[pt] Esta tese aborda o tema da linguagem infográfica, um dos produtos do Design da Informação, no Brasil. Os infográficos são amplamente usados como ferramenta de comunicação pela mídia, com o intuito de transmitir informações de modo sintético, claro e atraente por meio de representações visuais diagramáticas multimodais, onde coexistem diversas modalidades comunicativas, que combinam linguagem verbal e não verbal. A pesquisa analisa o persistente problema da nomenclatura na infografia, bem como tipologias relevantes. Propõe uma linha do tempo da evolução dos infográficos, traça um breve histórico da infografia no Brasil e examina sua participação na maior premiação de infografia mundial (Malofiej) ao longo dos últimos 26 anos. Investiga e analisa dados acerca do ensino da infografia no país, observando a presença de disciplinas ligadas ao tema nos cursos superiores de jornalismo e design. Os aportes teóricos se encontram nas obras de Cairo, De Pablos, Sancho, Tufte, Moraes e Kanno, que desenvolveram investigações acerca da linguagem infográfica e visualização da informação. Foram realizadas pesquisas bibliográficas, documentais e entrevistas junto a profissionais premiados internacionalmente e professores, como forma de mapear conceitos, pressupostos teóricos e questões relacionadas ao atual cenário da infografia. O trabalho visou reunir dados que permitam a construção de um diagnóstico da infografia no Brasil na esfera acadêmica e sua práxis, algo não revelado de forma integrada por pesquisas anteriores, bem como oferecer uma reflexão acerca do papel da infografia e sua perspectiva como ferramenta informativa no cenário contemporâneo nacional. Como resultado, elaborou-se uma série de infográficos que traçam um panorama da infografia brasileira, de modo a disponibilizar dados para a comunidade de infografistas, jornalistas, designers e professores do campo do Design da Informação. / [en] This thesis addresses the theme of infographic language, one of the products of Information Design, in Brazil. Infographics are widely used as a communication tool by the media, with the purpose of transmitting information in a synthetic, clear and attractive way through multimodal diagrammatic visual representations, combining verbal and nonverbal language. The research analyzes the persistent problem of nomenclature of the infographics, as well as relevant typologies. It proposes a timeline of the evolution of infographics, traces a brief history of infographics in Brazil, and examines its participation in the biggest infographics award worldwide (Malofiej) over the last 26 years. It analyzes data on the teaching of infographics in the country, observing the presence of disciplines related to the subject in journalism and design graduations. The theoretical contributions are found in the works of Cairo, De Pablos, Sancho, Tufte, Moraes and Kanno, who have developed research on infographics and information visualization. Bibliographical and documentary research as well as interviews with awarded professionals and professors were carried out as a way of mapping concepts, theoretical assumptions and issues related to the current infographic scenario. The aim of this study was to gather data that allow the construction of a diagnosis of infographics in Brazil in the academic sphere and its praxis, something not revealed in an integrated way by previous researches, as well as offer a reflection about the role of infographics and its perspective as an information tool. As a result, a series of infographics were created, providing data to the community of journalists, designers and professors in the field of Information Design.

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Com a dinâmica da atualidade, cada vez mais o texto jornalístico tradicional se mostra insuficiente para atender à crescente necessidade de síntese de informação. Tal fato tem ocasionado o aprimoramento e a difusão dos infográficos jornalísticos, peças de design de informação que vêm cada vez mais se tornando ferramentas editoriais importantes. No presente trabalho, buscamos uma definição para o termo infografia jornalística e propomos alguns pontos a serem considerados em sua análise. A pesquisa foi voltada aos infográficos jornalísticos em revistas contemporâneas / Increasingly, the traditional use of texts for journalism has proven to be insufficient when faced with the growing need for synthesis of information. This fact has helped the development of information graphics for journalism, which is a form of information design that is becoming an important tool in editorial communication. In this dissertation, we offer a definition for the term information graphics for journalism, and propose some points to be considered in its analysis. In this study we analyzed information graphics in contemporary magazines

