Simulations of the wind climate in complex terrain may be useful in many cases, e.g. for wind energy mapping. In this study a new mass-consistent model (MCM), the λ-model, was developed and the ability of the model was examined. In the model an initial wind field is adjusted to fulfill the requirement of being non-divergent at all points. The advance of the λ- model compared with previous MCM:s is the use of a terrain-influenced coordinate system. Except the wind field, the model parameters include constants α, one for each direction. Those constants have no obvious physical meaning and have to be determined empirically. To determine the ability and quality of the λ-model, the results were compared with results from the mesoscale MIUU-model. Firstly, comparisons were made for a Gauss-shaped hill, to find situations which are not caught by the λ-model, e.g. wakes and thermal effects. During daytime the results from the λ-model were good but the model fails during nighttime. From the comparisons between the models the importance of the α-constants were studied. Secondly, comparisons between the models were made for real terrain. Wind data from the MIUU-model with resolution 5 km was used as input data and was interpolated to a 1 km grid and made non-divergent by the λ-model. To study the quality of the results, they were compared with simulations from the MIUU-model with resolution 1 km. The results are quite accurate, after adjusting for a difference in mean wind speed between MIUU-model runs on 1km and 5 km resolution. Good results from the λ-model were reached if a climate average wind speed was calculated from several simulations with different wind directions. Especially if the mean wind speed for the domain in the λ-model was modified to the same level as in the MIUU 1 km. The λ-model may be a useful tool as the results were found to be reasonable good for many cases. But the user must be aware of situations when the model fails. Future studies could be done to investigate if the λ-model is useable for resolutions down to 100 meters. / Modellering av vindklimat i komplex terräng är användbart i många sammanhang, t ex vid vindkartering för vindenergi. I den här studien utvecklas och undersöks användbarheten av en sk. Mass-Consistent Model, λ-modellen. Modellen bygger på att ett initialt vindfält justeras för att uppfylla kontinuitetsekvationen i alla punkter. För att göra vindfältet divergensfritt används en metod som bygger på variationskalkyl. Fördelen med denna nya modell jämfört med tidigare är användandet av ett terränginfluerat koordinatsystem. I teorin för λ-modellen införs en parameter α. Då denna inte har någon självklar fysikalisk betydelse behöver den bestämmas empiriskt.   För att undersöka kvalitén hos λ-modellen gjordes jämförelser med den mesoskaliga MIUU-modellen. Det första steget var att jämföra körningar över en Gaussformad kulle, detta för att jämföra modellerna och finna situationer som λ-modellen inte löser upp. Exempel på sådana är termiska effekter och vakar. Resultaten under dagtid var bra medan under nattetid var det stora skillnader mellan modellerna. Utifrån resultaten kunde betydelsen av α-parametern studeras.   Nästa steg var att jämföra med verklig terräng. Detta gjordes för ett område i Norrbotten. Här användes vinddata från MIUU-modellen med upplösning 5 km som indata för att beräkna vinden på en skala 1 km. För att undersöka kvalitén hos λ-modellen användes data från MIUU-modellen med upplösning 1 km som jämförelse. Resultaten avseende vindvariationerna i terrängen är tillfredställande, dock med något för höga vindhastigheter i λ-modellen. Detta visade sig bero på för högre medelvind i MIUU 5 km än i MIUU 1 km. Jämförelse mellan modellerna gjordes även för Suorva-dalen i Lappland vilken omges av bergig terräng. Resultaten här var sämre avseende medelvindarna, men med bättre resultat avseende vindriktningarna.   Bra resultat för λ-modellen nåddes då resultat från flera simuleringar slogs samman till ett medelvärde. Framförallt blev resultatet bra då medelvinden justerades till samma nivå som MIUU 1 km.   Sammanfattningsvis kan sägas att resultaten från λ-modellen är rimliga i många situationer men att det är viktigt att veta i vilka situationer den inte fungerar. Framtida undersökningar bör göras för att undersöka om modellen är användbar för upplösningar ner till ca 100 meter.

