I takt med en växande befolkning i världen ökar också mängden avfall. Avfallsplockare, “waste pickers”, är människor som tjänar sitt levebröd genom att samla på återvinningsbart avfall. I många utvecklingsländer spelar den här gruppen av människor en viktig roll för avfallshanteringen, men avfallsplockare finns även i Sverige. De kan ses rota i papperskorgar efter PET- flaskor och aluminiumburkar med loggan “PANTA”. Syftet med det här arbetet var att undersöka motiv och förutsättningar för avfallsplockare i Stockholm samt vilka utmaningar de ställs inför under det dagliga arbetet. Metoden gick ut på att först studera relevanta vetenskapliga artiklar om avfallsplockning, främst i andra länder där det bedrivits forskning om ämnet. Därefter genomfördes en intervjustudie med 21 stycken avfallsplockare i Stockholm med olika ursprung. Respondenterna representerade 8 olika länder.  Resultatet påvisar att avfallsplockare i Stockholm generellt är mycket fattiga och samlar på avfall i första hand för att få ersättning och inte ur miljösynpunkt. I studien är män starkt dominerande och motsvarar 85 % av respondenterna. Hur mycket en avfallsplockare tjänar under en arbetsdag varierar kraftigt från person till person. Resultatet visar också, med litteratur som underlag, att vardagen för de här människorna är tuff och att arbetet är fysiskt påfrestande för kroppen. Dessutom råder det en hög konkurrens, det är många som samlar på avfall av värde, vilket gör arbetet än mindre lukrativt. Vår studie indikerar på att avfallsplockare bidrar till en bättre miljö och är med och påverkar kretsloppet i en cirkulär ekonomi, men det behöver göras mer forskning på det här området i Sverige. / As the world's population grows, so does the amount of waste. Waste pickers are people who earn their living by collecting recyclable waste. In many developing countries, this group of people plays an important role in the waste management, but waste pickers can also be found in Sweden. They can be seen scavenging in waste bins after PET-bottles and aluminum cans with the logo "PANTA". The purpose of this thesis was to investigate motives and conditions for waste pickers in Stockholm and what challenges they face during their daily work. The method consisted of first studying relevant scientific articles on waste collection, mainly in other countries where research on the subject has been conducted. Subsequently, an interview study was carried out with 21 waste pickers in Stockholm with different origins. The respondents represented 8 different countries.  The results show that waste pickers in Stockholm are generally very poor and collect waste primarily to receive financial compensation and not from an environmental point of view. In the study, men are strongly dominant and correspond to 85% of the respondents. How much a waste picker earns during a working day varies greatly from person to person. The results also show, with literature as a basis, that the everyday life for these people is tough and that the work is physically strenuous for the body. In addition, the competition is high, there are many people who collect waste of value, which makes the work even less lucrative. Our study indicates that waste pickers contribute to a better environment and help to influence the cycle in a circular economy, but more research needs to be conducted in this area in Sweden.

La investigación se realizó en el Distrito de Morrope, debido a que es una zona que con el pasar del tiempo se ha notado la presencia y el aumento de negocios informales, pues muchos se vieron obligados a emprender un negocio a causa de la pandemia, por ello se desea que se formalicen para ampliar la base tributaria. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo general diseñar estrategias tributarias mediante el NRUS para la formalización de dichos negocios, priorizando que conozcan y tengan como primera opción tributar en dicho régimen. La investigación es de enfoque cualitativo, de tipo aplicada, nivel descriptivo, diseño no experimental y transversal. La técnica de recolección de datos fue una encuesta en donde se pudo diagnosticar su situación tributaria actual y su perspectiva de tributar en este régimen. Además, una entrevista para conocer la opinión de expertos respecto a la legislación tributaria peruana. Se obtuvo como resultado, que la gran mayoría de los negocios del Distrito de Morrope son informales y desconocen el proceso de formalización, sin embargo, después de presentarles los beneficios del NRUS, mostraron una iniciativa de tributar en este régimen. Se concluye que el diseño de estrategias ayudará en buena parte a promover la formalización de estos negocios, para mejorar la recaudación por parte de la SUNAT contribuyendo al desarrollo del país. / The research was carried out in the Morrope District, because it is an area that, with the passage of time, has seen the presence and increase of informal businesses, as many were forced to start a business due to the pandemic, due to It is desired that they be formalized to expand the tax base. The general objective of this research was to design tax strategies through the NRUS for the formalization of said businesses, prioritizing that they know and have the first option to pay taxes in said regime. The research has a qualitative approach, applied type, descriptive level, non-experimental and transversal design. The data collection technique was a survey where it was possible to diagnose their current tax situation and their perspective of paying taxes in this regime. In addition, an interview to learn the opinion of experts regarding Peruvian tax legislation. The result was that the vast majority of businesses in the Morrope District are informal and are unaware of the formalization process; however, after being presented with the benefits of the NRUS, they showed an initiative to pay taxes under this regime. It is concluded that the design of strategies will largely help to promote the formalization of these businesses, to improve collection by SUNAT, contributing to the development of the country.