abstract: Node-link diagrams are widely used to visualize the relational structure of real world datasets. As identical data can be visualized in infinite ways by simply changing the spatial arrangement of the nodes, one of the important research topics of the graph drawing community is to visualize the data in the way that can facilitate people's comprehension. The last three decades have witnessed the growth of algorithms for automatic visualization. However, despite the popularity of node-link diagrams and the enthusiasm in improving computational efficiency, little is known about how people read these graphs and what factors (layout, size, density, etc.) have impact on their effectiveness (the usability aspect of the graph, e.g., are they easy to understand?). This thesis is comprehensive research to investigate the factors that affect people's understanding of node-link diagrams using eye-tracking methods. Three experiments were conducted, including 1) a pilot study with 22 participants to explore the layout and size effect; 2) an eye tracking experiment with 43 participants to investigate the layout, size and density effect on people's graph comprehension using abstract node-link diagram and generic tasks; and 3) an eye tracking experiment with the same participants to investigate the same effects using a real visualization analytic application. Results showed that participants' spatial reasoning ability had significant impact on people's graph reading performance. Layout, size, and density were all found to be significant effects under different task circumstances. The applicability of the eye tracking methods on visualization evaluation has been confirmed by providing detailed evidence that demonstrates the cognitive process of participants' graph reading behavior. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Engineering 2015

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro / Com a dinâmica da atualidade, cada vez mais o texto jornalístico tradicional se mostra insuficiente para atender à crescente necessidade de síntese de informação. Tal fato tem ocasionado o aprimoramento e a difusão dos infográficos jornalísticos, peças de design de informação que vêm cada vez mais se tornando ferramentas editoriais importantes. No presente trabalho, buscamos uma definição para o termo infografia jornalística e propomos alguns pontos a serem considerados em sua análise. A pesquisa foi voltada aos infográficos jornalísticos em revistas contemporâneas / Increasingly, the traditional use of texts for journalism has proven to be insufficient when faced with the growing need for synthesis of information. This fact has helped the development of information graphics for journalism, which is a form of information design that is becoming an important tool in editorial communication. In this dissertation, we offer a definition for the term information graphics for journalism, and propose some points to be considered in its analysis. In this study we analyzed information graphics in contemporary magazines

The following essay is a thesis in information design with orientation on informative illustration. The purpose of this study is to investigate, based on a given graphic assignment, how to shape an event that is a response to the great big and world-wide event, the bombing in Hiroshima. The purpose of the thesis is to explore how, in an ethical way, the way radiation can be seen on people who was on the scene. The aim of the work is to design a visualization that is ethical and at the same time easily understandable and interesting. This study is done after a graphic assignment assigned from the TT news agency. This graphic shows the effects of the radiation from the atomic bomb in Hiroshima on the population of the city and the magnitude of the consequential damage. The final design was formed by data collection and theories in visual rhetoric and cognition. Methods that have been used are a survey as well as a method for creating ethical visualization described by Katherine Hepworth, a professor of visual journalism. The results of the survey show that in order to create an ethical visualization, one must work close to one's target group. Find out what they have for past experiences and knowledge in the subject you are working on. The choice of manners also affects the feeling of images and how to interpret them. / Följande undersökning är ett examensarbete i informationsdesign med inriktning informativ illustration. Denna studie syftar till att utifrån ett givet grafikuppdrag undersöka hur man kan gestalta en händelse som är ett svar på den väldigt stora och världsomställande händelsen, bombningen i Hiroshima. Syftet med examensarbetet är att utforska hur man, på ett etiskt sätt, kan gestalta hur strålningen påverkade människorna på platsen. Målet med arbetet är att utforma en visualisering som är etiskt och samtidigt lätt förståelig och intresseväckande. Denna studie är utförd efter ett grafikuppdrag som är tilldelat från TT nyhetsbyrån. Denna grafik ska redogöra för de effekter som strålningen från atombomben i Hiroshima drabbade befolkningen i staden och hur stora följdskadorna har blivit. Genom datainsamling och teorier inom visuell retorik samt kognition utformades den slutgiltiga gestaltningen. Metoder som har används är enkät samt en metod för att skapa etisk visualisering som är beskriven av Katherine Hepworth. Hepworth är professor inom visuell journalistik. Resultatet av undersökningen påvisar att för att skapa en etisk visualisering måste man jobba nära sin målgrupp. Ta reda på vad de har för tidigare erfarenheter och kunskaper inom det ämnet man jobbar med. Valet av manér påverkar också känslan av bilder och hur man tolkar dem.

