Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-30T00:20:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-08-17 / Nas últimas décadas, as relações de emprego esmaeceram, enquanto as relações de trabalho atípicos e flexíveis se propagaram, atingindo muitos trabalhadores, notadamente as mulheres. A informalidade e a precariedade marcam as novas formas de trabalho. O emprego deixa de ser a modalidade de trabalho preponderante. A subordinação jurídica carece de substrato como elemento definidor da relação de emprego. A indústria de confecção do vestuário constitui um exemplo significativo desse novo padrão ao se descentralizar em cadeias de produção. As diretrizes do trabalho decente emergem como um paradigma à regulação do problema do trabalho nas cadeias produtivas. Esta dissertação busca identificar os déficits de trabalho decente nas redes de subcontratação, tomando, como exemplo, a indústria de confecção do vestuário em Fortaleza. O objetivo geral é explorar possíveis estratégias jurídicas de responsabilização do tomador de serviços em situações de trabalho informal e precário das costureiras. Analisa-se o sistema de redes de subcontratação nas cadeias produtivas globais e suas repercussões nas relações e nos contratos de trabalho estabelecidos entre costureiras e tomadores de serviços. Apresenta-se a Resolução sobre Trabalho Decente nas Cadeias Globais de Fornecimento. Investigam-se as condições e as relações de trabalho nas redes de subcontratação da indústria de confecções do vestuário brasileira, com recorte para os estados de São Paulo e Ceará. Em seguida, examinam-se as condições e as formas de contratação das costureiras nas redes de subcontratação do vestuário em Fortaleza, relacionando as consequências decorrentes da informalidade, da precariedade e da vulnerabilidade do trabalho das costureiras. Sugerem-se medidas a fim de fortalecer reflexões sobre políticas públicas com enfoque na promoção do trabalho decente e na eliminação das formas de trabalho informal e precário das costureiras em Fortaleza. Posteriormente, estuda-se o conceito de subordinação jurídica e suas dimensões. Investigam-se as relações de trabalho estabelecidas no contexto contemporâneo da atividade de confecção do vestuário, a partir dos ajustes firmados entre costureiras e tomadores de serviços. Por fim, discutem-se possíveis estratégias jurídicas de responsabilização do tomador de serviços em situações de trabalho informal e precário. Quanto à metodologia, a pesquisa é bibliográfica, com abordagem qualitativa e, quanto aos objetivos, é de caráter descritivo. Como resultado, confirmou-se a insuficiência de políticas de combate às formas de trabalho informal e precário das costureiras em Fortaleza. Constatou-se a necessidade de adequação da legislação trabalhista à resolução dos conflitos decorrentes das novas relações e contratações de trabalho, de modo a adotar critério mais eficiente para determinar o sujeito passivo de responsabilidades pelos créditos devidos ao empregado e albergar formas contratuais e trabalhadores que estão à margem da proteção do Direito do Trabalho. Conclui-se que a subordinação jurídica estrutural constitui um critério adequado para identificar, nas redes de subcontratação do vestuário, a responsabilidade do tomador de serviço. No caso das confecções do vestuário em Fortaleza, o desenvolvimento de políticas públicas e a criação de espaços de diálogo social constituem medidas mais efetivas do que o desmonte de microcadeias produtivas para a identificação do tomador de serviços. Palavras-chave: Redes de subcontratação. Trabalho informal e precário. Trabalhadores da indústria de vestuário. Relações trabalhistas. Estratégias jurídicas.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-29T23:47:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-06-13 / This thesis had as objective to identify and analyze the factors that influence on the introduction and permanency of the self-employed in the informal sector, more specifically in the clothing fair of José Avelino Street, based on his history of life and labor speech. In Brazil, many workers are in the informal sector, which is seen as a social economic problem by the association that they make between informal work and precariousness. In this study, it was opted for the adoption of informal sector concept established by the Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) (1999), whereby this sector consists of non-agricultural economic units, which produce goods and services with the objective of generating employment and income for the people involved. They are economic units owned by self-employed persons and employers with up to five employees, residents of urban areas, regardless of whether it is your main or secondary activity. It was decided, for