The new international division of labour has transformed the economic structure of Turkey from an import-substituted to an export-oriented economy. Starting from the early 90s, many Moldovan migrants began to come to Turkey in order to work temporarily in the informal economy. They worked in clothing and shoe ateliers until the beginning of this century. Nowadays many Moldovan migrants work in clothing shops as Russian-speaking sales assistants and in the cargo firms as carriers. Based on this historical context, this study explores the changing labour market position and workplace interactions of irregular Moldovan migrants, who are working in the textile/clothing sector in Istanbul, Turkey. I firstly try to understand the mechanisms of the changing labour market positions of irregular migrants by focusing on the factors and agents behind these dynamic processes. Secondly, I intend to analyze the labour process control regimes and resistance in the workplaces where migrants work. With this aim in view, I conducted field research in Istanbul consisting of 35 in depth and informal interviews with Moldovan migrants, Turkish employers and Turkish employees. As a result of the analyses of my findings, I first observed that although foreign workers cannot change the exploitative working conditions, they can find ways of escaping from exploitative working conditions in a context. Secondly, the level of exploitation in informal working conditions are not only determined by the necessities of capitalist accumulation regimes and the migration policies of the state but also by the preferences of employers based on economic and cultural motives but also.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T14:27:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 593290 bytes, checksum: aa81326694502ca6dedd5d808602017e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-27 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study has the purpose to promote a brief discussion about the develop process theories of precarization of the labor relations since the First Industrial revolution till the present days. Eventually, after years of social fights and political demands, the labor universe still finds itself fragilized in front of one of the biggest deconstructive threats of the modern neo-liberalism I mean the flexibilization of the Labor Legislation. The economic power of the capitalistic system has intensified itself in the form of the economies globalization, limiting social and economic inclusion opportunities, increasing the number of workers that are excluded from the formal labor market, emphasizing the growth of the informal labor, promoting the maximization of the richness concentration of the international financial institutions and fortifying the performance of the great multinational enterprisers groups. In this sense, the national markets of labor and production have been the main target of the cumulative interests of the global capitalistic politic. Then that appears the deregulation tendency over the Labor Laws in spite of the free collective negotiation between employers and employees and, the intensification of the enterprises profits. Believing that the split of the positive labor rights symbolizes serious losses for the workers in general, this research defends the idea that the flexibilization of the Labor s Law Consolidation is prejudicial for the proletarian category and, in this way, it might not be completely admitted by the Law operators. / Este estudo tem o propósito de promover uma discussão acerca do processo evolutivo de precarização das relações de trabalho desde a Primeira Revolução Industrial até os dias atuais. Afinal, após anos de lutas sociais e reivindicações políticas, o universo do labor ainda se encontra fragilizado diante de uma das maiores ameaças desconstrutivas do neoliberalismo moderno, isto é a flexibilização da Legislação Trabalhista. O poder econômico do sistema capitalista se intensificou na forma da globalização das economias, limitando as oportunidades de inclusão sócio-econômica, aumentando o número de trabalhadores excluídos do mercado formal de trabalho, enfatizando o crescimento do trabalho informal, promovendo a maximização das concentrações de riquezas das instituições financeiras internacionais e fortalecendo a atuação dos grandes grupos empresariais multinacionais. Nesse sentido, os mercados nacionais de trabalho e produção tem sido o principal alvo de impacto dos interesses cumulativos da política capitalista global. Daí que surge a tendência desregulamentadora das Leis Trabalhistas em prol da livre negociação entre empregadores e empregados e, da intensificação dos lucros nas empresas. Acreditando que a quebra dos direitos trabalhistas positivados simboliza graves perdas para os trabalhadores de um modo geral, esta pesquisa defende a idéia de que a flexibilização das Leis Trabalhistas é prejudicial para a categoria proletária e, portanto, não deve ser totalmente admitida pelos operadores do Direito.

Why do some people in Halifax, Nova Scotia work collecting recyclables rather than in other—more formal—means of employment? Some scholars argue that informal economic activity is the product of a shift towards flexible work regimes and reductions to the social welfare system (the informalization thesis) and/or that increasingly marginalized people are forced into informal economic activities by economic necessity (the marginalization thesis). Drawing on a close analysis of provincial and municipal recycling policies and ethnographic fieldwork with informal recyclers, I argue that the informalization and marginalization theses are based on overly deterministic models of informal employment. Demand for informal recycling in Halifax is supported by a complex raft of environmental legislation designed to increase the rate of recycling. People willingly choose informal recycling as an alternative to formal employment for various reasons, but above all because it offers a tax-free, honest living, autonomy and a decent income.

Trends towards ‘informalization’ are looming large in the world today. African cities have long been characterised by the presence of an ‘informal sector’ but are now experiencing new waves of ‘informalization’. Policies of liberalisation and structural adjustment are both changing the conditions under which urban dwellers make a living and encouraging states to abdicate from responsibilities for popular welfare. In this context, urbanites increasingly rely on informal ways of income earning and of social security provisioning. This book is about processes of ‘informalization’ in the West African city of Bissau in Guinea-Bissau. It begins with a historical account of the way conditions of informality have evolved through the encounter of locally specific forms of informal relations with colonialism and the socialist era. This is followed by an analysis of how disadvantaged groups who rely on informal ways of provisioning are faring in the context of contemporary changes. The study looks at both the informal income-generating activities and the social networks that urbanites engage in to sustain their income activities and their consumption. It seeks to assess whether these groups are coping with these wider changes or are becoming marginalised from networks of assistance and from activities that provide sufficient incomes. The social relations pervading access to support and livelihood resources as well as the informal rules governing such access are in focus. Forms of regulation in the informal sphere are also discussed. / <p>This thesis won the prize of “Best doctoral thesis in the Social Sciences at Stockholm University in 2001-2002”. Författaren är numera verksam vid Nordiska Afrikainstitutet</p>

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