<p>This study examines the effects of credit risk and information disclosure in the new bank regulating system Basel II on bank and bank customer. The effects are then discussed in a perspective of the economic man and information asymmetric theories. Furthermore is the Basel II effects on the capital adequacy of Andelsbanken för Åland examined.</p><p>The approach of the study is qualitative and several interviews with individuals on different levels of the examined bank, Andelsbanken för Åland, have been carried out during the collecting of empirical facts about the effects of the regulating change from the Basel I system to Basel II.</p><p>The research findings are as follows:</p><ul><li>Andelsbanken för Åland have increased its capital adequacy ratio from 12,7 percent to 14,4 percent, mostly due to lower risk weights on housing mortgages compared to Basel I. </li><li>Andelsbanken för Åland have started to use a completely new credit risk and customer assessment system which classifies every customer and gives them a credit rating. The system cause a much heavier information gathering of the customers profile as well as a much better assessment of risk than the previous system, which the bank finds positive. The new system also cause differentiated pricing on loans. Additionally it has contributed to a renovation of the bank. The bank has also started to publish more information about its risk-taking and management. </li><li>Bank customers have to release much more information about themselves and their life, economically as well as personally during a more extensive interview in the credit process. The differentiated pricing cause interest rates to differ based on the customers rating. As an effect of the higher disclosure of bank information, customers can better compare banks. This effect is of greater importance for the bank customers that have depositions in excess of the government deposit assurance. </li><li>The new credit risk and customer assessment system is a rational development due to the new Basel II-rules. Without these rules the development wouldn’t have been rational due to high costs and the traditional pricing of loans. The higher disclosure on risk taking and management cause incentives for the bank to handle these better. </li><li>Bank customers today have higher incentives to better mange the aspects that are included in their rating due to the differentiated pricing on loans. Furthermore they, especially them with depositions in excess of the government deposit assurance, have greater incentives to compare banks due to the higher disclosure of bank information. </li><li>The more extensive information gathering of the customers profile as well as the higher disclosure of bank information have lowered the level of asymmetric information in the banks process of credit granting and the customers choice of bank, making these two more effective. </li></ul>

This study examines the effects of credit risk and information disclosure in the new bank regulating system Basel II on bank and bank customer. The effects are then discussed in a perspective of the economic man and information asymmetric theories. Furthermore is the Basel II effects on the capital adequacy of Andelsbanken för Åland examined. The approach of the study is qualitative and several interviews with individuals on different levels of the examined bank, Andelsbanken för Åland, have been carried out during the collecting of empirical facts about the effects of the regulating change from the Basel I system to Basel II. The research findings are as follows: Andelsbanken för Åland have increased its capital adequacy ratio from 12,7 percent to 14,4 percent, mostly due to lower risk weights on housing mortgages compared to Basel I. Andelsbanken för Åland have started to use a completely new credit risk and customer assessment system which classifies every customer and gives them a credit rating. The system cause a much heavier information gathering of the customers profile as well as a much better assessment of risk than the previous system, which the bank finds positive. The new system also cause differentiated pricing on loans. Additionally it has contributed to a renovation of the bank. The bank has also started to publish more information about its risk-taking and management. Bank customers have to release much more information about themselves and their life, economically as well as personally during a more extensive interview in the credit process. The differentiated pricing cause interest rates to differ based on the customers rating. As an effect of the higher disclosure of bank information, customers can better compare banks. This effect is of greater importance for the bank customers that have depositions in excess of the government deposit assurance. The new credit risk and customer assessment system is a rational development due to the new Basel II-rules. Without these rules the development wouldn’t have been rational due to high costs and the traditional pricing of loans. The higher disclosure on risk taking and management cause incentives for the bank to handle these better. Bank customers today have higher incentives to better mange the aspects that are included in their rating due to the differentiated pricing on loans. Furthermore they, especially them with depositions in excess of the government deposit assurance, have greater incentives to compare banks due to the higher disclosure of bank information. The more extensive information gathering of the customers profile as well as the higher disclosure of bank information have lowered the level of asymmetric information in the banks process of credit granting and the customers choice of bank, making these two more effective.