its implementation, by conducting a research of qualitative approach, using the life story as technique. Eight workers were interviewed, six women and two men, aged variants between 30 and 66 years and with education level between the 3° year of elementary school and the upper incomplete. The collected data were categorized by content analysis technique. The results show that the insertion and the permanence of these workers in the informal sector is not something planned, but a situation that will be setting in the course of their lives influenced by relationships and family interests, friendships, professional experiences lived, knowledge and qualifications acquired, job opportunities, financial need, search for better conditions of life and income and personal characteristics. The idea that people join informality due to the lack of formal job opportunities, for not having any other alternative for making a living, does not appear explicitly in the speech of those respondents, only between lines when they refer to the difficulties of insertion in the formal market due to the low schooling and/or advanced age. What stands out in the speeches of informal workers of José Avelino fair are the advantages of working in the informal sector as having no boss, not having someone giving orders, having a flexible schedule, of being able to conciliate domestic and professional work, and the possibility of making more money. All the interviewed, when asked if they would take a formal job if they were given the chance to, they answered no. This fact leads to believe that the permanence on the informality is a matter of choice and not an imposition of the labor market due to the absence of formal vacancies. People have chosen to stay in the informal sector by realizing the biggest advantages in this than those offered by the formal work. Keywords: Professional choice. Informal work. Clothes fair. Life history. / Esta dissertação teve como objetivo analisar os fatores que influenciam na inserção e permanência do trabalhador por conta própria na informalidade, mais especificamente, na feira de roupa da Rua José Avelino, por meio do discurso acerca de suas trajetórias de vida e trabalho. No Brasil, muitos trabalhadores se encontram na informalidade, fato que é visto como um problema econômico social pela associação que se costuma fazer entre trabalho informal e precarização laboral. Neste estudo, optou-se pela adoção de conceito de setor informal estabelecido pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) (1999), segundo o qual esse setor compõe-se de unidades econômicas não agrícolas, que produzem bens e serviços com o objetivo de gerar emprego e rendimento para as pessoas envolvidas. São unidades econômicas de propriedade de trabalhadores por conta própria e de empregadores com até cinco empregados, moradores de áreas urbanas, não importando se se trata de sua atividade principal ou secundária. Utilizou-se uma abordagem qualitativa de pesquisa, mediante a técnica da história de vida. Foram entrevistados oito trabalhadores, com idades entre 30 e 66 anos e nível de escolaridade entre o 3° ano do ensino fundamental e o superior incompleto. Os dados coletados foram categorizados por intermédio da análise de conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciam que a inserção e a permanência desses trabalhadores na informalidade não é algo planejado, mas uma situação que vai se definindo no decorrer de suas vidas, influenciada pelas relações e interesses familiares, amizades, experiências profissionais vividas, conhecimentos e qualificações adquiridos, oportunidades de trabalho, necessidade financeira, busca por melhores condições de renda e vida e características pessoais. A ideia de que as pessoas se inserem na informalidade pela falta de oportunidade de trabalho formal, por não ter opção para sobreviver não aparece claramente no discurso desses entrevistados, mas apenas nas entrelinhas, quando falam das dificuldades de inserção no mercado formal pela baixa escolaridade e ou idade avançada. O que sobressai nas falas desses trabalhadores são as vantagens de se trabalhar na informalidade, como a de não ter chefe, não ser mandado por ninguém, ter horário flexível, poder conciliar os trabalhos domésticos com os profissionais e a possibilidade de ganhar mais. Todos os entrevistados afirmaram não trocar a atividade atual por um trabalho formal. Esse fato leva a acreditar que a permanência na informalidade é uma questão de escolha e não uma imposição do mercado de trabalho por falta de vagas no setor formal. As pessoas optaram por ficar na informalidade por perceberem maiores vantagens nesse ramo do que as oferecidas pelo trabalho formal. Palavras-chave: Escolha profissional. Trabalho informal. Feira de Roupas. História de vida.

