International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 25-28, 1999 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / It is an increasing requirement that commercial satellite telemetry data product be protected from unauthorized access during transmission to ground stations. While the technology (cryptography) to secure telemetry data product is well known, the software infrastructure to support such security is costly, and very customized. Further, many software packages have difficulty interoperating. The Common Data Security Architecture [1] [2] [3] (originally proposed by the Intel Corporation, and now adopted by the Open Group), is a set of common cryptographic [4] and public key infrastructure (PKI) application programming interfaces (APIs) which will facilitate better cryptographic interoperability as well as making cryptographic resources more readily available in telemetry post processing environments.

Die Städte und Gemeinden stehen vor der Verantwortung, ihre infrastrukturellen und städtebaulichen Anlagen an neue Randbedingungen wie den demografischen und klimatischen Wandel sowie die Energiewende anzupassen. Nur auf diese Weise ist es möglich, der Bevölkerung auch zukünftig sichere, günstige und umweltgerechte Infrastrukturdienstleistungen anbieten zu können. Insbesondere durch eine stärkere Betrachtung der Zusammenhänge der unterschiedlichen Infrastruktursysteme sowie eine verbesserte Zusammenarbeit bereits in der Planungsphase lässt sich die Anpassung von Ver- und Entsorgungssystemen aber auch städtebaulichen Anlagen effizienter gestalten. Entsprechende Betrachtungen finden bisher kaum statt, Planungen verlaufen meist unkoordiniert. Dies bedeutet, dass die einzelnen Unternehmen erforderliche Maßnahmen an ihren Anlagen ohne Beachtung der Wechselwirkungen mit benachbarten Systemen ableiten. Mögliche Kosteneinsparungen durch eine gemeinsame Bauausführung werden verschenkt, unnötige zusätzliche Arbeiten führen zu weiteren Substanzschäden an den Anlagen. Besondere Beachtung benötigen die Zusammenhänge zum Städtebau. Anhand von Art und Maß der baulichen Nutzung wird die Kapazität und demnach die erforderliche Dimension für Infrastrukturanlagen vorgegeben. Da die Dimensionierung dieser Systeme für einen sicheren und wirtschaftlichen Betrieb unabdingbar ist, müssen die Effekte der Stadtplanung stärker berücksichtigt werden. Die betroffenen Unternehmen verfügen meist über geeignete Planungswerkzeuge zur Anpassung ihrer eigenen Anlagen und die Ableitung von Maßnahmen. Hierbei wird im Regelfall auf Grundlage einer Zustandserfassung eine Bewertung der Anlagen durchgeführt und der Erneuerungsbedarf sowie eine Sanierungsstrategie abgeleitet. Da die Unternehmen diesen Schritt losgelöst voneinander durchführen, bleiben mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen den Systemen bisher oft unbeachtet. Anhand der einführenden Problemstellung wurde ein Verfahren zur gemeinschaftlichen Betrachtung des Planungsprozesses – in Form der integrativen Planung von Infrastrukturmaßnahmen – erarbeitet. Aufgrund des hohen Anpassungsbedarfs wurden die Infrastrukturnetze von Wasserversorgung, Abwasserableitung und Verkehr sowie städtebauliche Anlagen (inklusive energetischer Parameter) betrachtet. Grundlage des Modells bilden die Daten der Beteiligten kommunalen Institutionen zum baulichen (materiellen) und qualitativen (betrieblichen) Zustand ihrer Anlagen. Durch eine Zusammenführung der Datensätze, für zu untersuchende Teilgebiete, kann eine Bewertung der Einzelabschnitte der technischen Infrastruktur sowie der städtebaulichen Anlagen vorgenommen werden. Durch die Überlagerung dieser Ergebnisse ist es möglich, eine Gesamtbewertung für die Standorte abzuleiten. Bereiche mit hohen Bewertungen geben Prioritäten für eine integrative Planung vor, da alle Anlagen an diesen Stellen ungünstige Zustandswerte aufweisen. Damit ist für diese Bereiche eine gemeinsame Baumaßnahme für alle Beteiligte sinnvoll, da sich entsprechende Synergien einfach nutzen lassen. Unter anderem ergibt sich bei der integrativen Planung der technischen Infrastruktursysteme durch die gemeinsame Lage im Untergrund ein geringerer Bauaufwand und dadurch geringere Kosten. Zudem können zusätzliche Aufgrabungen und damit einhergehende zusätzliche Substanzschäden vermieden werden. Des Weiteren ist eine genaue Abstimmung der Infrastrukturanlagen an die erforderlichen städtebaulichen Kapazitäten möglich, was eine wirtschaftliche Dimensionierung der Anlagen und eine sichere infrastrukturelle Ver- und Entsorgung garantiert. Die Umsetzung des Verfahrens wurde