La presente investigación consistió en el desarrollo de un modelo de gestión basado en Six Sigma para optimizar el proceso de formalización de minería artesanal y pequeña minería en la región de Ancash. Primero, se realizó un diagnóstico de la situación actual de la informalidad en el sector minero en la región Ancash, identificando la cantidad total de mineros registrados al proceso de formalización, con sus ubicaciones geográficas. Después se analizó las normativas actuales de formalización minera para pequeña minería emitidas por el Ministerio Energía y Minas del Perú como el Decreto Legislativo N°1293 publicada el 30 de diciembre de 2016 y el último Decreto Legislativo N° 1336 denominada Proceso Formalización Minera Integral publicada el 6 de enero del 2017. Posteriormente, se aplicó la metodología Six Sigma con sus 5 fases: medir, definir, analizar, mejorar y controlar; las cuales ayudan a determinar estadísticamente la situación actual y se analizó el proceso de formalización de los mineros informales en la región, también se midió la cantidad de documentación presentada, los tiempos demorados en evaluación de los documentos, y se identificó las dificultades de los mineros para formalizar; seguidamente se propone una mejora para la principales dificultades. Finalmente se desarrolló un modelo con propuestas para incrementar la formalización de los mineros artesanales y pequeños mineros en base a las condiciones identificadas para la región Ancash. / The present investigation consists in the development of a management model based on Six Sigma to modify the formalization process of artisanal and small-scale mining in the Ancash region. First, a diagnosis was made of the current situation of informality in the mining sector in the Ancash region, identifying the total number of miners registered to the formalization process, with their geographical records. Then, the current mining formalization regulations for small mining issued by the Ministry of Energy and Mines of Peru were analyzed as Legislative Decree N° 1293 published on December 30, 2016 and the last Legislative Decree N° 1336 published. Comprehensive Mining Formalization Process published on January 6, 2017. Subsequently, the Six Sigma methodology was applied with its 5 phases: measure, define, analyze, improve and control; which help to determine statistically the current situation and the formalization process of informal miners in the region was analyzed, the amount of documentation presented, the time delayed in the evaluation of the documents, and the difficulties of the Miners to formalize then propose an improvement for the main difficulties. Finally, a model was established with proposals to increase the formalization of artisanal and small-scale miners based on the conditions identified for the Ancash region. / Trabajo de investigación

Please read abstract in the main document / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Read abstract in the document / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

LLM / Department of Public Law / Since the birth of international criminal justice, the imposition of individual criminal responsibility has been expanded as evidenced by the instruments establishing the institutional mechanisms, at least, from Nuremberg to the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court. The prescriptions of the imposition of criminal responsibility in international criminal law take cognizance of the fact that both top civilian and military personnel commit heinous crimes. However, until the establishment of the International Criminal Tribunal of Rwanda (ICTR), such prescriptions covering individuals who find themselves within informal civilian relationships had not earned much focus, be it at the identification of responsible individuals to their prosecution and conviction. Events in Rwanda during the 1994 genocide that led to the establishment of the ICTR revealed the involvement of this category of individuals. While their involvement took diverse forms, at different times, only some of them were identified and successfully prosecuted and convicted for the offences over which the ICTR has jurisdiction. This category of individuals (those falling under the rubric of informal civilian relationships) has not been addressed by scholarship on international crimes. This dissertation identifies such individuals, examines the allegations against them, the factual findings of the different Trial Chambers and develops a set of rules as well as lessons to be learnt from the trial and appellate proceedings

Memoria para optar al título de Geógrafa / Hace aproximadamente diez años el comercio informal ejercido por migrantes latinoamericanos y del Caribe comienza a vislumbrarse en la comuna de Santiago. Esta actividad, caracterizada por sus diversas modalidades de operación, presenta una propiedad central: el uso de espacios públicos como un bien común, pese a la existencia de normativas que la penaliza por actuar fuera de la ley. Actualmente, las ferias libres se han convertido en espacios de amplia recepción de vendedores migrantes, quienes se han integrado a sus zonas de comercio informal - denominadas colas- para comercializar productos como alimentos preparados, artículos de aseo y prendas de vestir. En la presente memoria se propone que este trabajo muestra el despliegue de una estrategia laboral particular, donde la feria y el espacio público componen un recurso y un capital de movilidad, en tanto la venta precaria de productos de diverso tamaño y peso, infiere el uso de criterios espaciales centrados en la efectiva articulación entre vivienda y trabajo. Así, la pregunta de investigación busca saber ¿En qué medida los migrantes latinoamericanos acceden a trabajos informales buscando la proximidad al lugar de residencia? Con la finalidad de observar contrastes en el desempeño de la actividad y su efectiva relación con los espacios de vivienda, el área de estudio de la memoria se compone por tres ferias libres localizadas en las zonas norte, centro y sur de la comuna de Santiago. Metodológicamente, se recurrió a entrevistas semi-estructuradas como principal método cualitativo. Entre los meses de noviembre y diciembre del año 2016 se conversó con 24 personas para comprender sus motivaciones para ejercer el trabajo informal y las prácticas espaciales que emergen de este rubro.

