El presente trabajo analiza el rol del aprendizaje informal en nuestro país, usando el caso específico de los comunicadores audiovisuales orientados al área de postproducción en el Perú. Asimismo, se identifica cuáles son las herramientas más utilizadas por los alumnos, cuál es el objetivo del aprendizaje formal y si se cumplen de manera satisfactoria en la educación. Finalmente se establece una diferenciación entre los temas revisados tanto en estructuras formales e informales, y cuál es el nivel de control que ejercen los estudiantes. / This paper analyzes the role of informal learning in our country, using the specific case of audiovisual communicators oriented to the post-production area in Peru. Likewise, the tools most used by students are identified, what is the objective of formal learning and if they are satisfactorily fulfilled in education. Finally, a differentiation is established between the topics reviewed in both formal and informal structures, and what is the level of control exercised by the students. / Trabajo de investigación

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The purpose of this study is to map different understandings of the formalization of the informal financial sector in the developing world. Utilizing a qualitative approach and interview methodology, this study focuses on the case of South Africa and maps different perceptions about the formalization process by operators in the informal economic sector, which are in turn contrasted with the perceptions of experts and policymakers in the field. The issue at hand is a deeper understanding of how and why different groups perceive formalization in different ways. Some of the main findings of this study confirm that there are different understandings of formalization that can be found amongst different groups in South Africa, that the overall positive understanding of formalization efforts are greater than the negative ones, and that formalization efforts are formulated more inclusive than informal operators believe they are. The theoretical contribution of this study is to state that moral arguments play a bigger role in individuals economical decision-making processes than the economy itself shapes individuals' moral behavior. In addition, the findings are of relevance for the design and implementation of financial inclusion policies in the developing world.

Uno de los más grandes desafíos que tiene la ciudad de Lima en la actualidad es hacer frente al avance de la expansión urbana informal, esto ha generado consecuencias como: desertificación de los valles limeños, incongruencias urbanas y sobre todo un deterioro abismal en los monumentos arqueológicos que son parte de la trama urbana de la ciudad, desde esta perspectiva el proyecto de vivienda comunitaria surge como un elemento unificador, el cual propone una tipología capaz de integrar equilibradamente la vivienda con el patrimonio arqueológico de la ciudad a través de espacios comunitarios (jardines compartidos, huertos y áreas comunes), los cuales al estar estrictamente relacionados a las viviendas dan lugar al desarrollo de un master plan que consolide el entorno como un ecosistema comunitario - cultural sostenible. Asimismo, el proyecto está ligado a criterios de biomimesis, reinterpretando la forma, funcionalidad, espacialidad, atmósfera y pensamiento de un elemento probado por la naturaleza, en este caso las Huacas. Es así, que las viviendas se desarrollan en base a dos módulos bases, los cuales son resultados de una decodificación del elemento natural. Finalmente, el desarrollo de las áreas comunes (equipamiento urbano, jardines compartidos, huertos y áreas comunes de recreación) tienen el objetivo de fortalecer los lazos comunitarios de los usuarios del proyecto con la atmósfera cultural del entorno, a través de un eje central de coexistencia, el cual remata en el Museo de Sitio propuesto en el Master Plan, generando así la interacción necesaria capaz de estimular el desarrollo de la vida comunitaria. / One of the biggest challenges that the city of Lima has is facing the urban informal expansion. This has led to different consequences, such us the desertification of the Lima valleys, urban inconsistencies, and above all, a huge damage on the archeological monuments that conform the urban pattern of the city. From this perspective, the community housing project takes place as a unifying item that proposes a typology. This typology is able to equally integrate the housing with the archeological heritage of the city through the creation of community spaces (gardens, orchards and common areas). These exclusively housing-related areas result in the development of a master plan that consolidates the environment as a sustainable community and cultural ecosystem. Besides, the project is linked to biomimetic criteria, reinterpreting the shape, functionality, speciality, atmosphere and thinking of an element tested by the nature, like the Huacas. In this way, the housing is developed based on a two-modules base, which result from a decoding of a natural element. Finally, the development of the common areas (urban equipment, gardens, orchards, and recreational common areas) have been intended to strengthen the community bonds of the project’s users with the cultural atmosphere of the environment. This can be achieved through a central axis of coexistence, which ends with the Site Museum suggested in the Master Plan, that generates the necessary interaction to stimulate the development of the community life. / Tesis