mittels eines geografischen Informationssystems (GIS) vorgenommen. Da die meisten größeren Kommunen bereits über entsprechende Systeme verfügen, ist eine Erweiterung dieser um den vorgestellten Planungsansatz grundsätzlich möglich. Die Verarbeitung des Gesamtprozesses erfolgte mittels einer Cloud-Anwendung, worüber die gesamte Datenhaltung- und Verarbeitung sowie Ergebnisableitung vorgenommen wird und welche zusätzlich als Kommunikationsbasis dient. Das Verfahren konnte am Untersuchungsgebiet Leipzig Volkmarsdorf-West validiert werden. Es wurden die Zustandswerte für Wasserver- und Entsorgungsnetze, Verkehrsnetze sowie städtebauliche Anlagen ausgewertet und die resultierenden Maßnahmenprioritäten abgeleitet. Hierbei war festzustellen, dass bei einer integrativen Betrachtung des Planungsprozesses, auf Grundlage der Zustandsdaten der Anlagen der beteiligten Institutionen, eine Vielzahl von Maßnahmen gemeinsam ausgeführt werden kann. Es wurde deutlich, dass mithilfe des Verfahrens Maßnahmen und deren Rangfolge effizient ableitbar sind. Damit stellt dieser Ansatz für kommunale Entscheidungsträger aus den Bereichen der Infrastruktur- und Stadtplanung ein mögliches Werkzeug für die Ableitung und Umsetzung von gemeinsamen Vorhaben dar. Auf dieser Grundlage wird ein Beitrag geschaffen, um auch zukünftig sichere und preisgünstige infrastrukturelle und städtebauliche Dienstleistungen für alle bereitstellen zu können. / Towns and Communities are faced with the responsibility to adapt their infrastructure and urban facilities to meet new demographic, climatic and energetic conditions. Only in this way, it will be possible to maintain secure, affordable and environmentally suitable infrastructure services for the population in the future. A stronger consideration of the connections of various infrastructure systems, as well as enhanced collaborations in the planning phase, could help to adjust supply and disposal systems and urban planning systems more efficient. Relevant considerations facing this issue are hard to find, so the planning process is usually proceeded uncoordinated. This means, the individual companies derive necessary measures for their facilities without considering the interactions to other infrastructural systems. Possible cost savings through common construction operations are given away, unnecessary extra works lead to a further damage of the substance of the facilities. Particular attention is needed for the connections to the urban planning. Based on the type and extent of building and land use, these facilities specify the required capacity and therewith the dimension of infrastructure systems. So, the urban planning is essential for a safe and economical operation of the technical infrastructure too. Involved companies usually have appropriate planning tools to adapt their own systems and to identify measures. These tools are mostly based on the condition data, gained by an inspection of their facilities. With these data the companies are able to derive the need for renewal and a rehabilitation strategy. Since the companies perform this step isolated, possible correlations between the systems don’t find consideration until now. Based on these considerations, a process for a common planning process – the integrative planning of infrastructure projects – was developed. Because of their strongly required demand for adaption, infrastructure networks of water supply, sewage, transport and urban systems (including energy parameter) were considered in this process. The model is based on the structural (physical) and qualitative (operational) data of the facilities of the involved local institutions. First of all, an assessment can be carried out for the individual sections of the technical infrastructure, as well as for urban facilities, by merging the data sets. Through the superposition of the results, it is possible to derive an overall assessment for individual locations. Areas with high ratings dictate priorities for an integrated planning, since all facilities have unfavorable condition values at these locations. Thus, in these areas a common project for all institutions is meaningful, since synergies can be taken very simple. For example, the common underground position of most of the technical infrastructure systems lead to lower construction costs, if the project is coordinated and processed integrative. In addition, further excavations and structural damage can be avoided. Furthermore, an accurate tuning of infrastructure systems to the necessary capacities of the urban facilities is possible. That guarantees