The charcoal market in Africa is an informal economy. This enables millions of people to earn a living producing, selling and trading charcoal, due to low barriers to market entry. However, research and policy on charcoal has long focused on the downsides of informality. Informal charcoal production is commonly linked to criminality, an undermining of social cohesion, poor working conditions and most of all, forest loss. These negative perspectives continue to shape our approaches to charcoal markets, despite a recent reframing of charcoal as a potential sustainable development opportunity. This thesis aims to provide an alternative perspective. I argue that by focusing on the negative aspects of charcoal production, in particular forest loss, we end up misdiagnosing the problems and excluding stakeholders. The focus on forest loss has obscured research on the role of charcoal in rural livelihoods and has led to research that is primarily interested in large-scale production providing charcoal to major urban areas. This means small-scale charcoal production has been comparatively neglected in academic research, despite its importance for rural livelihoods and overall charcoal supply. Through three empirical chapters, I provide perspectives on small-scale charcoal production, its role in rural livelihoods and some of the factors that shape this role. I strive to provide novel analytical insights by moving away from questions of charcoal’s environmental impact and towards an approach that situates charcoal within the politics of rural livelihoods. I explore these ideas using case studies from Mozambique and a mixed methods approach. The results show small-scale charcoal production is a flexible form of income, primarily used as a livelihood diversification strategy. Furthermore, charcoal production is closely linked to the agricultural practices of producers. This means that conventional theoretical approaches to forest loss that treat charcoal production as distinct from agricultural practice may misinterpret the role of charcoal production in deforestation and forest degradation. I then move on to look at approaches to charcoal market formalisation in Mozambique. The results show that the regulations, whilst shaped by a variety of processes, concentrate on governing charcoal as an environmental problem. Changes to forest management requirements within the regulations have done little to improve sustainability as they are incapable of reaching out to small producers, in part due to inherent barriers within the formalisation process - stringent forest management plans and a conceptualisation of charcoal as a full-time, professional livelihood. The picture of charcoal production that emerges from the thesis is one of a flexible cash-income generating strategy, complicated by the politics of forest loss and livelihoods at local and national levels. The results show that charcoal plays a vital role in rural economies, not only in spite of its informality, but because of it. I argue throughout the thesis that small-scale charcoal production should be seen as a livelihood strategy to be nurtured rather than neglected and marginalised. The research questions whether the formalisation and modernisation of charcoal markets can engage small producers and concludes that in order to allow charcoal livelihoods to flourish and to improve sustainability, interventions need to work with, and for, charcoal as an informal economy.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T23:30:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_10387_Claudia Botelho Dissertação completa- com revisão da orientatora- mod 01-10.pdf: 1958654 bytes, checksum: 8c4acc42337792592c80d1e4f2a87a58 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-04 / Esta dissertação apresenta o trabalho de Fayga Ostrower como artista e teórica, buscando conhecer o sua produção gráfica abstrata e aproximando disso sua visão a respeito da arte. Dessa forma, o texto tem como objetivo investigar as possíveis relações ou contradições que possam existir entre suas atividades de artista e de teórica. Fayga Ostrower desenvolve sua obra plástica pela vertente da Arte Abstrata Informal/lírica, pautada na construção formal do espaço guiada pela subjetividade e unindo sentimento e razão. Seu trabalho colabora para a consolidação do modernismo na arte brasileira e suas reflexões abarcam a compreensão das formas artísticas, os processos de criação e a divulgação da arte. A artista se dedica à análise crítica e formal do objeto artístico, embasando-se pelas teorias da percepção- Gestalt. O conjunto de sua obra, plástica e teórica aponta para as preocupações com a linguagem visual e para a sua apreciação, buscando compreender os conteúdos concretos e vivenciais da produção da arte. Palavras chaves: Gravura, Abstração Informal/lírica, Linguagem visual, Gestalt.

This thesis analyzes if there, given the size of the informal sector, is an effect of corruption on income inequality, here defined as the Palma ratio. Estimations are done with a fixed effects ordinary least squares regression using panel data for 19 federal states of Brazil over every other year between 2006-2014. The results provide evidence that corruption increases income inequality when the informal sector is smaller than 37.97%, but decreases inequality when the informal sector exceeds 55.34%. The findings are robust to several sensitivity checks. The gained insight of the relationship between corruption and income inequalityusing a microeconomic perspective is the main academic contribution of this thesis.