Submitted by Marcelo Cruz (profmcruz66@gmail.com) on 2014-03-20T21:45:39Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_AEMarcelo_Alves_Cruz_FGV.pdf: 1595656 bytes, checksum: cbb616588ff4069d91b243c725b6d060 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by PAMELA BELTRAN TONSA (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2014-03-21T11:04:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_AEMarcelo_Alves_Cruz_FGV.pdf: 1595656 bytes, checksum: cbb616588ff4069d91b243c725b6d060 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-03-21T12:53:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_AEMarcelo_Alves_Cruz_FGV.pdf: 1595656 bytes, checksum: cbb616588ff4069d91b243c725b6d060 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-10 / Terceirização de Serviços de Tecnologia da Informação (TI) é uma prática crescente entre organizações de diversos portes e setores, onde uma relação entre contratante e contratado usualmente regida por contratos. Contratos são dispositivos destinados a regular obrigações e direitos entre as partes. Em função da impossibilidade das partes preverem todas as contingências futuras e também devido à imprecisão da linguagem escrita, contratos são usualmente reconhecidos em Economia como sendo fundamentalmente incompletos. Disso se origina a possibilidade de classificar contratos como predominantemente formais, aqueles cuja estrutura escrita apresenta mecanismos de completude suficiente para conduzir o relacionamento entre as partes, e predominantemente relacionais, aqueles cuja estrutura formal é insuficiente para coordenar o relacionamento, e que demandam mecanismos adicionais de comunicação e interação para que o relacionamento entre as partes ocorra de adequadamente em torno do objeto contratado. Dentre os mecanismos usados em contratos formais para sinalizar às partes os comportamentos desejados, inclui-se a estrutura de incentivos. Pouco se estudou sobre o efeito que a combinação de estruturas de incentivos e mecanismos relacionais tem sobre o andamento dos contratos. Este estudo analisa os efeitos de mecanismos formais de estruturas de incentivos e os mecanismos relacionais sobre o andamento do contrato, usando como contexto o cenário de contratações de serviços de terceirização de Tecnologia da Informação (TI). Como resultados dos três capítulos principais deste estudo, configurados no formato de artigos acadêmicos, são apresentados altos poderes explicativos das interações entre estruturas de incentivos, governança relacional, comportamento do contratado e expectativa de sucesso dos contratos. Da mesma forma, antecedentes e resultantes são analisados e discutidos. Do ponto de vista da contribuição para a prática gerencial, o trabalho como um todo contribui para melhorar decisões de contratação de serviços de TI, formulação de contratos mais efetivos, e apoio na escolha dos mecanismos de contratação mais adequados ao contexto do contratante. / Outsourcing Information Technology services is a growing practice among organizations of many sizes and sectors, where the relationship between contractor and supplier is usually governed by contracts. Contracts are devices intended to govern rights and obligations between the parties. Due to the impossibility of the parties foresee all future contingencies and also due to the imprecision of the written language, contracts are usually recognized in economics as fundamentally incomplete. This raises the possibility of classifying contracts as predominantly formal, those written in completeness of structure that is sufficient to guide the relationship between the parties, and predominantly relational, those whose formal structure is insufficient to coordinate the relationship, and so require additional communication and interaction mechanisms for the relationship between the parties to properly occur around the contractual object. The structure of incentives is among the mechanisms used in formal contracts to signal desired behaviors to the parties. Little has been studied about the effect of the combination between incentive structures and relational mechanisms on the progress of contracts. This study examines the effects of formal mechanisms of incentive structures and relational mechanisms on the progress of the contract, using hiring outsourcing of Information Technology (IT) services as context. The results of the three main chapters of this study, set as formal academic papers, derive high explanatory power of interactions between incentive structures, relational governance, supplier behavior and expectation of success. Similarly, antecedents and combined effects are analyzed and discussed. From the standpoint of the contribution to managerial practice, the work as a whole contributes to improve hiring decisions of IT services, formulating more effective contracts, and offers assistance in choosing the most appropriate contracting mechanisms to the context of the contractor.

Master´s thesis deals with the selection and implementation of information systems for the company MedConcept Ltd., which sells medical technology and augmentation materials in stomatology.

