Diss. (sammanfattning) Linköping : Linköpings universitet, 2008. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

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Thesis (MSc)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011. / Please refer to full text to view abstract.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Physics / Chii-Dong Lin / In this thesis, we establish the theoretical tools to investigate high-order harmonic generation (HHG) by intense infrared lasers in a gaseous medium. The macroscopic propagation of both the fundamental and the harmonic fields is taken into account by solving Maxwell’s wave equations, while the single-atom (or single-molecule) response is obtained by quantitative rescattering theory. The initial spatial mode of the fundamental laser is assumed either a Gaussian or a truncated Bessel beam. On the examples of Ar, N[subscript]2 and CO[subscript]2, we demonstrate that the available experimental HHG spectra with isotropic and aligned target media can be accurately reproduced theoretically even though the HHG spectra are sensitive to the experimental conditions. We show that the macroscopic HHG can be expressed as a product of a macroscopic wave packet and a photorecombination cross section, where the former depends on laser and experimental conditions while the latter is the property of the target only. The factorization makes it possible to retrieve the single-atom or single-molecule structure information from experimental HHG spectra. As for the multiple molecular orbital contribution in HHG, it causes the disappearance of the minimum in the HHG spectrum of aligned N[subscript]2 with the increase of laser intensity, and the position of minimum in HHG spectrum of aligned CO[subscript]2 depending on many factors is also attributed to it, which could explain why the minima observed in different laboratories may differ. For an important application of HHG as ultrashort light source, we show that measured continuous harmonic spectrum of Xe due to the reshaping of the fundamental laser field can be used to produce an isolated attosecond pulse by spectral and spatial filtering in the far field. For on-going application of using HHG to ionize aligned molecules, we present the photoelectron angular distribution from aligned N[subscript]2 and CO[subscript]2 in the laboratory frame, which can be compared directly with future experiments.

Plasmon resonance associated with nanoparticles of gold can enable photothermal ablation of tissues or controlled drug release with exquisite temporal and spatial control. These technologies may support many applications of precision medicine. However, clinical implementations of these technologies will require new methods of intraoperative imaging and guidance. Near-infrared laser surgery is a prime example that relies on improved image guidance. Here we set forth applications of augmented microscopy in guiding surgical procedures employing plasmon resonant gold-coated liposomes. Absorption of near-infrared laser light is the first step in activation of various diagnostic and therapeutic functions of these novel functional nanoparticles. Therefore, we demonstrate examples of near-infrared visualization of the laser beam and gold-coated liposomes. The augmented microscope proves to be a promisingimage guidance platform for a range of image-guided medical procedures.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(工学) / 乙第12860号 / 論工博第4107号 / 新制||工||1609(附属図書館) / 31540 / (主査)教授 北野 正雄, 教授 川上 養一, 准教授 酒井 道 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

Advanced technologies for mixed gas detection are discussed. A calorific measurement technique for hydrogen-natural gas mixtures using ultrasonic transducers is examined. Measuring the speed of sound in the gas medium enables an accurate composition testing of mixed gas. At the beginning, different ultrasonic transducers are tested and a suitable one for gas testing is chosen. A jig is designed to conduct the testing with nitrogen/oxygen mixtures in a proof of principle experiment. Another jig is designed and manufactured to test a transit time ultrasonic method for flow rate calculation in order to obtain a full energy flow measurement. A mixed gas leak detection technique based on laser spectroscopy is also studied. A Mid-Wave Infrared (MWIR) laser is implemented to be used as a source in a direct absorption measurement for methane detection. The implemented MWIR laser uses nonlinear optics to generate a MWIR output. A novel intracavity structure using periodically poled lithium niobate as the nonlinear crystal is implemented, and the highest blackbox efficiency for continuous wave difference frequency generation in the MWIR region is reported, to the best of our knowledge. Currently the output power is around 8.1 mW at 3.5 μm with a 1.058% W-1 blackbox efficiency. Watt level MWIR generation is expected using an optimized setup. At last, a second laser source that operates in the long-wave infrared (LWIR) region was also studied. The discussed laser setup for LWIR generation is similar to the MWIR one with different pump and signal wavelengths and an orientation patterned gallium phosphide (OP-GaP) as the nonlinear crystal. Due to the absorption loss of GaP at the pump wavelength, only mW power level is expected out of the intracavity structure. Some alternative approaches for LWIR generation are discussed. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc)