This dissertation aimed to expand the current literature's understanding of Indigenous epistemology within contemporary social media environments. The qualitative study used social descriptive analysis from forty TikTok videos and comment threads. The descriptive analysis captured major cultural themes, common informal learning behaviors, and perceptions of Indigenous culture. The findings revealed that Indigenous creators and audiences engaged in questions and answers, personal experience sharing, evaluative feedback, and expressed forms of appreciation to learn with TikTok content. Although the audience perceived Indigenous culture and content positively, community guideline considerations and power challenges to making cultural content available in social media environments still exist.

Las MYPES son impulsadoras del crecimiento económico en el país y a su vez generadoras de empleo, pero existe un conocimiento mínimo en la aplicación de las leyes o normas, es importante señalar este desconocimiento ante temas tributarios, pues establece un problema de formalidad para las MYPES y que los dueños o gerentes, no conocen. Por lo tanto, esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar los efectos de la Ley N° 28015 en las MYPES del sector Comercial del Distrito de la Victoria 2021, en este caso se aplicó un enfoque cuantitativo, de tipo aplicada y nivel descriptivo, el diseño de la investigación es no experimental, debido a que la información recolectada ya existe en los contribuyentes del distrito la Victoria, la población está conformada por 128 MYPES, donde la técnica utilizada fue la encuesta, aplicada a las 52 MYPES que arrojó la muestra, luego de la aplicación de la fórmula. Por tanto, esta investigación busca el análisis de la Ley y la conveniencia que tiene el contribuyente al acogerse para conocer sus beneficios en las MYPES; mediante la recopilación de información se logró entender que los contribuyentes no aprovechan estos beneficios que trae la Ley N° 28015 pero aun así se encuentran formalizados. / The MYPES are driven by economic growth in the country and in turn generate employment, but there is minimal knowledge in the application of laws or regulations, it is important to point out the ignorance regarding tax issues since it establishes a problem, since the MYPES have benefits that their owners or managers do not know about. Therefore, this research aimed to analyze the effects of Law No. 28015 on the MYPES of the Commercial sector of the District of Victoria 2021, in this case a quantitative approach was applied, of applied type and descriptive level, the design of the investigation is not experimental, because the investigation will be obtained from existing information from the taxpayers of the La Victoria district, the population is made up of 128 MYPES, where the technique used was the survey, applied to 52 MYPES that yielded the sample, then from the application of the formula. Therefore, this research seeks the analysis of the Law and how much it is convenient to contribute to know about these benefits of application in MYPES; Through the collection of information, it was improved to understand that taxpayers do not take advantage of these benefits that Law No. 28015 brings, but even so they are formalized.