En la investigación realizada se determinó que era relevante y conveniente investigar el Nivel de Cultura Tributaria en la ciudad de Chiclayo. La hipótesis planteada asumía que si existiera un mayor nivel de Cultura Tributaria en los comerciantes de la ciudad de Chiclayo, entonces ayudaría a mejorar la recaudación Pasiva de la Región - 2012. Se tomó en cuenta como objetivo general, determinar el nivel de cultura tributaria en los comerciantes de la ciudad de Chiclayo en el periodo 2012, y como objetivos específicos, describir la situación actual en materia tributaria de los comerciantes, determinar el motivo por el cual los comerciantes no pagan sus tributos y determinar si perciben que sus impuestos están siendo correctamente utilizados. El trabajo científico fue respaldado por los aportes de las Teorías de la Tributación, Teoría de la Disuasión y la Teoría de Eheberg. La investigación se considera relevante desde el punto de vista científico porque la recaudación pasiva es muy importante en una nación ya que los tributos son trasladados al Estado, luego son retornados bajo la forma de servicios y obras públicas. Sin embargo, no todos los contribuyentes son conscientes de esta situación y no son pocos los que se valen de acciones ilícitas para no pagar impuestos. Dentro de las conclusiones más importantes se señala que con este estudio ha quedado evidenciado, que el contribuyente Chiclayano no lleva arraigada su obligación del pago del tributo como algo inherente a su ciudadanía, y que el nivel de cultura tributaria en los comerciantes de la ciudad de Chiclayo en el periodo 2012 es bajo. / Tesis

Eu égard les ressources financières conséquentes qu’elle mobilise, la protection sociale exerce une influence sur l’économie et sur les hommes. Son efficacité suscite de multiples débats, alimentés par le ralentissement économique, opposant partisans d’un libéralisme accru et défenseurs de davantage de justice sociale. Pour les premiers, le coût des dépenses sociales et leurs effets d’aubaine constituent un frein pour l’économie alors les seconds assimilent son apport à un levier indispensable au développement du capital humain. Cette thèse cherche à démontrer que les performances économiques et politiques sociales peuvent et doivent poursuivre des objectifs communs afin que le développement économique se traduise par le développement humain. Elle s’organise en deux parties comportant chacune trois chapitres. Dans un premier temps, suite à une démonstration mettant en exergue la forte corrélation entre niveau de développement économique et qualité des ressources humaines,seront mis en évidence deux positionnements contradictoires à propos de l’apport de la protection sociale sur l’économie et sur les hommes. A l’instar des autres pays en développement, au Sénégal, le secteur informel, représentant le poumon de l’économie malgré une faible productivité, est dépourvu de toute forme de couverture sociale moderne. Aboutissant à la conclusion que certaines composantes de la protection sociale, telle que l’assurance maladie, peuvent améliorer l’efficacité du capital humain, nous esquissons un schéma de couverture médicale applicable au secteur informel au Sénégal dans le cadre d’une assurance maladie obligatoire. / Considering the substantial financial resources that social protection mobilizes, it exerts influences on the economy and population. Many debates are raised about its effectiveness, and these debates are sustained by the economic slowdown, that opposes supporters of an increased liberalism and those who are for some more social justice. For the former, the social spending cost and stroke of luck act as a brake on the economy while the latter compare its contribution to an essential lever for the development of human capital. This thesis tries to demonstrate that economic performance and social policies can and should pursue common goals, so that economic development should result in human development. It is divided into two parts, with three chapters in each. Firstly, two conflicting positions about the contribution of social protection on the economy and population will be brought out following a demonstration which underlines the strong correlation between the level of economic development and quality of human resources. Like the other developing countries,in Senegal the informal sector, which represents the hub of the economy, despite its low productivity, has no form of modern social coverage. Coming to the conclusion that some components of social protection, such as health insurance, can improve the effectiveness of human capital, we outline a scheme of medical coverage which can be applied to the informal sector in Senegal through compulsory health insurance.