This research was a collaborative effort between the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and the University of Texas to examine the laser-tissue interaction of thermal lensing induced by continuous-wave, CW, near-infrared, NIR, laser radiation in the eye and its influence on the formation of a retinal lesion from said radiation. CW NIR laser radiation can lead to a thermal lesion induced on the retina given sufficient power and exposure duration as related to three basic parameters; the percent of transmitted energy to, the optical absorption of, and the size of the laser-beam created at the retina. Thermal lensing is a well-known phenomenon arising from the optical absorption, and subsequent temperature rise, along the path of the propagating beam through a medium. Thermal lensing causes the laser-beam profile delivered to the retina to be time dependent. Analysis of a dual-beam, multidimensional, high-frame rate, confocal imaging system in an artificial eye determined the rate of thermal lensing in aqueous media exposed to 1110, 1130, 1150 and 1318-nm wavelengths was related to the power density created along the optical axis and linear absorption coefficient of the medium. An adaptive optics imaging system was used to record the aberrations induced by the thermal lens at the retina in an artificial eye during steady-state. Though the laser-beam profiles changed over the exposure time, the CW NIR retinal damage thresholds between 1110-1319-nm were determined to follow conventional fitting algorithms which neglected thermal lensing. A first-order mathematical model of thermal lensing was developed by conjoining an ABCD beam propagation method, Beer's law of attenuation, and a solution to the heat-equation with respect to radial diffusion. The model predicted that thermal lensing would be strongest for small (< 4-mm) 1/e² laser-beam diameters input at the corneal plane and weakly transmitted wavelengths where less than 5% of the energy is delivered to the retina. The model predicted thermal lensing would cause the retinal damage threshold for wavelengths above 1300-nm to increase with decreasing beam-diameters delivered to the corneal plane, a behavior which was opposite of equivalent conditions simulated without thermal lensing. / text