Thesis (M. Tech. (Business Administration)) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2014 / This exploratory study seeks to contribute to the theoretical and empirical understanding of the transition of small businesses from the informal to the formal sector. It builds on the role of the informal sector as “engines” for economic and socio-cultural development. Using selected businesses in the Mangaung area of the Free State province as case studies, this study investigates the motives for transition of informal businesses to the formal sector in South Africa, challenges encountered in the process of formalisation and the coping strategies relied upon to deal with challenges encountered in the process of formalisation. Key indicators were identified from the literature and were further developed for investigation. A qualitative approach was used for the collection of data from selected transited businesses in the Bloemfontein area using semi-structured interviews. Findings from the study suggest that the decision by small business owners to formalise is motivated by their desire to grow and expand their businesses; access to proper banking services; and to access government contracts and tenders. The results also reveal that the quest for growth is however hindered by long queues endured by business applicants during the process of formalisation; lack of adequate and relevant information on the process of formalisation; coupled with the lack of government support for informal businesses’ transitioning to the formal sector. Findings further revealed that adequate information on the process of formalisation and self-trust are key coping mechanisms needed by small business owners to successfully progress/ transit to the formal sector. Based on these findings, the study recommends that government both provincial and national play a more proactive role in regulating the informal economy by creating an environment conducive for their growth and development, and facilitating their transition to the formal sector. Informal small business owners also must be provided with information on the process of formalisation and of the existing government structures put in place to support businesses in their transition phase.

The research project takes a hard look into the linguistic challenges faced by foreign migrant workers and informal traders in Gauteng province, South Africa. The research makes a panoramic view into the linguistic challenges faced by foreign migrant workers and informal traders. The focus of the research is on the challenges regarding language use in business domains. It dissects into business communication dynamics and the cultural contexts in the developing economies of Southern Africa. The study focused on finding out language challenges for immigrants as a consequence of migration. The research undertakes to discover language policy frameworks operating in industries and informal business environment in Gauteng. It seeks to establish the strategies that could be used to solve the language problems faced by foreign migrants taking into consideration that most of the immigrants in the construction industry and informal sector are semi-literate or illiterate. In other words, the research explores alternatives and the different roles of different organizations in the approach to language challenges when doing business. The study attempts to make some recommendations that can rescue immigrant challenges. These include language training programmes and changing attitudes as they have to learn the indigenous languages used in Gauteng province. The discussion reviews the sociolinguistic aspects in view of the changing demands of the developing economies of Africa where languages are used as vehicles for economic development and technological innovation. It attempts to reflect on why European languages continue to dominate business operations in Africa while African languages remain marginalized. / African Languages / (D. Litt et Phil. (African Languages))

This study sought to analyse the role of foreign aid in poverty alleviation and economic development of Ghana from 1957 to 2008. Literature related to the study on foreign aid and economic development was reviewed to get an insight into the views of other writers on the topic under study. The study adopted both primary and secondary sources of data to examine the concept of foreign aid, poverty reduction and economic development in Ghana. The study collected data using qualitative interviews consisting of open- and close-ended questions from the field. Content analysis involving the use of existing materials by researchers and the analyses of data originally collected by others was also relied on as a complement to the primary sources in the study. The study found that donor aid is not well coordinated in Ghana because of the proliferation of donor agencies in the country. Though aid is provided to the Ghanaian economy to address poverty and economic development challenges, the study found that foreign aid did not achieve the set objectives because of poor management of donor resources. This study, therefore, recommends that the informal economy should be promoted with funding from microfinance as an alternative to donor-driven development to effectively harness the natural resources in the country for development. / Development Studies / D. Litt. et Phil. (Development Studies)

Titel: Varför YouTube? Title: Why YouTube? Författare: Björn Lindgren I den här studien har syftet med undersökningen varit att synliggöra varför några elever använder sig av YouTube i sitt lärande av sång och instrumentspel. Undersökningen började med en enkät med elever från ett musikestetiskt gymnasium i årskurs 3. Utifrån enkäten valdes fem frivilliga elever ut till att delta i intervjuer. Genom enkäten kom det fram att alla elever som använder YouTube i syfte att lära sig något på sitt instrument eller i sin sång främst bara lär sig specifika låtar, vilket också bekräftas i intervjuerna. Databearbetningen av intervjuerna visade på resultat som kunde delas in i fem olika kategorier/orsaker till varför elever vänder sig till YouTube, nämligen smidighet, självklarhet, mångfald, låtarna och skola. I resultatet förklaras hur YouTube upplevs som en plats där eleverna med självklarhet och enkelhet kan klicka sig fram till en instruktionsvideo som passar dem. Här lär de sig i sitt eget tempo, när de vill och när de har tid.

Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this study we examine the role of spiritual identity awareness in communal reading from 1Timothy 5:1-16 with the marginalized women in the Zama-Zama informal settlement. A case study of the text was done amongst women from diverse contexts where they gather as a unique study group. The study focused on the meeting of different women to read, interpret and discuss the Biblical texts with one another. Communal reading creates a safe space for these women to take part in an intercultural conversation. Individuals from diverse contexts are given an opportunity to express themselves communally. This intercultural conversation space is theoretically based on the joint presuppositions of Feminism and African hermeneutics. The physical and sexual violence these women have experienced has a direct effect on their spiritual identity awareness and ordinary life. In chapter two the fundamental presuppositions of both Feminism and African hermeneutics are explored. These will serve as the hermeneutical framework of the study. The voices of the marginalized women will be heard. In Feminism we place the emphasis on the voice of the individual and a group within a certain context. African hermeneutics, on the other hand, highlights through the communal reading a save space in which these voices are heard. Within this safe space it was possible for the marginalized women of Zama-Zama to let their voices be heard both communally, but also as unique individuals. Chapter three discusses a multidimensional exegetical framework for the study. The focus is on communal reading and interpretation of the text. The intercultural conversation in this study is conducted in terms of communal reading and interpretation of 1 Timothy 5:1-16 with the marginalized women in Zama-Zama. The interpretation history of the text is also part of this chapter. The joint presuppositions of Feminism and African hermeneutics and their contexts are discussed here, with the position of women in the Mediterranean world and church. The dominant discourse in the texts is the role of the widows in the church and community with specific reference to the role of hospitality/caring, the interpretation of stories of hope and above all the incarnation in the body of Christ as identified by the women of Zama-Zama. With 1 Timothy 5:1-16 as conversation document and the dual hermeneutic framework as starting point, we discuss the empirical component and exegetical framework of the study in the next chapters. Chapter four focuses on the theoretical framework of the study. The hermeneutical model of intercultural Bible interpretation of Kessler (2004), Hofstede’s (2001) culture theory as well as MacDonald’s (2005) structural models on spiritual identity awareness and development, are investigated here. Some key terms are spotlighted and discussed in more detail, such as culture, identity, spirituality and spiritual identity awareness. In chapter five we focus on the methodology, in particular the research design and research approach. The participant selection for the diverse study group is also important. The research process and the data collection techniques are also discussed here. The data that are collected in the intercultural conversation are then analysed qualitatively. The analyses and research result are discussed in chapter six. The different appendices reflect the detailed information and data that were collected in the study. The summary and implications of the study are the focus of chapter seven. All the diverse voices, the literature study, the unique context of the marginalized women in the text as well as the women of Zama-Zama, are summarized here. The intercultural conversation space was theoretically based on the joint presuppositions of Feminism and an African hermeneutics. The physical and sexual violence against these women has a direct effect on their spiritual identity awareness and ordinary life, as shown by the study. In the conclusion to this study all the diverse discussions converge and an attempt is made to present a reflective interpretation of how spiritual identity awareness functions in the intercultural Bible reading process. We discover in the study that the women, usually the victims of physical and sexual abuse, engage in a