The auditing environment is in a period of innovation, and auditors need to maintain their financial reporting commitment to financial statement stakeholders. The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional survey study was to examine the impact of auditors' perceptions of informal workplace learning contexts on the external auditing profession using a perceived organizational support lens. Organization support theory includes four aspects used to explore informal workplace learning: management support, peer support, supportive organizational culture, and access to work resources. These aspects were used to examine the impact of informal learning on auditors' engagement and performance. Multiple linear regression was used to examine data from a survey of 103 auditing professionals in Connecticut. Data showed that access to work resources, including time and technology, were significant in each model in relation to impact and its subcomponents engagement and performance. This indicated that auditors' access to the resources necessary to stay current has a positive impact in the auditing profession. This study fills the gap in the existing literature on the impact of informal learning on the auditing profession where there is continual change and informal learning is heavily relied upon to diffuse knowledge and skills in a highly knowledge-based environment. Better-qualified auditors can help businesses keep up with ever-changing societal expectations. The accounting profession is in a period of innovation that requires professionals of all levels to adapt to keep pace with the quickly changing globalized organization.

Support provided by non-professional family members is generally believed to be beneficial to the recovery of critically ill patients. Nursing researchers have conducted a number of studies about the experiences of critically ill patients and the needs of their families. However, few have investigated the experiences and interactions of both this group of patients and their main informal carers (principal lay support persons) simultaneously. This study has sought to rectify this situation by capturing and undertaking a theoretical analysis of the perceptions and experiences of both critically ill patients and their principal lay support persons. As a result a substantive theory has been developed through the use of grounded theory method in the Study. This theory identifies and explains the actions and interactions between critically ill patients and their principal lay support persons who participated in the Study, whom the researcher observed and interviewed during the data collection period. Data were collected during the critically ill participant¡¦s hospitalisation and three months following his/her discharge from hospital. Implications of the study concern nursing practice as well as outcomes of the Study as these are described and explained through the substantive theory developed from it. Testing of this theory in the context of critically ill patients and their lay support persons provides opportunities for further research, as does the overall phenomenon of lay person support for critically ill patients. Grounded theory was the method used in the Study. Data for the Study were collected by participant observation of, and face-to-face interviews with patients who had a critical illness and their principal lay support persons. Two interviews were conducted with each of these participants. Patients and their principal lay support persons were initially interviewed separately to obtain information about their individual perspectives of what support meant to them during an episode of critical illness. A second interview was conducted three months later to facilitate the researcher¡¦s understanding of both patients¡¦ and principal lay support persons¡¦ experiences during the recovery process. A total of sixteen (16) interviews were conducted in this study from eleven (11) participants before data saturation occurred. The data collected were analysed by constant comparative analysis integral to the grounded theory approach. Data analysis was also facilitated by a computer-aided qualitative data analysis software NUD*IST 4 (Non-numerical Unstructured Data Indexing, Searching, and Theorizing Version 4). This software aided the analysis to the extent that it provided an efficient data management system. Three categories, 1) being-there-with, 2) independing, and 3) coping were discovered from the data. Being-there-with is an essential and mutual need between the patients and their principal lay support persons during the episode of critical illness and later recovery. Independing on the other hand is the process through which these patients experiment with regaining their independence. It involves their experiences of making decisions and re-building confidence. Coping is the process whereby the principal lay support persons and patients manage their stress during the critical illness and later recovery. During the coping process, there is an uncertainty in principal lay support persons about their loved ones¡¦ situation. They experience ¡¥coping with each day as it comes¡¦ and ¡¥learn to adjust¡¦ to the stress arising from the changing and unpredictable condition of the patients. Being-there-with is also a major coping strategy for both the principal lay support persons and patients to manage their stress. The three categories of being-there-with, independing, and coping arising from this Study provided the basis from which to identify its core category, ¡¥mutually being-there-with each other¡¦, and to theorize the core process that represents the substantive theory about experiences and interactions of principal lay support persons and their loved ones during a critical illness situation. The core process that represents the developed substantive theory is ¡¥surviving a critical illness through mutually being-there-with each other¡¦. This theory explains the complex, dynamic, and interactive nature of principal lay person support which both patients and principal lay support persons experienced