an economical dimensioning of installations and a secure infrastructural supply. The method has been realized using a geographical information system (GIS). Since larger municipalities already possess similar systems, an extension of these for the presented approach should be possible. The processing of the entire model was performed using a cloud application. Through this, the entire data handling, result output and communications can be done. The method was validated at the study area Leipzig Volkmarsdorf-West. First of all, the resulting priorities for common measures were derived. That was done by analyzing condition values for water and waste water systems, transport networks and urban facilities. It could be found out, that by using an integrative approach for the planning process, based on the condition data of the facilities of the participating institutions, a large number of measures can be carried out jointly. It became clear, that by using this method, measures and their order can be derived efficiently. Thus, this approach represents a possible tool for municipal decision-makers, from the fields of infrastructure and urban planning, for the derivation and implementation of common projects. The presented model for integrative planning of infrastructure projects helps to provide secure and affordable infrastructure and urban services for following generations.

International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 20-23, 2003 / Riviera Hotel and Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nevada / Security hardware based on asymmetric algorithm is the key component of Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), which decides the safety and performance of system. Security device in server or client have some common functions. We designed the client token and cryptographic server to improve the performance of PKI, and got obvious effect.

The eradication of global poverty is central to the concept of sustainable development. In developing nations the lack of essential infrastructure and technologies, which are necessary to provide people with their basic human rights, offer a central role for the engineer. These needs are increasing as new global threats, such as the pressures caused by population growth, the harmful effects of climate change or the increasing frequency and intensity of disasters, have only heightened the difficulties which threaten the world’s poorest nations. Decades of development practice has allowed the profession of engineering to engage with many of these global issues. Over this period the engineering approaches, particularly in Sub-Saharan Africa, have gradually moved from high impact and short-term disasters relief interventions to long-term endogenous solutions. This change in overall aims has raised awareness of the sustainability of current engineering interventions. Many of the results are not entirely positive. For example, in water supply engineering, certain national estimates of sustainability of hand-pump wells for countries in Sub-Saharan Africa can range from 30- 80%. The role that the engineer could provide in addressing the concerns of poorer nations has not yet been fully realised. This thesis evaluates the current engineering models of service delivery that are used by Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) in developing nations. These models of technology transfer are supposed to provide communities in developing nations with a sustainable access to technologies that can provide for their basic rights. It is from within these models that engineers, who in many cases are foreign to the socio-cultural systems of the host nation, perform their engineering function and activities. The field research focuses on a case study of water supply engineering projects that have been carried out within the rural District of Tonkolili in Sierra Leone. To address the complex socio-cultural and socio-technical systems in Sierra Leone this field research adopted a combination of qualitative and quantitative assessment methods. This involved investigating both the technical and social sustainability issues found in Sierra Leone. The research visits were both inductive and deductive. They covered 150 spatially distributed villages in the rural district of Tonkolili. The methodologies used as part of this study involved; interviews, focus group discussions, community mapping, transect walks and technical observations, to provide a broad understanding of the sustainability issues affecting engineering projects. A total of 309 hand-pump wells, pulley