positive way towards a new and creative lifestyle. They make a difference in their own lives as well as in the community as well-respected and passionate women. The intercultural conversation space is a valuable instrument for establishing social transformation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In hierdie studie word die rol van spirituele identiteitsbewuswording deur kommunale lees ondersoek. ’n Gevallestudie van 1 Timoteus 5:1-16 onder vroue in Zama-Zama informele nedersetting word gedoen, waar gemarginaliseerde vroue uit diverse kontekste byeenkom. Die studie fokus op die bymekaarkom van die vroue en hul saam-lees en interpretasie van die Bybelteks. Daar word gefokus op die konsep van interkulturele Bybel-lees (kommunale lees) wat geproblematiseer word soos dit uit die saamgestelde raamwerk van Afrika en Feministiese-hermeneutiek ontwikkel word. Die fisiese en seksuele geweld teen dié vroue het moontlik ’n direkte invloed op hulle spirituele identiteitsbewuswording en alledaagse lewe. In hoofstuk twee word die Feminisme en Afrika-hermeneutiek bespreek. Dit dien as die hermeneutiese raamwerk van die studie. Die stemme van die vroue word hoorbaar. In die Feminisme word die belang van die stem van die individu binne ’n bepaalde konteks beklemtoon. “Afrika-hermeneutiek” stel die kommunale ruimte voor, waarin dié stemme tot hulle reg kan kom. Binne die veilige ruimte wat geskep word, kan die gemarginaliseerde stemme van die vroue en unieke stem van die indiwidu tot haar reg kom. Hoofstuk drie handel oor die kommunale (leesproses) van 1 Timoteus 5:1-16 onder vroue in Zama-Zama. Die interkulturele gesprek fokus op die saam-lees en interpretasie van die Bybelteks as gespreksdokument. Daar word na die teks en inhoud gekyk. Die fokus in die teks val op die weduwees en hoe hulle hanteer is. Die rol wat gasvryheid/versorging, die interpretasie van stories van hoop en “die inkarnasie” in die geloofsgemeenskap speel, is ook deur die vroue verreken in die leesproses. Deur die kommunale lees van die teks het die vroue hul eie, asook gesamentlike inhoud en betekenis daarvan, weergee. “Feminisme” en Afrika-hermeneutiese konteks word ook hier verreken asook die posisie van vroue in die Mediterreense wêreld en vroeë kerk. Met 1 Timoteus 5:1-16 as gepreksdokument en die tweeledige hermeneutiese raamwerk as uitgangspunt, word die empiriese komponent en die teoretiese raamwerk van die studie in die volgende hoofstukke beskryf. In hoofstuk vier word daar aan die teoretiese raamwerk van die studie aandag gegee. Die hermeneutiese model van interkulturele Bybelinterpretasie van Kessler (2004), Hofstede (2001) se kultuurteorie, asook MacDonald (2000) se strukturele modelle oor spiritualiteitsbewuswording en ontwikkeling word hier verreken. Daar word ook aandag gegee aan die omskrywing van sleutelterme soos kultuur-, identiteit-, spiritualiteit- en identiteitsbewuswording. Hoofstuk vyf handel oor die metodologie. Hier word daar aandag gegee aan die navorsingsbenadering en ontwerp. Daar word ook gefokus op die seleksie van die deelnemers. Die navorsingsproses en data-insamelingstegnieke word ook hier verreken. Die analise en bespreking van die navorsingsresultate word in hoofstuk ses aangespreek. Die kwalitatiewe data wat ingewin is tydens die konkrete interkulturele gesprekke, word hier geanaliseer en bespreek. Verskillende Bylae bevat die detail inligting wat ingesamel en verwerk is tydens die studie. Die gevolgtrekking en implikasies van die studie word in hoofstuk sewe hanteer. Al die stemme wat gehoor is, die literatuurstudie, die unieke konteks van die gemarginaliseerde vroue, asook hulle saam-lees en interpretasie van die Bybelteks word hier gereflekteer en saamgevat. “Feminisme” en Afrika-hermeneutiese konteks is verreken, asook die posisie van die vroue van Zama-Zama wat deur die kommunale saam-lees en interpretasie van die Bybelteks, nuwe perspektiewe ontwikkel het. Daar is bevind in die studie dat die vroue wat gewoonlik slagoffers van fisiese en seksuele geweld was, ’n positiewe belewenis en groei ervaring beleef het ten opsigte van hul spirituele identiteitebewuswording en lewensuitkyk. Die veilige interkulturele gespreksruimte wat ontstaan het in die navorsinsproses was ‘n besondere instrument wat ingespan was ten einde sosiale transformasie te bewerkstellig.

