Hansen and Hansen (1988) found that angry targets in happy crowds were found more quickly and accurately than happy targets in angry crowds. This finding, they dubbed the Face-in-the-Crowd effect. Gilboa-Schechtman and colleagues (1999) found that high anxious participants show a greater enhancement of detecting angry versus happy targets. The purpose of the current studies was to replicate these findings, and to determine whether Rational and Experiential decision-making styles play a role in target detection (Study One) and crowd searching (Study Two), and if these decision-making styles interact with affective predisposition for both reaction time and galvanic skin response in the face-in-the-crowd task. In Study One, I replicated the anger superiority effect and the Anxiety x Target interaction. I also found that the Rational Group tended to be faster than the Experiential Group overall. I found that the High Trait Anxious group had higher GSR than the Low Trait Anxious group averaged over both target conditions. The Rational group had higher GSR when presented with happy targets than when presented with angry targets whereas the Experiential group did not show this difference. In Study Two, I failed to replicate the anger inferiority effect of crowd searching, but I did find that the Rational group tended to be faster than the Experiential group, especially for angry crowd searching. I also found that the Low-State-Anxious-Rational group had lower galvanic skin responses than all other groups across all analyses. The most exciting finding of these two studies was that he Rational Group demonstrated a facility for the face-in-the-crowd task, validating decision-making style as an important dimension to be considered in future face-in-the-crowd research. The research also provided support for network theories and it is hoped that future studies might endeavor to explore facial processing with this theoretical framework in mind.

La tenerezza è la caratteristica più importante per definire l'accettabilità dei prodotti da parte dei consumatori, mentre le carni ottenute da bovini allevati con sistema estensivo solitamente sono dure. Dopo una dissertazione sulle reazioni biochimiche che avvengono durante il periodo di frollatura e che provoca l’intenerimento della carne, questo studio si è proposto di applicare diverse tecniche per migliorare la tenerezza della carne derivante da animali allevati in estensivo, cercando di modulare le reazioni biochimiche. In questo studio tre differenti tecniche, infusione di calcio (Ca), contrazione da freddo indotta (VFC) e la sospensione per le pelvi (PS), anziché per il tendine di Achille (AT), sono state testate in fase di pre-rigor sulla razza Maremmana e Frisona. L’infusione di Ca ha riportato uno sforzo di taglio più basso rispetto al gruppo di controllo (5,17 vs 10,48 kg) mentre il gruppo VFC ha occupato una posizione intermedia. L’attacco per le pelvi ha dimostrato una differenza significativa sullo sforzo di taglio e sulla lunghezza dei sarcomeri sui muscoli Longissimus thoracis e Biceps femoralis (4,26 vs 5,88 kg e 3,83 vs 4,78 kg e 1,97 e 1,64 µm e 2,10 vs 1,76 µm, rispettivamente per i muscoli per WBS e lunghezza dei sarcomeri in PS e AT). In conclusione, questi metodi possono influire sul processo di intenerimento della carne. / Tenderness is the most important characteristic to define products acceptability by consumers, while meat obtained from bull rearing in extensive system is usually tough. After a wide dissertation on biochemical reactions that occur during the ageing time that cause tenderization of meat, this study propose differences techniques to improve meat tenderness acting on this important pathway. In this study three different methods, Calcium infusion (Ca), Very Fast Chilling (VFC) and pelvic suspension hanging from aitch bone (PS) or the Achilles tendon (AT) are applied in pre-rigor phase on Maremmana and Holstein meat. Ca injection has reported the lowest shear force on cooked meat compared to control group (5.17 vs. 10.48 kg) instead VFC group has intermediate values. Pelvic hanging has shown significant differences on shear force and sarcomere length on Longissimus thoracis (LD) and Biceps femoralis (BF) muscles (4.26 vs. 5.88 kg and 3.83 vs. 4.78 kg and 1.97 and 1.64 µm and 2.10 vs. 1.76 µm respectively for LD and BF per WBS and sarcomere length in PS and AT). In conclusion these methods could influence tenderization processes even if the action of some processes are still unclear.

No description available.