El cambio climático y el daño por el medio ambiente son preocupaciones vigentes de este nuevo siglo, el modelo de producción lineal de crear, usar y tirar es insostenible, como alerta el Banco Mundial; es por ello, que se requiere de un nuevo modelo de producción. Urge pues, virar hacia un modelo de producción circular, que permita prolongar la vida útil de los recursos y materiales, y al mismo tiempo reducir al máximo la generación de los residuos sólidos del planeta. Dentro de las industrias más contaminantes del mundo podemos mencionar a la industria textil, en el Perú el impacto de esta industria no se conoce con exactitud ni tampoco se dispone de investigaciones validadas ni sustentadas, lo que sí se conoce es que el Perú muestra una gran vulnerabilidad ante variaciones climáticas drásticas, siendo evidencia de ello el Fenómeno del Niño, la misma que ha generado grandes pérdidas económicas para el país. En el Perú la industria textil y de confecciones representa el segundo sector más importante dentro del PBI manufacturero según los datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática (INEI); por lo que, se convierte en uno de los sectores relevantes para la economía peruana, siendo la principal fuente generadora de puestos de trabajo en la manufactura, pues emplea a más de 400,000 puestos de trabajo. Es en este contexto, que mi negocio plantea gestionar la reparación de ropa interconectando a reparadores con clientes de Lima Moderna usando una aplicación móvil. Teniendo en consideración que este negocio se plantea como una alternativa verde y sostenible de largo plazo, con la intención de dar impulso a aquellas empresas dedicadas a la reparación de ropa, que operan en el mercado peruano con un enfoque tradicional, y cuyas actividades se encuentran al margen de la formalización, de la innovación tecnológica, cuya mano de obra muchas veces es poco calificada e incluso de baja productividad, por ello sus bajos ingresos en muchos de los casos. Según la demanda calculada en Lima moderna existen alrededor de 100,000 personas que podrían estar interesadas en la reparación de su ropa, siendo el objetivo comercial de los primeros 4 años la de atender al 18% de dicha demanda, considerándose en esta estimación y dando un mayor peso al escenario pesimista por encontrarnos hoy estado de emergencia sanitaria producto del coronavirus. A pesar de ello, los indicadores financieros son alentadores, pues se espera generar un valor presente neto (VAN) de S./ 1,333,555 soles y una tasa de retorno (TIR) del 87%, considerándose un WACC promedio de 16.76%. Después del análisis y diagnóstico situacional (Capitulo IV) y de la investigación y validación del mercado (Capítulo V), se ha diseñado un planeamiento estratégico (Capítulo VI), que nos ha permitido identificar que existe un mercado insatisfecho, que es rentable y que no solo necesita dicho servicio, sino que, en la actualidad, dicho cliente busca dar solución al problema de reparar su ropa con muchas limitaciones, siendo una de ellas la de poder contactar a un buen reparador. Concluimos, por ende, que existe una oportunidad para desarrollar un modelo de negocio innovador, original, rentable y sostenible a largo plazo. Ofrecer un servicio de este tipo a los clientes de Lima Moderna viene a ser un reto grande en el contexto actual; por lo cual, se ha diseñado un plan de marketing (Capítulo VII), acorde a las necesidades de los clientes actuales, un plan de operaciones (Capitulo VIII), que pueda aprovechar las ventajas de la innovación y las tecnologías actuales, un plan de recursos humanos (Capitulo IX), que define el equipo que permitirá desarrollar este negocio y un plan financiero (Capitulo X), que permita alcanzar los resultados económicos esperados, y evaluar la viabilidad del negocio planteado. Hoy en la situación del estado de emergencia sanitaria en la que nos encontramos producto del coronavirus, son estas iniciativas las que permitirán reactivar la economía peruana, y generar negocios a mediano y largo plazo. / Climate change and environmental damage are current concerns of the present century. The linear production model of creating, using and disposing is unsustainable, as the World Bank warns; that is why a new production model is required. It is therefore urgent to turn towards a circular production model, which allows to prolong the useful life of resources and materials, at the same time reducing the production of solid waste on the planet to the maximum extend possible. Among the most polluting industries of the world we can mention the textile industry, in Peru the impact of the textile industry is not exactly known neither validated, but what is known is that Peru shows a great vulnerability to drastic climatic variations, being evidence of this the El Niño phenomenon, which has generated great economic losses in the country. In Perú, the textile and clothing industry represents the second most important sector within the manufacturing GDP according to data from the National Institute of Statistics and Informatics (INEI); therefore, it becomes one of the relevant sectors for the Peruvian economy, being its main source of jobs in manufacturing, since it employs more than 400,000 jobs. It is therefore that my business plan proposes to manage the repair of clothes by interconnecting repairmen and repairwomen with clients in Modern Lima using a mobile application. Taking into consideration that the business is proposed as a long-term green and sustainable alternative, with the intention of giving impulse to those companies dedicated to the reparation of clothing, who operate in the Peruvian market with a traditional approach, and whose activities are still separated from formalization, technological innovation, and whose workforce is often low-skilled with a low productivity, hence their low income in many cases. According to the demand calculated in modern Lima, there are around 100,000 people who should be interested in repairing their clothes, the commercial objective of the first 4 years is to meet 18% of that demand, considering in this estimate, and giving a greater weight to the pessimistic scenario because today we are in a state of emergency as a result of the coronavirus. Despite this, the financial indicators are encouraging, as it is expected to generate a Net Present Value (NPV) of S./ 1,333,555 soles and an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 87%, considering an average WACC of 16.76%. After the analysis (Chapter IV) and the research and validation of the market (Chapter V), a strategic planning (Chapter VI) has been designed, which has allowed us to identify that there is an unsatisfied market, and that there is a demand for our service, more than that, these clients seek to solve the problem of repairing their clothes with many limitations, one of them being able to contact a good repairman/women. We therefore conclude that there is an opportunity to develop an innovative, original, profitable and long-term sustainable business model. Offering a service of this type to the clients of Modern Lima is a great challenge in the current context; therefore, a marketing plan has been designed (Chapter VII), according to the needs of current customers, an operational plan (Chapter VIII), which can take advantage of innovation and current technologies, a plan for human resources (Chapter IX), which defines the team that will allow the development of this business, and a financial plan (Chapter X), which allows to achieve the expected economic results, and evaluate the viability of the proposed business. In today’s state of emergency in which we find ourselves as a result of the coronavirus, it is these kinds of initiatives that will allow the Peruvian economy to reactivate, and generate business in the medium and long term. / Tesis