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-12T14:28:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese _Diógenes Soares Moura_final.pdf: 4560976 bytes, checksum: efbc9854c7666e2a40de8b98b027e62d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-12T14:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Tese _Diógenes Soares Moura_final.pdf: 4560976 bytes, checksum: efbc9854c7666e2a40de8b98b027e62d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / CAPEs / O presente trabalho explora a utilização de lasers na região do infravermelho do espectro eletromagnético em aplicações biomédicas. O uso dos lasers na indústria, para processamento de materiais e em aplicações médicas, como a realização de cirurgias, têm atraído grande interesse nas últimas décadas. Neste trabalho, laser infravermelho foi explorado no corte de bolsas de sangue e no desenvolvimento de sistema de avaliação de elasticidade de hemácias baseado em técnica de aprisionamento óptico. No corte de bolsas de sangue foram determinados os parâmetros da ablação como tempo de perfuração, taxa de ablação e diâmetro dos furos para diferentes fluências e taxas de repetição do laser. Neste trabalho foram utilizados laser pulsados no regime de femtossegundos, com comprimento de onda de 800 nm, com taxa de repetição de 10 Hz e 1 KHz. Os resultados mostraram uma dependência do processo de ablação com o aumento da fluência e da taxa de repetição do laser. Além disso, foram avaliados os resíduos gasosos emitidos durante o processo de ablação das bolsas. A avaliação dos parâmetros de ablação à laser de bolsas de sangue consiste em um estudo pioneiro e introduz um novo direcionamento no processo de corte das mesmas. No desenvolvimento de um sistema para avaliação automática de elasticidade de hemácias aprisionadas opticamente foram utilizados lasers contínuos nos comprimentos de onda de 785 nm e 1064 nm. O sistema permite obter o valor da elasticidade de uma célula em 20 segundos, o que imprime uma redução significativa do tempo do processo de avaliação (60 ×) comparada ao método convencional. O sistema automático pode ajudar a expandir as aplicações de pinças ópticas em Hematologia e Hemoterapia. Além disto, o sistema construído foi utilizado para avaliar danos em hemácias aprisionadas opticamente. Foi verificada uma dependência da elasticidade das células com o comprimento de onda, potência do laser incidente e com tempo de aprisionamento da hemácia. Observou-se que as hemácias, após 2 minutos de exposição ao laser de 785 nm tornaram-se até ~ 104% menos deformáveis que as hemácias controle. A exposição ao laser de 1064 nm de 2 minutos a 10 mW induziu um aumento de até ~ 20% na rigidez celular. Atribuiu-se a dependência do comprimento de onda dos danos ópticos à absorção do laser pela hemoglobina. As modificações observadas nas propriedades elásticas das células estudadas estabelecem novos limites para aplicações utilizando lasers em hemácias. / This work explores the use of lasers in the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum in biomedical applications. The use of lasers in industry for materials processing and in medical applications, such as in surgeries, have attracted great interest in recent decades. In this work, infrared lasers were explored in blood bags cutting and in the development of a red blood cells elasticity evaluation system based on optical trapping technique. For the blood bags cutting process, ablation parameters such as drilling time, ablation rate and ablation diameter for different laser fluence and repetition rates were determined. In this work we used pulsed laser in femtosecond regime, with a wavelength of 800 nm, with repetition rate of 10 Hz and 1 KHz. The results showed a dependence of the ablation process with laser fluence and repetition rate. In addition, the waste gases emitted during the blood bags ablation process were evaluated. The evaluation of the blood bag laser ablation parameters consists of a pioneering study and introduces a new direction in the blood bag cutting process. In the development of a system for automatic evaluation elasticity of optically trapped red blood cells (RBCs), continuous laser at a wavelength of 785 nm and 1064 nm were used. The system allows to obtain the value of cell elasticity in 20 seconds, establishing a significant reduction in the assessment process time (× 60) compared to the conventional method. The automated system can help expand the applications of optical tweezers in Hematology and Hemotherapy. In addition, the constructed system was used to evaluate damage to red blood cells optically trapped. A dependence of the cells elasticity with the wavelength and power laser and with cell time trapping was observed. The results shows that the red blood cells was up to ~104% less deformable after 2 minutes of 785 nm laser exposition. The 2 minutes exposure to 10 mW of 1064 nm laser induced an increase up to ~ 20% on cell rigidity. We ascribed the wavelength dependence of the optical damages to the laser absorption by the hemoglobin. Moreover, the increase of RBCs rigidity could be associated to initial changes optically caused in the hemoglobin after irradiation. The results establish new limits for laser applications in RBCs, by identifying considerable modifications on their elastic properties.

Hyperthermia is usually used at a sub-lethal level in cancer treatment to potentiate the effects of chemotherapy. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of heating rate in achieving synergistic cell killing by chemotherapy and hyperthermia. For this purpose, in vitro cell culture experiments with a uterine cancer cell line (MES-SA) and its multidrug resistant (MDR) variant MES-SA/Dx5 were conducted. The cytotoxicitiy, mode of cell death, induction of thermal tolerance and P-gp mediated MDR following the two different modes of heating were studied. Doxorubicin (DOX) was used as the chemotherapy drug. Indocyanine green (ICG), which absorbs near infrared light at 808nm (ideal for tissue penetration), was chosen for achieving rapid rate hyperthermia. A slow rate hyperthermia was provided by a cell culture incubator. The results show that the potentiating effect of hyperthermia to chemotherapy can be maximized by increasing the rate of heating as evident by the results from the cytotoxicity assay. When delivered at the same thermal dose, a rapid increase in temperature from 37 °C to 43 °C caused more cell membrane damage than gradually heating the cells from 37 °C to 43 °C and thus allowed for more intracellular accumulation of the chemotherapeutic agents. Different modes of cell death are observed by the two hyperthermia delivery methods. The rapid rate laser-ICG hyperthermia @ 43 °C caused cell necrosis whereas the slow rate incubator hyperthermia @ 43 °C induced very mild apoptosis. At 43 °C a positive correlation between thermal tolerance and the length of hyperthermia exposure is identified. This study shows that by increasing the rate of heating, less thermal dose is needed in order to overcome P-gp mediated MDR.