systems and borehole water points were evaluated as part of the research. The study investigated the technical, socio-technical and socio-cultural consequences of these technology transfers - as well as the current condition of the social support mechanisms that are designed to sustain the water schemes. The results of the technical observations demonstrated that there are a diverse range of failures, from extreme to moderate, that have occurred at many of the water points. During the field visits observations of water supply solutions found to have urgent technical problems were frequent occurrences. The majority of the water points (96%) were found to have at least one technical failing that required immediate maintenance or further engineering assistance. The social research also indicated that, of the 4,700 individual categories monitored, a significant proportion (49%) were technical problems that were within the capacities of village members to address locally. These technical problems found to be ignored by the host communities. The NGO trained support mechanisms, which were designed to provide sustainability to the systems, for innumerable reasons, were unable to operate effectively. The breakdown in function of these supporting systems highlighted the serious weakness of current service delivery models in their ability to achieve sustainable engineering solutions. Investigating the relationship between the households and the water points suggests that the communities are not acting rationally towards their water sources. The majority of households were found to have unsafe water practices regardless of the provision of their improved sources. For example, many households that had access to improved water sources were found to still use their unimproved sources (30%). Many more (53%) complemented, and mixed, their unimproved water with water from their improved wells. This attitude towards safe water suggested that there were fundamentally flawed assumptions about how communities would receive and interact with their technologies. These household decisions, and the associated technical concerns, are directly attributable to the actions of the engineers from the project implementing development agencies. The results of these misinterpretations have undermined the long term sustainability of water supplies in Sierra Leone. The research indicated that to address sustainability the engineering profession is at a crossroads in determining its future in international development. Engineers have the capacity to acknowledge that the complexities of development limit their efficacy and therefore seek support from other professions. This would narrow the scope of their interventions. They are also capable of actively seeking the opposite; to broaden the scope as well as the responsibilities, expectations and skills of the engineers. It is this decision that will define the role of the engineer in international development.

No description available.

This dissertation examines the production of an everyday politics of infrastructure within informal settlements in the Khayelitsha area of Cape Town, South Africa. As residents attempt to meet water, sanitation, and electricity needs through assemblages of informal service connections, in addition to limited formal services provided by the municipality, their material exclusions are articulated as evidence of persistent political marginality. Residents engage in multiple modes of politicized action seeking expansion to formal infrastructure and full inclusion in the promises of citizenship. However, they also face an array of complications created by municipal reliance upon neoliberal policies, practices, and logics. Despite a nominal emphasis on participatory processes of governance and development, municipal approaches to service provision and community engagement produce further marginalization. In order to theorize the intersection of neoliberal urban governance and democratic practice, this dissertation examines participation as the result of complex interactions between everyday experience, urban governance, circulating moral logics, and the work of civil society. The realm of politics emerges as one unbound by parties, NGOs, or social movements; instead, it is read dialectically both into and from the landscape of informality. Across three articles, this dissertation examines participation as a contested terrain of politicized action, shaped by neoliberal practices of governance, post-colonial tensions, and uneven social acknowledgement of experience, knowledge, and action.