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This thesis addresses the question of the design, production and use of information graphics in health technology assessment (HTA). Drawing on previous research in both information design and health policy, it describes a comprehensive design process for creating new visual presentations that can inform health policy-makers. The thesis begins by introducing, and functionally defining the terms ‘information graphics’ and ‘health technology assessment’ in Chapter 1. It then offers a methodological discussion of how research can be performed at the intersection between these two diverse fields. This discussion forms Chapter 2 of the thesis. The context of use is surveyed in two studies, which are presented in Chapter 3. These assess the current use of information graphics in HTA, and the information needs of health policy decision-making bodies. This enables a needs-based approach to the design of 10 information graphics, that could be used in hta. These are shown in Chapter 4. Finally, two of these information graphics are empirically tested with two further research studies, forming Chapter 5 and Chapter 6. The thesis is aimed at giving practical advice to those wanting to produce graphical presentations of information in HTA, and to provide the foundation for further original research in information design and HTA. Chapter 7 draws together the research from the rest of the thesis, to make recommendations in light of the combined findings.

The natural world is under immense and increasing pressure caused by human activity. The adjustment from a state of declining nature to a more sustainable world requires changes of social and economic activities by individuals, societies, and the private sector. There are some initiatives to assist companies in the development of more sustainable practices in their operations and their value chains that are often complex and require dedicated communication efforts. Information graphics can be an efficient multimodal method for the communication of complex information. Adding interactivity to infographics can also promote a user’s curiosity and engagement. In this study, I produced an interactive infographic using principles of human-centred design, that helps explaining a sustainability framework with illustrated example actions that companies can take in their transformation towards sustainability in their direct operations, their value chains, and associated natural environments. The sustainability actions in the framework are categorised depending on their effect on the environment: from reducing the impacts on nature, to promoting recovery and restoration of natural environment and transforming business models and attitudes. An interactive infographic format can facilitate the understanding of these different actions by combining appealing novel images, text, and the possibility to filter information on demand. The desired effect of the infographic is to be informative, to be relevant to real-life companies, and to inspire companies to learn more about sustainability methods and start their journey towards a better future. I performed usability tests and user experience surveys to obtain qualitative data to evaluate the functioning of the artefact and its desired effects. The results suggests that the infographic is informative, relevant and succeeds in engaging users in the subject of sustainability. The results also showed that functionality is an aspect of these kind of design artefacts that users value for a better experience. / Den naturliga världen är under ett enormt och ökande tryck orsakat av mänsklig aktivitet. Omställning från ett tillstånd av försämrad natur till en mer hållbar värld kräver förändringar av sociala och ekonomiska aktiviteter av individer, samhällen och den privata sektorn. Det finns några initiativ för att hjälpa företag att utveckla mer hållbara metoder i sin verksamhet och sina värdekedjor som ofta är komplexa och kräver särskilda kommunikationsinsatser. Informationsgrafik kan vara en effektiv multimodal metod för kommunikation av komplex information. Att lägga till interaktivitet till infografik kan också främja en användares nyfikenhet och engagemang. I den här studien producerade jag en interaktiv infografik med hjälp av principer för användarcentrerad design, som hjälper till att förklara ett hållbarhetsramverk med illustrerade exempel på åtgärder som företag kan vidta i sin transformation mot hållbarhet i sin direkta verksamhet, sina värdekedjor, och tillhörande naturliga miljöer. Hållbarhetsåtgärderna i ramverket kategoriseras beroende på deras effekt på miljön: från att minska påverkan på naturen, till att främja återhämtning och återställande av naturliga miljöer, och förändra affärsmodeller och attityder. Ett interaktivt infografiskt format kan underlätta förståelsen av dessa olika åtgärder genom att kombinera tilltalande bilder, text och möjligheten att filtrera information vid behov. Den önskade effekten av infografiken är att vara informativ, vara relevant för verkliga företag och att inspirera företag att lära sig mer om hållbarhetsmetoder och starta sin resa mot en bättre framtid. Jag utförde användbarhetstester och användarupplevelseundersökningar för att få kvalitativa data för att utvärdera artefaktens funktion och dess önskade effekter. Resultaten tyder på att infografiken är informativ, relevant och lyckas engagera användare i ämnet hållbarhet. Resultaten visade också att funktionalitet är en aspekt av den här typen av designartefakter som användarna värdesätter för en bättre upplevelse.