Thesis (MPA (Public Administration))--University of Stellenbosch, 2000. / 105 leaves single sided printed, preliminary pages i-xii and numbered pages 1-92.Includes bibliography and list of tables and figures. / Scanned using a Hp Scanjet 8250 Scanner to pdf format (OCR). / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study assessed the performance of South Africa's Housing Policy in Ivory Park, an informal settlement in Midrand. The study used effectiveness, efficiency, equity, responsiveness and affordability, as criteria for assessment. Research was carried out using a literature review; and face-to-face interviews with officials from the Midrand Metropolitan Local Council, and the residents of Ivory Park who had already moved into the newly built houses. The study found that the performance of the policy in Ivory Park is mixed. From the point of view of effectiveness, the policy has had a positive impact on the lives of beneficiaries. The bigger picture of housing delivery, and the way the policy is being assessed by other spheres of government however, has reduced assessment of the policy to the numbers of housing built, and not taken sufficient consideration of the value of other elements of the policy. The greatest efficiency drawback has been the speed of implementation. The policy is moving at a relatively slow pace. The distribution of the resources of the policy has been equitable, in that the unemployed and households with irregular incomes have been reached by the housing policy. However, there have been difficulties in stimulating the local materials supply industries in the area, but efforts have gone into activating that part. The policy has been responsive, and beneficiaries are satisfied with the role played by the local authority, community organisations and contractors involved in housing delivery. Although the new houses built have not themselves adversely affected the cost of living of beneficiaries, the poverty level in the area, would continue to make services such as housing, unaffordable to households. The study recommends that in future, there be increased consultations with intended beneficiaries of a housing policy, in order to align the views of policymakers with those of beneficiaries. There is also a need to develop indicators that take into account all the objectives government pursues in the housing sector. The local authority should also track ownership of the built houses, to ensure that any change in ownership does not compromise the welfare of beneficiaries, and lead to the subsidisation of housing acquisitions of well-off households. Housing polices should have a more economic development slant, as the new services coming with housing would not have a greater impact in situations of persistent poverty. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het die Suid-Afrikaanse Behuisingsbeleid beoordeel in Ivory Park, 'n informele nedersetting in Midrand. Hierdie beoordeling het die volgende kriteria gebruik, te wete doeltreffendheid, doelmatigheid, eweredigheid, die respons van die inwoners en bekostigbaarheid deur die inwoners. Navorsing is uitgevoer deur middel van 'n literatuuroorsig en persoonlike onderhoude met Raadslede van die Midrandse Metropolitaanse Raad asook die inwoners van Ivory Park wat alreeds in hul nuutgeboude wonings ingetrek het. Die studie het gemengde bevindings ten opsigte van die beleid binne Ivory Park opgelewer. Vanuit 'n doelmatigheidsoogpunt gesien het die beleid 'n positiewe uitwerking op die lewens van die begunstigdes uitgeoefen. Binne die groter geheel van behuisingsvoorsiening, asook die manier waarop die beleid beoordeel word deur ander regeringsfere, blyk dit egter dat die beleid slegs beoordeel word op grond van die aantal wooneenhede gelewer sonder om die ander elemente van die behuisingsbeleid te verdiskonteer. Die implementeringspoed van die beleid was die grootste nadeel vanuit 'n doeltreffendheidsoogpunt gesien aangesien die beleid teen 'n relatiewe stadige pas beweeg. Die bronne van die beleid is eweredig versprei deurdat werkloses en huishoudings met ongereelde inkomste deur die beleid bevoordeel is. Probleme is ook ondervind met die stimulasie van plaaslike boumateriaal voorsieningsindustrieel binne die gebied, maar inisiatiewe is geloods om die gedeelte te aktiveer. Die respons van die gemeenskap, binne die konteks van behuisingsvoorsiening, dui ook op hul tevredenheid met die rol van die plaaslike owerheid, gemeenskapsorganisasies en die betrokke kontrakteurs. Alhoewel die nuwe behuising nie die lewenskoste van die begunstigdes nadelig beinvloed het nie, dra die hoe armoede vlak in die omgewing daartoe by dat behuising vir vele inwoners onbekostigbaar bly. Die studie beveel aan dat daar in die toekoms toenemend met die beoogde begunstigdes van die behuisingsbeleid gekonsulteer moet word ten einde die sienings van die beleidmakers en die begunstigdes in ooreenstemming te bring. Ontwikkelingsindikatore en regeringsdoelwitte moet ook in berekening gebring word binne die behuisingsektor. Die plaaslike owerheid moet ook die eienaarskap van die nuwe wooneenhede navolg om te verseker dat eienaarskap nie die welsyn van die begunstigdes negatief affekteer nie, of dat dit nie lei tot die subsidering van die meer gegoedes in die verkryging van wooneenhede nie. Die behuisingbeleid moet ook 'n groter ekonomiese onderbou he ten einde armoede te bekamp.