Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This research work presents a model for a process and design improvement based on quality cost management into activity based management. The objective of this research is to develop a model that provides a quality cost reduction through processes and product improvement, identified and measured by the activity based cost system. The model has two combined phases, being the first: the quality cost measurement through the activity based cost, that allows the identification of product quality cost which was classified in prevention, appraisal and failure. This phase uses the vertical part of Activity Based Management (ABM), allocating the cost into products, through quality activities that were identified in the company, prioritizing those products in need of improvement in their process. With definition of products, follows to phase 2: internal processes analysis using quality cost, where it uses the model of critical analysis and internal processes control improvement. When the main problems are identified, as much on field product performance (external failure cost) as on internal problems within the company (internal failure cost), it is possible to make a correlation with the internal development product process. In this manner improvement opportunities are identified. Finally, it introduces a model of process and design improvement using the quality cost management into activity based management and the application of this model in the cutlery company. / Este trabalho de pesquisa apresenta um modelo para melhoria de processos e projetos com base no gerenciamento dos custos da qualidade em um ambiente de gestão por atividades. O objetivo da pesquisa é desenvolver um modelo que proporcione uma redução dos custos da qualidade através da análise e melhoria dos processos, projetos e produtos, identificados e mensurados pelo sistema de custeio por atividades. O modelo contempla duas fases, interligadas, sendo a fase 1: a mensuração dos custos da qualidade através do custeio por atividades, o que permite a identificação dos custos da qualidade dos produtos, classificados em prevenção, avaliação e falhas. Nesta etapa utiliza-se a parte vertical do modelo de gerenciamento por atividades (ABM), através do qual aloca-se os custos aos produtos, através das atividades da qualidade, identificadas na empresa, priorizando-se aqueles produtos que devem ter seus processos melhorados. Com a definição dos produtos, parte-se para a fase 2: análise dos processos internos com base nos custos da qualidade, quando se utiliza o modelo para análise crítica e melhoria do controle dos processos internos. Identificando-se os principais problemas, tanto de desempenho dos produtos no campo (custos de falha externa), quanto de problemas internos na empresa (custo de falha interna), pode-se correlacioná-los com os processos internos de desenvolvimento dos produtos. Deste modo as oportunidades de melhoria são identificadas. Finalmente, apresenta-se uma proposta de implementação do modelo de melhoria de processos e projetos com base no gerenciamento dos custos da qualidade em um ambiente de gestão por atividades e a aplicação do modelo em uma empresa do setor de cutelaria.

Engineering-to-order is a production approach that aims to develop each customer order from scratch based on specific requirements, and is therefore inevitably characterised by a high product variety. It is clear that this strategy is costly, but previous research is lacking in terms of providing real-life data regarding how a high product variety affects costs. Therefore, this thesis aims to analyse the cost-variety relationship through a single-case study consisting of observations, interviews as well as calculations, with respect to the value-creating process of a Swedish engineering-to-order business. The results reveal that while the cost of variety may not be influenced at the product level, it can be influenced at the component level. Furthermore, the three aspects that drives component variety cost the most are the number of new components in a product, the number of different components at the company as a whole, as well as the number of different suppliers. Of these, the most influential aspect is the time spent working with new components, which consumes roughly 10% of the total working time throughout the value-creating process. Moreover, the effects of these aspects differ across different parts of the process as well as component types. The results show that the largest costs are driven upstream in the value-creating process and for advanced components. It is however difficult to decrease the variety of advanced components as a rather high variety is required to meet customer needs. Instead, less advanced components offer more easily obtained savings. Finally, the thesis also suggests three ways to mitigate the negative effects of high product variety. Firstly, improving the accessibility and spread of information to ensure internal alignment in the management and maintenance of components. Secondly, identifying common synergies across different projects and products to create economies of scale. And thirdly, explore to what extent processes and components can be standardised.

In complex aerospace system design, making effective decision requires knowledge from all disciplines, both product and process perspectives. Manufacturing knowledge integration is most valuable during the early phase of the design since designers have more freedom, and design changes are relatively inexpensive. Yet, there is still lack of structured methodology that will allow feedback from the process perspective to show the impact of the design decisions in a quantifiable manner. The major metrics in the design decision as far as process is concerned are cost, time, and manufacturability. To incorporate these considerations in the decision making process without sacrificing agility and flexibility required during conceptual and preliminary design phases, a new set of software analysis tools are proposed. To demonstrate the applicability of this concept, a Hybrid Lifecycle Cost Estimating Tool (HLCET) is developed, and integrated to existing design methodology, Integrated Product and Process Development (IPPD). The ModelCenter suite is used to develop software architecture that seamlessly integrate between product and process analysis tools, and enable knowledge transfer between design phases. HLCET integrates high fidelity estimating techniques like process-based and activity-based into a hierarchical lifecycle cost model to increase the sensitivities of the top-down LCC model to changes or alternatives evaluated at the part or component level where tradeoff is required. Instead of applying arbitrary complexity factor to existing CERs to account for difference material or process selection, high fidelity tool can be used to related product and process parameters specific to the design to generate new result that can then be used to update top-level cost result. This new approach to lifecycle cost estimation allows for a tailored study of individual processes typically required for new and innovative designs. An example of a hypothetical aircraft wing redesign demonstrates the utility of HLCET.