A 3 (crisis response strategy) x 3 (medium) factorial design experiment was conducted to determine if information graphics conveyed through online news sources may be more beneficial for organizational reputations during some crisis situations than the use of news videos and text-based news stories. Variables examined include cognitive and affective appraisal, third-person effect, behavioral response and crisis response strategy. Recent research in organizational crisis communications has pointed to the fact that more information is needed regarding how individuals react cognitively and affectively to crisis communications. Current crisis communications literature is also sparse concerning the behavioral aspects of crisis message reception and social media usage. This study addressed these concerns and built on the established framework of Situational Crisis Communication Theory (SCCT).

The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the creation of a cervical cancer health prevention infographic, geared toward African American women ages 30 to 65, to be potentially used to raise health literacy and influence positive behaviors towards practicing prevention measures—ultimately preventing unnecessary deaths. This dissertation also produced a cervical cancer health prevention infographic prototype for African American Women ages 30 to 65 to be further tested and implemented within future health communication campaigns. Cervical Cancer is both preventable and treatable (if diagnosed during early stages); therefore the amount of individuals dying from the cancer should be minimal. Still, African American Women in this study’s target health population are dying from Cervical Cancer the most. Existing research highlights that social determinants of health (like income, education and literacy) play varying roles as barriers to prevention (Baldwin, 1996; J. L. Davis et al., 2013; Egbert & Parrott, 2001; Ford et al., 2013; McKinnon, Harper, & Moore, 2011; Sung, Alema-Mensah, & Blumenthal, 2002; Williams & Templin, 2013). . This dissertation specifically focuses on targeting the potential to increase health literacy on Cervical Cancer to potentially positively influence prevention uptake. Drawing upon fields like health communication, visual communication and social science research, this research endeavor presents an interdisciplinary approach to potentially solving health communication issue within an at-risk population. The theoretical framework in guiding infographic production for this dissertation was the Health Belief Model, which is widely used in health communication research to assess failure of prevention uptake (du Pré, 2014; Glanz et al., 2005; Maibach & Parrott, 1995; Rosenstock, 2000). The Health Belief Model in conjunction with existing literature regarding health literacy, cultural stigma and relevance in communication campaigns geared toward African American Women ages 30 to 65, infographic content was created and presented to study participants via six interactive focus groups. The focus group methodology of qualitative research allowed for 17 study participants to confidentially engage in dialogue with peers concerning the issue at hand while also helping to create the content hierarchy, enhance and suggest visuals, colors and themes of the proposed infographic. Iterative data analysis approaches allow for constant assessment of study outcomes and themes. This study produces theoretical, practical and methodological implications for future research on the lacking area of scholarly literature. Findings from this dissertation suggest a need to (1) test the proposed infographic for potential national health campaign usage, (2) a need for more long-term collaborative community efforts for continual population access in research on Cervical Cancer prevention, and (3) future assessment of a newer form of focus group research that focuses on incorporation smaller participant groups for increased hands-on interactivity.