This dissertation investigates the nature and management of information infrastructure risks in organizations. Specifically, it examines how practitioners identify and manage threats towards their organizational aims, and suggests ways of achieving sustainable risk management, in settings characterized by the integration of information technology (IT) and organizational processes. The dissertation is motivated by the difficulties organizations encounter when attempting to leverage IT as an organizational resource and the observation that IT projects have high rates of failure despite three decades of research on and practice of risk management in Information Systems (IS). Three aspects of the underlying logic of existing research and practice on IS risk management are challenged: (1) the infrastructural character of IT is suggested to be consequential for organizational risk management, however not recognized by either IS research on risk or risk experts, (2) risk management is enacted within and across practices beyond the boundaries of formal risk management models, and subsequently, (3) risks are increasingly emergent rather than predictable. To investigate such risks and risk management processes the studies in the dissertation build on information infrastructure theory and practice theory and a qualitative approach. As the role of IT in organizations has changed significantly over the last decades, so has both practice and research concerned with IT related risks. Research on risk in the field of IS has thus come to encompass a large variety of levels of analysis, risk levels and dimensions, organizational processes and research approaches. An analysis of the extant literature shows that despite this richness, it still does not account, or offer support, for situations characterized by a high degree of uncertainty and equivocality. In these kinds of situations, risks are typically emergent and cannot be identified or managed by the prescriptions found within the IS discourse. However, emergence has long been recognized as a characteristic of the organizational consequences of information technology. Paradoxically, while most IS scholars would recognize the socio-technical, or even sociomaterial, nature of IT, it has had little impact on research on risk in our field. A key argument in this dissertation is that theories of technology and organizational change within IS are equally valid for practice and research on IT related risk and risk management. Information infrastructure theory has been influential in improving our understanding of the changing nature and role of contemporary IT in organizational processes. It highlights the infrastructural character of IT, technological agency, and the entanglement of IT and organizational practices. Grounded in information infrastructure theory, this dissertation examines how practitioners identify, assess, prioritize and resolve risk in their everyday organizational practices. While risk has been used as a concept to characterize the underlying logic of information infrastructure evolution, scant attention has been paid to the particularities of risk emergence and operational risk management practices. As such, existing IS research on risk management explains why risk emerges but not how. The notion of practice has recently gained momentum in the IS field for its usefulness as an analytical lens in approaching complex, dynamic and emergent phenomena, and it is reflective of information infrastructure theory in its fundamental ontological and epistemological assumptions. All of the papers included in this dissertation build, to varying degrees, on information infrastructure theory and a practice approach. The dissertation contributes new knowledge to research on information infrastructure risk and risk management in IS by theorizing information infrastructure risk as emergent, interstitial, and rooted in practice and sociomaterial contexts.

Thesis (MEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The Department of Water Affairs and Forestry infrastructure has shown a decline in condition from 2006 to 2011, according to the Infrastructure Report Card. With the increase in population, the additional demand placed on the already ageing infrastructure together with inadequate maintenance exacerbates the deterioration of these structures. Much has been done to improve the provision of basic water services to South Africans, however to ensure that basic water services remain intact, maintenance of the existing structures is of paramount importance. The storage of potable water in a hygienic manner is essential to the water provision network, thus focus is placed on water reservoirs (in particular reinforced concrete water reservoirs). It has been identified that there is a lack of appropriate policies, practices, procedures and guidelines related to the maintenance of municipal water reservoirs. The solution that this study proposes is to develop a maintenance prioritization method for reinforced concrete water reservoirs. This method specifically provides the user (i.e facility manager) with a systematic approach to assessing and allocating a condition value to the reservoir, which is used to prioritize maintenance activities. This method follows the approach used by the TRH/TMH manuals and bridge management systems that are implemented throughout South Africa. This method includes, the breakdown