Orientador: Saide Jorge Calil / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T16:40:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nascimento_LeonardoNovaesdo_M.pdf: 728894 bytes, checksum: a634cf10f92a568a1d7fcacc8a4c1797 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Embora pouco seja conhecido sobre a contribuição de equipamentos médicos no custo de atenção à saúde, eles têm sido apontados como grandes responsáveis pelo aumento nas despesas do setor de saúde. Este trabalho apresenta um método para analisar o modo como os equipamentos médico-hospitalares (EMH) consomem recursos durante os procedimentos médicos e para estimar os custos desses recursos. Focalizando o procedimento médico, o método combina o sistema de custeio baseado em atividades direcionado por tempo (Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing, TDABC) e técnicas de cálculo do custo do ciclo de vida (Life-Cycle Cost) para avaliar o papel dos equipamentos médicos no processo de assistência à saúde. O método é composto de duas fases: (1) mapeamento da estrutura de consumo de recursos e (2) identificação e alocação dos custos dos recursos ao procedimento. O método só avalia os custos diretamente relacionados aos equipamentos (como acessórios, itens descartáveis e manutenção). Os resultados mostraram que a contribuição dos equipamentos no custo de um procedimento médico depende do modo que ele é usado em cada procedimento e das práticas específicas do hospital. / Abstract: Although little is known about the contribution of medical equipment to the cost of providing health care, they have been pointed out as major cause of the increase in the health sector expenditures. This study presents a method to analyze the way medical equipment consumes resources during medical procedures and to estimate the costs of these resources. Focusing the medical procedure, the method combines Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing (TDABC) and Life-Cycle Cost (LCC) techniques to evaluate the role of medical equipment in the process of delivering health care. The method is composed of two phases: (1) mapping of the resource consumption structure and (2) identification and allocation of resource costs to procedures. The method only evaluates the costs directly related to the equipment (such as accessories, disposables and maintenance). The results showed that the contribution of equipment to the cost of a medical procedure depends on the way it is used in each procedure and on the hospital's specific practices. / Mestrado / Engenharia Biomedica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Biodiesel is classified biodegradable fuel derived from renewable sources such as vegetable oils, pure or not and animal fats, in the presence of an alcohol (methane/alcohol) and catalyst (base, acid or enzyme), through the process of Transesterification. Between the various raw materials of triglyceride used in biodiesel production, little has given attention to the residual oil (OGR) from domestic and industrial disposal after its use in cooking food processes. However, show gains, economic and environmental technicians with the use of biodiesel production residue, reducing considerably the costs of raw materials, which represent almost 80% of the total cost of production when used soybean oil, making himself impossible economically for small biodiesel production units. These observations emerged from the purpose of this research, which aims to assess the economic and environmental viability of biodiesel production in a small industrial unit, employing residual oils and fats (OGR) as raw material. For support of this investigation, a field research in a small biodiesel production unit installed in the Park of exhibitions of the tobacco growers Association of Brazil-AFUBRA for biodiesel production. As a tool for determining, the methodology used economic activity-based costing (ABC). With processing has been found that the small biodiesel production unit presented 97.6% yield, being produced 612 liters of biofuel with conversion rate at 99% esters for Molar ration Methanol/oil 4:1 and 3% of sodium Methoxide as catalyst. Under the economic point of view, the final cost of a liter of biodiesel production, without taxes, was 0.82 R$ (82 cents) of whom 46.8% corresponds to the contribution of the processing and 43.2% with purchase of raw material. Through the ABC methodology it was noted that one of the six activities the process consumes resources is Transesterification, followed by preparation of raw materials, purification. Already