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Thesis (M.Dev. (Planning and Management)) -- University of Limpopo, 2017 / The central focus of this study was to investigate the contributions of informal trading towards urban livelihoods in Polokwane CBD. A multiplicity of stressors and shocks affect informal trading and its contributions towards urban livelihoods. Third world African countries like Nigeria and Ghana inter alia take cognizance of the countless external pressures and shocks that affect informal trading and its contributions towards urban livelihoods. The South African reality is not any different, the local political, social, economic and environmental elements that characterize the second economy provides evidence of the countless stressors and shocks facing the practice of informal trade. As a result, specific working objectives were formulated as follows: to understand the typologies, characteristics and challenges of informal trading, to evaluate the determinants of urban livelihoods, to analyze the contributions of informal trading towards urban livelihoods; and, to recommend possible measures that would improve informal trading and its contributions towards urban livelihoods. The study utilizes evaluation analysis; evaluation based analysis allows for the appraisal of disaggregated contributions of various informal trading activities on urban livelihoods. In addition, the study employs both qualitative and quantitative research approaches; hence, the use of descriptions, classifications and making connections will form an integral part of the data analysis. The study adopts non-probability convenience sampling in that the study area is convenient, accessible and comprises the required features. Various data collection methods were used in this study, including: literature review, questionnaire survey and observations. Importantly, the contributions of informal trading towards urban livelihoods is predominantly an area of contestation given various informal sector prospects and impediments. Furthermore, a host of challenges, stressors and shocks affect the contributions of informal trading towards urban livelihoods in Polokwane city CBD. Various economic, political, societal and environmental stressors are regarded as negatively affecting informal trading. The study argues that numerous challenges, stressors and shocks impinge on the abilities of informal trading to positively contribute towards urban livelihoods notwithstanding their capacity to absorb and seemingly sustain the indigent urbanites. The findings of the study exhibit that multiple internal and external stressors, shocks and trails that form part of the second economy deleteriously affect informal trading and its contributions towards urban livelihoods at Polokwane CBD, Limpopo Province.

Reading is a fundamental skill in our modern society; being able to read with comprehension and fluency is an important skill in all core academic subjects. Reading teachers are charged with the task to analyze student data in order to drive their instructional decisions. Informal Reading Inventories (IRIs) are one type of an informal reading assessment that teachers can use in the classroom to learn about student reading behaviors and drive instruction. Informal Reading Inventories assess fluency and comprehension. Research suggests that fluency and comprehension have a reciprocal relationship; meaning, if you improve one skill, you improve the other skill simultaneously (DeVries, 2011). This study explored how pre-service teachers, college students in an education program, and in-service teachers, veteran teachers, analyzed data from various IRIs. This study also explored how three separate IRIs, the Qualitative Reading Inventory (QRI), the Basic Reading Inventory (BRI), and the Analytical Reading Inventory (ARI), compared to one another. There were four participants in this study: two undergraduate students in an elementary education program reading class and two veteran classroom teachers. This study found that the grade level readability of the passages are inconsistent with the reading level they claim to be. An inconsistency like this is something to note as many teachers only use these resources on which they were trained during their college education. This study also found that the length of the IRI passages had an effect on the student’s words correct per minute (WCPM); the longer the passage, the lower the WCPM. This is probably due to the fact that students need more time to process a passage for the sake of comprehension.