of essential reservoir components thus facilitating the development of future asset registers, the deterioration mechanisms that affect these reservoirs along with the appropriate identification methodologies and the percentage contributions of each component to the overall condition of the facility. The research for the prioritization method is conducted by combining literature with feedback from industry professionals. The literature featured investigation of the components of concrete reservoirs and deterioration mechanisms that affect these components. The results of the feedback from the industry professionals indicated that some of the components contribute more to the overall condition of the facility than others. This contribution is based on the importance of the component with regard to the provision of service and safety. Thus, in the case of a concrete reservoir, the walls are more essential to the provision of service and safety than the access components, thus its contribution percentage is higher. The research suggests that if the prioritization method could successfully be implemented, it will provide the users additional information that can be used to prioritise maintenance activities at both component and network level. Further, it may allow for the development of a comprehensive asset register of concrete reservoirs and may also aid in the financial planning related to the maintenance of these structures. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die Departement van Waterwese en Bosbou se infrastruktuur het n afname in kondisie gradering getoon van 2006 tot 2011 volgens die Infrastruktuur Verslag Kaart. Die toename in die bevolking veroorsaak bykomende druk op die reeds verouderende infrastruktuur wat tesame met swak instandhouding die agteruitgang van hierdie strukture vererger. Baie is gedoen om die voorsiening van basiese waterdienste aan Suid-Afrikaners te verbeter, maar dit is uiters noodsaaklik dat bestaande strukture in stand gehou word om te verseker dat basiese waterdienste beskikbaar bly. Die berging van drinkwater op ’n higiëniese wyse is noodsaaklik vir die watervoorsieningsnetwerk met die gevolg dat daar op waterreservoirs, spesifiek gewapende beton waterreservoirs, gefokus word. Daar is vasgestel dat daar nie toepaslike praktyke, prosedures en riglyne met betrekking tot die instandhouding van van munisipale waterreservoirs bestaan nie. Die oplossing wat deur hierdie studie voorgestel word, is om ’n onderhoud prioritisering metode vir gewapende beton waterreservoirs te ontwikkel. Hierdie metode bied spesifiek aan die gebruiker (reservoir bestuurder) ’n sistematiese benadering om ’n toestandwaarde ten opsigte van die reservoir te bepaal en toe te wys, wat gebruik word om instandhoudingsaktiwiteite te prioritiseer. Hierdie metode volg die benadering van die TRH/TMH en brug bestuur sisteme, wat geimplimenteer word reg deur Suid Afrika. Hierdie metode sluit in die klassifiseering van hoof komponente van ’n gewapende beton reservoir wat die ontwikkeling van toekomstige bateregisters, die degenerasiemeganismes wat hierdie reservoirs beïnvloed tesame met die gepaste identifiseringsmeganismes en die bydrae volgens persentasie van elke komponent tot die algehele toestand van die fasiliteit, fasiliteer. Die navorsing ten opsigte van die prioritiserings metode is uitgevoer deur literatuur met terugvoer van bedryfskundiges te kombineer. Die literatuur wat geraadpleeg is handel oor die ondersoek na die komponente van gewapende beton reservoirs en degenerasiemeganismes wat hierdie komponente beïnvloed. Die studie dui aan dat, aan die hand van die bedryfskundiges se terugvoer, sommige komponente meer as ander tot die algehele toestand van die fasiliteit bydra. Hierdie bydrae is gebaseer op die belangrikheid van die komponent in terme van die voorsiening van dien ek veiligheid. Dus, is die geval van n beton reservoir, is die mure meer van beland as die toegans komponente in terme van voorsiening van diens en veiligheid. Die navorsing gee te kenne dat indien die prioritiserings metode suksesvol geïmplementeer kan word, dit die gebruiker bykomende inligting kan gee wat gebruik kan word om die instandhoudingsaktiviteite te prioritiseer op beide netwerk en komponente vlak. Verder, mag daar ’n omvattende bateregister van gewapende beton reservoirs ontwikkel kan word wat dus sal help met die finansiële beplanning rondom die instandhouding van hierdie strukture.

published_or_final_version / Real Estate and Construction / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Civil Infrastructure is needed both in the developed world and in developing countries. However, governments alone can no longer deliver the much needed projects mainly because of lack of money, but also due to the lack of technical skills and a changing type of citizenry. In today’s world, governments have to consult the market place to efficiently and optimally deliver the much needed infrastructure. The case for Public-Private Partnerships being better than the options of government run projects or fully privatized projects is that Public-Private Partnerships offer real advantages in three major areas: 1) risk benefits (financial, legal and project related benefits), 2) management and communication benefits (within the partnership but also importantly between both partners and the general public), and 3) the value addition to the public common good. / text