the activity with less representation on the cost of processing for biodiesel production was heating the raw material. Between these environmental benefits with the implementation and operation of small production units quotes not to use drinking water to step current purification of biodiesel, and the reuse of this highly polluting waste, thus avoiding the contamination of rivers, lakes and the blocking of sewer networks. Such initiatives support the development of new alternatives linked to the renewable economy, seeking to transform the unsustainability in sustainability. / O biodiesel é classificado como combustível biodegradável derivado de fontes renováveis como óleos vegetais puros ou não e também gorduras animais, na presença de um álcool (metano/álcool) e catalisador (base, ácido ou enzima), através do processo de transesterificação. Entre as diversas matérias-primas de triglicerídeo utilizadas na produção de biodiesel, pouco se tem dado atenção ao óleo residual (OGR) oriundo do descarte doméstico e industrial após sua utilização em processos de cozimento dos alimentos. No entanto, evidenciam-se ganhos técnicos, econômicos e ambientais com a utilização deste resíduo para produção de biodiesel, diminuindo consideravelmente os custos de matéria-prima, que até então, representam praticamente 80% do custo total de produção quando utilizado óleo de soja, tonando-se inviável economicamente para pequenas unidades produtoras de biodiesel. Destas observações emergiu o objetivo desta pesquisa, que tem por finalidade avaliar a viabilidade econômica e ambiental da produção de biodiesel em uma pequena unidade industrial, empregando óleos e gorduras residuais (OGR) como matéria-prima. Para sustentação desta averiguação, foi realizada uma pesquisa de campo em uma pequena unidade de produção de biodiesel instalada no parque de exposições da Associação dos Fumicultores do Brasil - AFUBRA para produção de biodiesel. Como ferramenta para determinação econômica utilizou-se a metodologia Custeio Baseado em Atividades (ABC). Com o processamento foi possível constatar que a pequena unidade de produção de biodiesel apresentou rendimento de 97,6% em massa, sendo produzidos 612 litros do biocombustível com taxa de conversão em ésteres de 99% para Razão Molar Metanol/Óleo de 4:1 e 3% de Metilato de Sódio como catalisador. Sob o ponto vista econômico, o custo final de produção de um litro de biodiesel, sem impostos, ficou em R$ 0,82 (oitenta e dois centavos de real) dos quais 46,8% corresponde a contribuição do processamento e 43,2% com aquisição de matéria prima. Através da metodologia ABC constatou-se que dentre as seis atividades do processo a que mais consome recursos é a de transesterificação, seguida pela preparação da matéria prima, purificação. Já a atividade com menor representatividade no custo de processamento para produção de biodiesel foi o aquecimento da matéria prima. Entre os benefícios ambientais com a implantação e funcionamento das pequenas unidades de produção cita-se a não utilização de água potável para a etapa de purificação da corrente de biodiesel, e a reutilização desse resíduo altamente poluidor, evitando-se a contaminação de rios, lagos e a obstrução de redes de esgoto. Tais iniciativas corroboram com o desenvolvimento de novas alternativas ligadas à economia renovável, buscando transformar a insustentabilidade em sustentabilidade.

The diploma thesis is focused on costs, calculation and primarily analysis of calculation systems and formula. The thesis is divided into two main parts – theoretical and practical part. The theoretical part is focused on explanation between financial and management accounting, description of basic terms and expense classification. Attention is given to system of calculation, its items, and calculation formula. Mention belongs to modern access of calculation – ABC. Practical part is focused on company Prefa Brno a.s., which main part of business is production and sale of building products and components. Shortly is mentioned characteristic of company, its history, present, sales and SWOT analysis. The main orientation of diploma thesis is on calculation system of the company, its descrtiption, methods of set-up and anylysis. Closing part of thesis includes summary of basic pieces of knowledge from analysis of calculation formula (system), which is compared with method of target casting, which belongs to modern methods of strategic management accounting. In the last part is given calculation in the case of additional item of material rate and quantification of impacts.