The United States produces about 1.8 million tons of sugar annually. Approximately 75 per cent of this production is derived from sugar beets. The importance of the sugar beet crop in national and world economy is justification for research effort as a means to more economical production. It is desirable that sugar beet processing be carried out in the most efficient manner. More effective utilization of the sugar beet and its by-products will add stability to the sugar beet industry. For the past 170 years, since Achard found that sugar could be used for human consumption and that pulp might be fed to cattle, sugar processors have made limited use of the non-sugar constituents of the sugar beet. These materials have been disposed of almost exclusively as livestock ration supplements. The non-sugar constituents have been largely responsible for failure to extract all of the sugar from the beet (13). As a result they have been viewed with suspicion by most sugar beet processors. However, recent development suggest that the utilization of sugar beet by-products will constitute a more important phase of the sugar beet industry in the future. At this critical period in the sugar beet industry, it is difficult to overemphasize the need for a better understanding of the chemical constituents of the sugar beet and the effects of various physiological factors upon them. One of the non-sugar constituents of the sugar beet which has recently received attention is glutamic acid. This has been brought about primarily by the discovery that the salt, monosodium glutamate, has an enhancing effect upon the flavor and palatability of many foods. Using the sugar beet as almost the exclusive source of glutamic acid, a new industry (utilizing over 100 tons of beet molasses daily) has developed to manufacture and market this food seasoner (28). Preliminary investigations at the Utah Experiment Station (14) showed that of all the chemical constituents determined, glutamic acid was the most variable. This agreed with earlier work in this field (16, 42). Being highly variable this constituent is a chief contributor to difficulties in sugar processing. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of some of the major agronomic factors, such as moisture, fertility, variety, and sampling date, upon the glutamic acid content of the sugar beet.

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This thesis deals with the book as a medium and its comparison with other media available in the nursery schools in the Czech Republic. There is a definition of the media and the book in relation to a child of the pre-school age in the first part. This theoretical part is followed by an investigative survey carried out in nursery schools, which is focused on the views of teachers in nursery schools, parents and children as well. The final section depicts the project how the book can be used during the educational process in a nursery school.

In complex aerospace system design, making effective decision requires knowledge from all disciplines, both product and process perspectives. Manufacturing knowledge integration is most valuable during the early phase of the design since designers have more freedom, and design changes are relatively inexpensive. Yet, there is still lack of structured methodology that will allow feedback from the process perspective to show the impact of the design decisions in a quantifiable manner. The major metrics in the design decision as far as process is concerned are cost, time, and manufacturability. To incorporate these considerations in the decision making process without sacrificing agility and flexibility required during conceptual and preliminary design phases, a new set of software analysis tools are proposed. To demonstrate the applicability of this concept, a Hybrid Lifecycle Cost Estimating Tool (HLCET) is developed, and integrated to existing design methodology, Integrated Product and Process Development (IPPD). The ModelCenter suite is used to develop software architecture that seamlessly integrate between product and process analysis tools, and enable knowledge transfer between design phases. HLCET integrates high fidelity estimating techniques like process-based and activity-based into a hierarchical lifecycle cost model to increase the sensitivities of the top-down LCC model to changes or alternatives evaluated at the part or component level where tradeoff is required. Instead of applying arbitrary complexity factor to existing CERs to account for difference material or process selection, high fidelity tool can be used to related product and process parameters specific to the design to generate new result that can then be used to update top-level cost result. This new approach to lifecycle cost estimation allows for a tailored study of individual processes typically required for new and innovative designs. An example of a hypothetical aircraft wing redesign demonstrates the utility of HLCET.

The principle source of heterogeneity affecting flow behavior in conventional clastic reservoirs is discontinuous, low-permeability mudstone beds and laminae (shales). Simple ‘streamline’ models have been developed which relate permeability anisotropy (kv/kh ) at the reservoir scale to shale geometry, fraction, and vertical frequency. A limitation of these models, especially for tidally-influenced reservoirs, is the lack of quantitative geologic inputs. While qualitative models exist that predict shale character in tidally-influenced environments (with the largest shales being deposited near the turbidity maximum in estuaries, and in the prodelta-delta front), little quantitative shale character data is available. The purpose of this dissertation is to collect quantitative data to test hypothetical relationships between depositional environment and shale character and to use this data to make geologically-based estimates of for different reservoir elements. For this study, high-resolution, lidar point-clouds were used to measure shale length, thickness, and frequency. This dissertation reports a novel method for using distance-corrected lidar intensity returns to distinguish sandstone and mudstone lithology. Lidar spectral and spatial data, photo panels, and outcrop measurements were used to map and quantify shale character. Detailed shale characteristics were measured from four different tidally-influenced reservoir analogs: estuarine point bar (McMurray Formation, Alberta, Canada), tidal sand ridge (Tocito Sandstone, New Mexico), and unconfined and confined tidal bars (Sego Sandstone, Utah). Estuarine point bars have long (l=67.8 m) shales that are thick and frequent relative to the other units. Tidal sand ridges have short (l=8.6 m dip orientation) shales that are thin and frequent. Confined tidal bars contain shales that are thin, infrequent, and anisotropic, averaging 16.3 m in length (dip orientation). Unconfined tidal bars contain nearly equidimensional (l=18.6 m dip orientation) shales with moderate thicknesses and vertical frequency. The observed shale geometries agree well with conceptual models for tidal environments. The unique shale character of each unit results in a different distribution of estimated . The average estimated kv/kh values for each reservoir element are: 8.2*10^4 for estuarine point bars, 0.038 for confined tidal bars, 0.004 for unconfined tidal bars, and 0.011 for tidal sand ridges. / text