Bibliography: leaves 158-177. / The aim of the thesis is to use a particular set of informal sellers in central Cape Town to focus study on aspects of informal sellers that have not previously been given high priority in analysis of the informal economic sector. In so doing, insight into the perceptions of informal sellers (in terms of their work or informal selling situation) and an evaluation of the relationships between informal sellers, the formal sector and government authorities will be gleaned. The work is based on, and extends, data provided by an in-depth Cape Town City Council survey conducted in 1985. The specific objectives of the study are, firstly, to provide comparisons on the number of informal selling outlets over a one year time period. Secondly, to identify and analyse the characteristics and locations of informal selling outlets. Thirdly, to investigate and analyse the operation of the different types of informal selling outlets in some detail. In particular, the backward and forward linkages affecting such outlets will be the focus of attention. In addition, it is intended to establish the attitudes of the formal sector and government authorities towards informal sellers, and vice versa.

This analysis will characterize the informal sector in Managua, Nicaragua as small-scale units engaged in the production and distribution of goods and services whose primary objective is to generate employment for the participants rather than maximize their profits. Managua's informal sector employs forty-eight percent of the total employed urban population and plays an important role in the development of the country. Historically, informal sector growth has been constrained by the inaccessibility of credit. However in recent years, credit programs that focus on micro-enterprise lending have been established and are significantly stimulating informal sector activities. This paper evaluates the effectiveness of micro-enterprise credit as a tool for promoting socio-economic development for informal-sector participants. Its principal findings are that micro-enterprise credit promotes economic development by generating income and employment, increasing borrower assets, and facilitating expansion of micro-business enterprises. Secondly, micro-enterprise credit promotes social development by empowering females in the home and business, benefits to children, and improving borrowers' personal well being. / Master of Urban and Regional Planning

Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in the Department of Geography at University of Zululand, South Africa, 2000. / There has recently been an increase of clusters of informal business operators in different parts of the city of Pietermaritzburg. Allegations have been made that street vending causes pollution of the environment in the city and that it was an illegal activity associated with crime and other anti-social activities that were inimical to formal business enterprises and the viability and sustainability of the city of Pietermaritzburg. This dissertation was conducted in the context of Agenda 21 of the Rio Earth Summit which advocates for sustainable development of business enterprises, which governments worldwide were persuaded to adopt in their development planning policies. The Pietermaritzburg-Msunduzi Transitional Local Council (TLC) has recently initiated a move to implement the Local Agenda 21 programme as advocated by the Rio Declaration. The main aim of the dissertation was to examine the impact of the informal business enterprises on formal business and the environment, and thereby determine the sustainability of the city of Pietermaritzburg. It was found in this dissertation that street vending was related to the high rate of unemployment in Pietermaritzburg, and that both males and females in their productive years were involved in street vending. Informal businesses were found to be partially responsible for littering and environmental pollution in the city by generating litter from the items they sold on the streets. It was also found that many of the street vendors lived in squalid informal settlements or on the street pavements which contributed to the pollution of the city's environment. It was found that their actions resulted" from an involuntary and necessary condition of poverty. The Street vendors were actually actively engaged in cleaning up operations and environment education in accordance with local Agenda 21. The informal business enterprises were found to be recognised legal activities that cooperated with formal business, the city council and other stakeholders in the fight against environment pollution and crime. It was found that there was a complementary relationship between formal and informal business, which did not jeopardise formal commerce and industry and the sustainability of the city of Pietermaritzburg. It is argued in this dissertation that, with more positive encouragement and assistance, the informal sector is an essential means of alleviating the problems of unemployment and poverty. Guided in the correct direction, the informal business enterprises are a way of promoting the viability, development and sustainability of the city of Pietermaritzburg.

No abstract.

Dissertation presented in partial fulfilment for the degree of Master of Management (in the field of Public and Development Management) to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, University of the Witwatersrand September 2017 / The linear market model is the City of Johannesburg’s most recent street trading developmental intervention intended to manage and locate street traders in highly pedestrianised streets. The inner city of the City of Johannesburg is known for receiving a high influx of migrants from inside South Africa and outside the country seeking economic opportunities. Some of these migrants find themselves in the streets of the City of Johannesburg engaging in illegal street trading. The City of Johannesburg municipality has come up with various strategies to regulate and manage street trading including the introduction of By-laws. In 2008 the City of Johannesburg municipality introduced the linear market model as a means to provided proper structures for street traders, and models that are intended to organise them and assist in unlocking their entrepreneurial skills. The implementation of the linear market model had its own challenges, including some stakeholders believing that it is not beneficial and some traders believing that the entire process of moving them around undermined their rights. However, this research had not examined the conflicts that the municipality has with the street traders but focused on assessing the situation relating to the market, street traders’ challenges and the support they receive from the municipality. This research was conducted in the form of a case study to critically assess the linear markets located in the inner city of one of the busiest cities of the continent. The research assessed the functionality of the model focusing on the benefits that this market model brought to the street traders. The methodology applied to carry out this research does not generalise the findings for broader scope and consideration. However, the significance of the outputs through this research could be of use to provide insights within the City of Johannesburg where such infrastructure is developed. The research found that the linear market model is structurally functional but with some administration challenges. Maintenance and inadequate support by the municipality was the main challenge in these markets. This research study made recommendations to assist the municipality as it implements the linear market model in other regions of the municipality. / E.R.