during an episode of critical illness and later recovery. An understanding of this dynamic, complex and interdependent relationship between patients and lay support persons will better enable nurses to consider both these parties as the focus of their care. Furthermore, because the substantive theory emerging from this Study captures the process of patients¡¦ and lay support persons¡¦ recovery from an episode of critical illness it provides a conceptual map of how this process may progress. In this Study the theory enables nurses to gauge both patients¡¦ and lay support persons¡¦ progress along the road to recovery and to consider this in their plan of care. Several implications for nursing practice emerged from this study. These relate to the needs of critically ill patients and their principal lay support persons during the process of being critically ill and recovering which they experienced together. Because this Study identified the importance to both patients and principal lay support persons being-there-with each other, a key implication of the study is the need for intensive care units to adopt flexible visiting hours to maximise opportunities for this to occur. Nevertheless, at the same time nurses need to be vigilant that flexible visiting does not prove onerous and overtire patients or their principal lay support persons. A further implication of the Study for nursing practice closely related to its finding of the importance of the core category ¡¥mutually being-there-with each other¡¦ to patients and their lay support persons in the context of critical illness and recovery, is the need for nurses (and other health professionals) to be willing to care for both parties as an inseparable dyadic unit. This Study also has implications relating to the care of critically ill patients following their discharge home. The experience of participants in this Study revealed the importance of careful discharge planning, post-ICU follow-up, and continuity of care in the community to enhance recovery of the patients and to address the special needs of their principal lay support persons. From a researcher¡¦s perspective the process of recruitment for this study demonstrated that recruitment of vulnerable populations (like ICU patients) is a challenge to the researcher in terms of ethical considerations, particularly when the researcher is attempting to meet the expectation of primary selection for theoretical sampling in grounded theory method. Suggestions are made in this thesis about how to tackle this challenge in future studies. At the conclusion of the Study, a number of suggestions for further research are made relating to the findings. These include the recommendation that the substantive theory developed in this Study be tested with a larger population. It is also suggested that a longitudinal follow-up study, which extends beyond a three months recovery period, be conducted to further understand the experiences and support needs of post-ICU patients and their principal lay support persons. In addition, more research is required to identify best practice regarding discharge planning, post-ICU follow-up care, and continuity of care in the community for critically ill patients and their principal lay carers. / PhD Doctorate

<p>This study is concerned with business angels’ investments process and which aspects in their choice of target firms are considered important in that process. The problem statement of this thesis is; what aspects play a role in Business angels’ investment decision, and in what way? How do these aspects affect business angels when making investment decisions, and why? The aim subsequently is concerned with discerning what is most important for business angels when choosing their target firms and how business angels make their investment decisions. We also aim to be able to create a deeper understanding of business angels, and contribute to small entrepreneurial firms in their search for financiers. Our research can provide information on how entrepreneurs can attract business angels.</p><p>The study is created with previous studies as a framework, and a wide selection of studies have been used. These have been examined and issues which in those studies have been found to be important for business angels have been reviewed and accounted for in the theory chapter.</p><p>The approach we used for data collection was through qualitative interviews with the use of an interview guide. This is explained by our aspiration to understand business angels’ investment criteria rather than describe them. Due to this, the view of interpretivism along with constructionism was taken on when constructing the interviews and findings. The respondents were found through business angels networks, and the selection of business angels entailed a fair representation of the researched group. This thesis has been conducted in an academically correct manner, and the results are validated and confirmed by the respondents.</p><p>The results we came to from our interviews were that the entrepreneur was most important for business angels in their evaluations, but other aspects also played a role. We analyzed our results with the use of our theory section and hence could see that some things we had come up with were unique, whilst some findings confirmed previous studies. We found that many business angels turn down investments due to their lack of time, which was a rather new emphasize for this study. Some qualities of the entrepreneur the business angels required were that they needed to be sales oriented and not overly optimistic about the future returns and prosperity of their ventures. We have shown that if entrepreneurs are overly optimistic about the value of their own firm it is likely that they will lose the deal. This was also of interest as it has not been stated as clearly in previous studies.</p><p>We conclude the thesis by giving advice to entrepreneurs and business angels, what future business angels should keep in mind and also what entrepreneurs should know before they involve themselves with business angels.</p>