The paradigm of network coding was introduced as a means to conserve bandwidth (or equivalently increase throughput) in information flow networks. Network coding makes use of the fact that unlike physical commodities, information can be replicated and coded together at the nodes of the network. As a result, routing can be strictly suboptimal in many classes of information flow networks compared to network coding. Network-error correction is the art of designing network codes such that the sinks of the network will be able to decode the required information in the presence of errors in the edges of the network, known as network-errors. The network coding problem on a network with given sink demands can be considered to have the following three major subproblems, which naturally also extend to the study of network-error correcting codes, as they can be viewed as a special class of network codes (a) Existence of a network code that satisfies the demands (b) Efficient construction of such a network code (c) Minimum alphabet size for the existence of such a network code. This thesis primarily considers linear network coding and error correction and in- vestigates solutions to these issues for certain classes of network coding and error correction problems in acyclic networks. Our contributions are broadly summarised as follows. (1) We propose the use of convolutional codes for multicast network-error correc- tion. Depending upon the number of network-errors required to be corrected in the network, convolutional codes are designed at the source of the multicast network so that these errors can be corrected at the sinks of the networks as long as they are separated by certain number of time instants (for which we give a bound). In con- trast to block codes for network-error correction which require large field sizes, using convolutional codes enables the field size of the network code to be small. We discuss the performance of such networks under the BSC edge error model. (2)Existing construction algorithms of block network-error correcting codes require a rather large field size, which grows with the size of the network and the number of sinks, and thereby can be prohibitive in large networks. In our work, we give an algorithm which, starting from a given network-error correcting code, can obtain an- other network code using a small field, with the same error correcting capability as the original code. The major step in our algorithm is to find a least degree irreducible poly- nomial which is coprime to another large degree polynomial. We utilize the algebraic properties of finite fields to implement this step so that it becomes much faster than the brute-force method. A recently proposed algorithm for network coding using small fields can be seen as a special case of our algorithm for the case of no network-errors. (3)Matroids are discrete mathematical objects which generalize the notion of linear independence of sets of vectors. It has been observed recently that matroids and network coding share a deep connection, and several important results of network coding has been obtained using these connections from matroid theory. In our work, we establish that matroids with certain special properties correspond to networks with error detecting and correcting properties. We call such networks as matroidal error detecting (or equivalently, correcting) networks. We show that networks have scalar linear network-error detecting (or correcting) codes if and only if there are associated with representable matroids with some special properties. We also use these ideas to construct matroidal error correcting networks along with their associated matroids. In the case of representable matroids, these algorithms give rise to scalar linear network- error correcting codes on such networks. Finally we also show that linear network coding is not sufficient for the general network-error detection (correction) problem with arbitrary demands. (4)Problems related to network coding for acyclic, instantaneous networks have been extensively dealt with in the past. In contrast, not much attention has been paid to networks with delays. In our work, we elaborate on the existence, construction and minimum field size issues of network codes for networks with integer delays. We show that the delays associated with the edges of the network cannot be ignored, and in fact turn out to be advantageous, disadvantageous or immaterial, depending on the topology of the network and the network coding problem considered. In the process, we also show multicast network codes which involve only delaying the symbols arriving at the nodes of the networks and coding the delayed symbols over a binary field, thereby making coding operations at the nodes less complex. (5) In the usual network coding framework, for a given set of network demands over an arbitrary acyclic network with integer delays assumed for the links, the out- put symbols at the sink nodes, at any given time instant, is a Fq-linear combination of the input symbols generated at different time instants where Fq denotes the field over which the network operates. Therefore the sinks have to use sufficient memory elements in order to decode simultaneously for the entire stream of demanded infor- mation symbols. We propose a scheme using an ν-point finite-field discrete fourier transform (DFT) which converts the output symbols at the sink nodes at any given time instant, into a Fq-linear combination of the input symbols generated during the same time instant without making use of memory at the intermediate nodes. We call this as transforming the acyclic network with delay into ν-instantaneous networks (ν is sufficiently large). We show that under certain conditions, there exists a network code satisfying sink demands in the usual (non-transform) approach if and only if there exists a network code satisfying sink demands in the transform approach.

Kunskapshantering är ett forskningsområde som handlar om att samla in, dela, förvalta samt applicera kunskap. Chatbotars användningsområde har idag främst varit för att öka den operativa effektiviteten, personifiera organisationers kundtjänst och genomföra datadrivna beslut. Tidigare forskning visar att användning av chatbotar för att förbättra arbetsprocesser som kunskapshantering är ett underforskat område. Därav syftar denna studie till att öka medvetenheten och förståelsen för chatbotars potential inom kunskapsintensiva organisationer. Studien antog en kvalitativ ansats som inleddes med en litteraturstudie som användes för att formulera intervjuguiden. Datainsamlingen har genomförts genom semistrukturerade intervjuer. De teman som identifierades i studien är: Intern och extern dokumentation, informationssökning och problemlösning, samt kommunikation och kunskapsdelning. Studien diskuterar hur chatbotar kan användas som stöd inom dessa teman.  Studien drar slutsatsen att chatbotar kan stödja kunskapsintensiva organisationer genom att agera som en smart assistent. Däremot lyfter studien upp begränsningar och etiska aspekter avseende användningsområdet.   Studiens bidrag till befintlig forskning består av förslag på hur chatbotar kan stödja kunskapshanteringsprocessen genom studiens analytiska teman, vilket är en stark reflektion av kunskapshanteringsprocessen. / Knowledge management is a research area that deals with collecting, sharing, managing, and applying knowledge. The primary use of chatbots today has been to increase operational efficiency, personalize customer service in organizations, and carry out data-driven decisions. Previous research indicates that the use of chatbots to improve work processes such as knowledge management is an under-researched area. Therefore, this study aims to increase awareness and understanding of the potential of chatbots in knowledge-intensive organizations. The study adopted a qualitative approach that began with a literature review, which was used to formulate the interview guide. Data collection was carried out through semi-structured interviews. The themes identified in the study are: Internal and external documentation, information search and problem solving, and communication and knowledge sharing. The study discusses how chatbots can be used to support these themes. The study concludes that chatbots can support knowledge-intensive organizations by acting as a smart assistant. However, the study raises limitations and ethical aspects concerning the area of use. The study's contribution to existing research consists of suggestions on how chatbots can support the knowledge management process through the study's analytical themes, which is a strong reflection of the knowledge management process.