitted the improved preservation of the biofilm structures, thereby permitting higher resolution images. The primary fixing agent, containing gluteraldehyde, principally fixes proteins, by establishing divalent bonds with amino groups, while the post-fixation stage with osmium tetroxide invloves reactions with lipid groups.With regard to the film deposition kinetics, it was observed that biofilm formation could only be detected after 15 day s exposure to the oily fluid. The addition of a biocide, inhibited the growth of the film, no cultivatable cells being present after 7 days contact with the treated fluid.

Nowadays there are still more and more children from divorced family. Divorce influences not only children's mental state but also socialization. Children's relationshiops are based on interactions with their parents. That is why this diploma thesis deals with attachment of children of divorced family. The theoretical part describes theory of attachment. There are terms as attachment, inner working models and types of behaviour influenced by attachment. Following this information there is despription of affective development and socialization from prenatal period to adolescence. Next chapter is about family and its history. There is also description of its function and types of nuclear family. Chapter about divorced family describes influence on children and setting after divorce.

Les instabilités de versants sont en partie responsables de l'apparition de désordres ou de la réactivation de désordres antérieurs dans les structures de tunnels anciens de faible profondeur. Il est cependant nécessaire de bien comprendre ce qui résulte de ces contextes d'interaction et ce qui peut être dû au seul vieillissement rhéologique de ces structures anciennes. Les rétro-analyses réalisées ont conduit ainsi à considérer différentes situations de tunnels entrant dans un versant : tunnel entrant perpendiculairement dans le versant (tête de tunnel), tunnel oblique par rapport au versant, ou tunnel longeant le versant sous une faible couverture. Les pathologies identifiées dans la structure de ces ouvrages varient en fonction de ces situations. Dans cette thèse, différents mécanismes d'instabilités responsables de dommages récurrents ont été étudiés dans le cas d'un tunnel longeant un versant. Pour cela, une partie de la recherche s'est intéressée aux facteurs d'influence à travers une série d'approches numériques paramétriques. Certaines sont relatives à l'altitude du tunnel dans le versant et à sa distance par rapport à la surface libre du versant. Puis sont mis en évidence des facteurs d'influence relatifs aux caractéristiques géomorphologiques du versant et à son évolution naturelle ainsi que des facteurs relatifs à la méthode de construction de l'ouvrage. Dans une seconde partie, des rétro-analyses d'étude de cas ont permis de caractériser différents contextes d'interactions et les pathologies des tunnels anciens concernés. Des simulations numériques ont été réalisées afin d'illustrer le comportement de ces ouvrages et d'expliquer les pathologies identifiées. Enfin dans une troisième partie, une méthodologie d'analyse des différents contextes d'interaction entre tunnels anciens et versants instables a été établie, conduisant à redéfinir le concept de zone d'influence géotechnique dans ce type de situation. / Tunnels and unstable slopesABSTRACT: The slope instabilities are partly responsible for the appearance of disorders or reactivation of previous disorders in old shallow tunnel structures. However, it is necessary to understand what results from these interaction contexts and what is due solely to rheological aging of these old structures. Retro-analyzes have led to the consideration of different situations of tunnels entering a hillslope: tunnel entering a slope (tunnel head), tunnel oblique to the slope or shallow tunnel parallel to the slope. Identified pathologies of structures vary depending on these situations. In this thesis, different mechanisms responsible for damage to structures were studied in the case of a shallow tunnel parallel to a slope. For this, a part of the research has focused on the influence factors through a series of parametric numerical approaches. Some are related to the elevation of the tunnel in the slope and its distance from the free surface of the slope. Then are highlighted influencing factors related to geomorphological characteristics of the hillslope and its natural evolution as well as factors related to the construction method of the tunnel. In the second part, case study back-analyzes have characterized different contexts of interaction and pathologies of old tunnels concerned. Numerical simulations were performed to illustrate the behaviour of these structures and explain tunnel lining damages. Finally in the third part, a methodology for analyzing different contexts of interaction between old tunnels and unstable slopes has been established, leading to redefine the concept of geotechnical influenced zone in this situation.

[pt] A Corrosão Influenciada por Microrganismos (CIM) ou biocorrosão é reconhecida como um dos fenômenos causadores de inúmeros problemas nas indústrias de petróleo e gás, pois causa sérios danos ao material reduzindo sua vida útil. Neste trabalho foram avaliados os efeitos da biocorrosão caracterizado pela cinética de formação de biofilme em uma junta soldada longitudinal de aço API X80 obtida pelo processo de arco submerso (SAW). Durante o processo de soldagem forma-se uma região com características microestruturais distintas do metal de base e do metal de adição, denominada de zona termicamente afetada (ZTA). Assim essa zona poderá ter uma adesão microbiana diferenciada, visto que diferenças superficiais em um material, seja por natureza química ou física, podem limitar ou facilitar a adesão microbiológica. Por esse motivo foi realizado um estudo comparativo entre a cinética da formação de biofilme na junta soldada de um aço API X80. Também foi avaliada a influência das características físicas da superfície na adesão microbiana utilizando dois tipos de superfície: com a rugosidade original e polido com pasta de diamante com granulação de 6μm. Estas superfícies foram expostas ao fluido de processo (água do mar da Baía de Guanabara) em um sistema dinâmico. Foram realizadas tanto a quantificação microbiana, como também a quantificação dos ácidos orgânicos, sulfato depletado e ferro total para avaliar os nutrientes disponíveis e a bioatividade das reações bacterianas. A rugosidade superficial e o biofilme formado foram caracterizados morfologicamente e a sua presença correlacionada com a formação de pites. / [en] The Microbiologically Influenced Corrosion (MIC) or bio-corrosion is recognized as one of the phenomena that cause a lot of problems in petroleum and gas industries, because it causes serious damages to the materials, reducing its life cycle. This study evaluated the effects of bio-corrosion characterized by the biofilm formation kinetics in longitudinal welds of API 5L X80 steel obtained by the process of submerged arc welding (SAW). During the welding process a region with different microstructural characteristics of the base metal and weld metal is formed, called heat affected zone (HAZ). Thus this zone can have a differentiated microbial adhesion since the different surfaces of a material, either by chemical and physical nature, can limit or facilitate the microbial adhesion. For this reason a comparative study of biofilm formation kinetic on the welded joint was conducted. The influence of the physical characteristics of the surface in microbial adhesion was also evaluated using two kinds of surface: steel with real roughness and steel polished with diamond paste with grain size of 6 μm. These surfaces were exposed to the process fluid (Guanabara Bay seawater) in a dynamic flow system. The microbial quantification was held. Organic acids, depleted sulfate and total iron were also measured to evaluate the available nutrients bioactivity of bacterial reactions. Surface roughness and biofilm were characterized morphologically and correlated with pitting formation.

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