「成熟市場的決勝戰場在通路」，通路商是介於上游製造商及下游經銷商間的橋樑，是一個充份運用資訊科技與高度發揮知識運用之產業，但隨著網際網路、低價個人電腦之普及，資訊網路相關產品眾多，市場規模快速成長的同時，同質性、不同規模的資訊通路商紛紛進入市場。近二年來，資訊通路產業邁入高度成熟期，進入了「微利」時代，新產品推陳出新，資訊產品生命週期短暫，毛利率更是逐年下滑，同業競爭激烈，有效的成本管理便成為通路商獲利的不二法則。因此，專業資訊流通業者如何在這丕變、惡性競爭的險峻環境中，找到一套執行策略來有效的管理其客戶利潤及價值，協助其成本管理、找到利基市場與顧客，並將有限的資源投注於目標顧客之上，除可提昇企業的獲利外，亦是各專業資訊通路業者未來賴以存續及致勝的關鍵。 本研究擬以個案公司之實際營運資料，透過實地的觀察、親身的經驗及實地訪談相關經辦人員與部門主管，依作業基礎成本制度的作業流程，正確界定內部的作業、找出作業動因及成本動因，精確估算顧客利潤，並由顧客屬性構面試圖找出影響顧客利潤之因子及個案公司利潤顧客的屬性，同時將其研究之結果，運用策略性作業基礎管理制度來協助個案公司的管理者作為管理目標顧客、建立市場區隔、擬訂策略目標時之參考；此外，再針對顧客的不同屬性與實際需求，提供各種不同的產品及組合，發展以顧客為導向的行銷策略，提供有市場差異化的價格及服務予客戶，提高客戶的貢獻度。

Under de senaste decennierna har hantering av leverantörsrelationer blivit en viktig konkurrensfaktor för företag världen över. Denna uppsats kommer delvis att presentera teorin bakom hantering av leverantörsrelationer och integrera den med värdesamskapande vilket är ytterligare en viktig aspekt för företag som önskar att implementera ett vinn-vinn-tänk med sina samarbetspartners. Studien har genomförts på inköpsavdelningen på Valmet i Karlstad med syfte att identifiera vad som är värdeskapande i ett leverantörsförhållande. Den empiriska datan har analyserats för att sedan omvandlas till aktiviteter som kan appliceras i ett tidigt skede av en produkt/projektcykel. Detta leder in på Design to Cost vilket utgör den tredje och sista grunden för litteraturstudien av detta arbete.   Denna studie inleddes med en litteraturstudie, med fokus på de tre huvudämnena; hantering av leverantörsrelationer, värdesamskapande och Design to Cost. Denna studie sammanställdes sedan i ett teoretiskt ramverk som följdes upp med en kvalitativ datainsamling. Semistrukturerade intervjuer användes under två olika delar av studien, först intervjuades anställda på Valmet i Karlstad och därefter företagets leverantörer. Under analysen jämfördes insamlad data med det teoretiska ramverket.   Resultaten visar att värdesamskapande i studiens kontext främst bygger på kommunikation och tillit. Det är också viktigt att veta i vilken fas involveringen av leverantörer bör uppnås. Eftersom det här är en studie som fokuserar på Design to Cost, rekommenderas det att involvera leverantörerna i ett tidigt skede. Som ett resultat ökar antalet möjligheter och samarbetet är mindre begränsat av tekniska designbeslut etc.   De identifierade aktiviteterna från analysen har prioriterats i en matris och en rekommendation har skapats delvis till Valmet, men också till liknande branscher. Eftersom resultatet bygger på empirisk data analyserad ur ett teoretiskt perspektiv, kan det därför motiveras att lösningarna är generella i en viss utsträckning och därmed tillämpbara i andra kontext. Aktiviteterna har delats in i 4 teman; kommunikation, samarbete, informationsdelning och kategorisering. Förslagen på aktiviteter berör bland annat utbildning, uppföljning och återkoppling, intern benchmarking, utvecklingsplaner, tvärfunktionella team, kvalitetssäkring, prognostisering, kostnadsnedbrytning samt kategorisering av leverantörer/kund och produkter. / In recent decades supply relationship management have become a competitive factor for companies worldwide. This master thesis will partly address the theory of supply relationship management and integrate it with value co-creation, which is an additional important aspect for companies wanting to implement a win-win thinking with their collaborative partners. The study have been conducted at the purchasing department at Valmet in Karlstad with the purpose of identifying value creation in a supplier relationship. The empirical data have been analyzed to represent activities that can be applied in an early stage of a product/project cycle. This leads to Design to Cost, which constitutes the third and last foundation for the literature study of this work.   This study started with a literature review, focusing on the three main subjects; supply relationship management, value co-creation and Design to Cost. This review was then concluded by a theoretical framework and followed up with a qualitative data collection. Semi-structured interviews were used in two different parts of the study, first with employees at Valmet in Karlstad and then with their suppliers. During the analysis the data was compared to the established theoretical framework.   The results show that value co-creating in the study's context is based foremost on communication and trust. It is also important to know at what phase the involvement should be accomplished. As this is a study focusing on Design to Cost it is recommended to involve the suppliers at an early stage. As a result more opportunities are given and the cooperation is less restrained by any technical design decisions etc.   The identified activities from the analysis have been prioritized and a recommendation have been created partly to Valmet, but also to similar industries. As the result is based on empirical data analyzed from a theoretical perspective, it can therefore be justified that the solutions are general to a certain extent and thus applicable in other contexts. The activities have been divided into 4 themes; communication, collaboration, information sharing and categorization. For instance, the proposals for activities concern education, follow-ups and feedback, internal benchmarking, development plans, cross-functional teams, quality assurance, forecasts, cost breakdown as well as categorization of supplier/customer and products.