O presente estudo consiste em analisar se o sistema atual de calibração das bombas de um determinado fabricante, baseado na entrada de parâmetros externos e consequente readequação interna por software é adequado para a correção dos volumes infundidos. A literatura carece de estudos sobre bombas de infusão peristálticas lineares, principalmente estudos metrológicos relacionados aos volumes infundidos. Esta carência relaciona-se entre outros fatores, pelos elevados custos das bombas de infusão, bem como à grande quantidade de horas de ensaios necessárias. Para isso, foram analisados os volumes infundidos em taxas mínima, intermediária e máxima de três bombas de infusão peristálticas lineares retiradas aleatoriamente de um hospital no estado do Paraná, que não passavam por manutenção havia exatos doze meses e estavam em uso contínuo no estabelecimento. Foram realizados ensaios em taxa fixa de 25 ml/h em 5 volumes diferentes ao longo da faixa habitual de uso. Também foram feitos ensaios em volume fixo de 10 ml variando-se a taxa de infusão entre 1 ml/h, 25 ml/h e 100 ml/h. Para análise estatística dos resultados, foi feito um teste de normalidade de Anderson-Darling, como a maioria dos resultados não apresentaram características de normalidade, foi feito uma análise do intervalo de confiança das medianas para análise dos resultados. Também foi necessário fazer uma ANOVA para verificação da influência das bombas e das taxas no volume infundido, seguido por uma análise de curva de erros e uma planilha para o cálculo de incertezas das medições. Foi possível verificar que os volumes infundidos pelas bombas deste fabricante, em sua maioria apresentaram mudanças significativas após o processo de calibração, com diminuição na variância e melhora na exatidão dos volumes programados. / This study examined whether the current system calibration of the pumps from a particular manufacturer, based on the input of external parameters and consequent internal readjustment by software, is suitable for the correction of infused volumes. The literature lacks studies on linear peristaltic pump infusion, especially metrological studies related to the infused volume. This deficiency relates among other factors, the high costs of infusion pumps as well as the large amount of hours required for testing. Therefore, the volumes were analyzed by infusing at minimum, intermediate and maximum rates of three linear peristaltic infusion pumps randomly taken from a hospital in the state of Paraná, which had not have maintenance in the latest 12 months and were in continuous use at the hospital. Assays were performed in flat rate of 25 ml / h in 5 different volumes over the usual range of use. Tests at a fixed volume of 10 ml varying the infusion rate at 1 ml/h, 25 ml/h and 100 ml/h were also made. For statistical analysis, an Anderson-Darling normality test was done, as most of the results did not show normal characteristics, an analysis of the confidence interval of the median for analysis of results was done. It was also necessary to do an ANOVA to check the influence of pumps and rates of infused volume, followed by a curve error analysis and a spreadsheet to calculate the measurements uncertainties. It was possible to verify that the volumes infused by the bombs from this manufacturer, at most, showed significant changes after the calibration process, decreasing variance and improving the accuracy of programmed volumes.

O presente estudo consiste em analisar se o sistema atual de calibração das bombas de um determinado fabricante, baseado na entrada de parâmetros externos e consequente readequação interna por software é adequado para a correção dos volumes infundidos. A literatura carece de estudos sobre bombas de infusão peristálticas lineares, principalmente estudos metrológicos relacionados aos volumes infundidos. Esta carência relaciona-se entre outros fatores, pelos elevados custos das bombas de infusão, bem como à grande quantidade de horas de ensaios necessárias. Para isso, foram analisados os volumes infundidos em taxas mínima, intermediária e máxima de três bombas de infusão peristálticas lineares retiradas aleatoriamente de um hospital no estado do Paraná, que não passavam por manutenção havia exatos doze meses e estavam em uso contínuo no estabelecimento. Foram realizados ensaios em taxa fixa de 25 ml/h em 5 volumes diferentes ao longo da faixa habitual de uso. Também foram feitos ensaios em volume fixo de 10 ml variando-se a taxa de infusão entre 1 ml/h, 25 ml/h e 100 ml/h. Para análise estatística dos resultados, foi feito um teste de normalidade de Anderson-Darling, como a maioria dos resultados não apresentaram características de normalidade, foi feito uma análise do intervalo de confiança das medianas para análise dos resultados. Também foi necessário fazer uma ANOVA para verificação da influência das bombas e das taxas no volume infundido, seguido por uma análise de curva de erros e uma planilha para o cálculo de incertezas das medições. Foi possível verificar que os volumes infundidos pelas bombas deste fabricante, em sua maioria apresentaram mudanças significativas após o processo de calibração, com diminuição na variância e melhora na exatidão dos volumes programados. / This study examined whether the current system calibration of the pumps from a particular manufacturer, based on the input of external parameters and consequent internal readjustment by software, is suitable for the correction of infused volumes. The literature lacks studies on linear peristaltic pump infusion, especially metrological studies related to the infused volume. This deficiency relates among other factors, the high costs of infusion pumps as well as the large amount of hours required for testing. Therefore, the volumes were analyzed by infusing at minimum, intermediate and maximum rates of three linear peristaltic infusion pumps randomly taken from a hospital in the state of Paraná, which had not have maintenance in the latest 12 months and were in continuous use at the hospital. Assays were performed in flat rate of 25 ml / h in 5 different volumes over the usual range of use. Tests at a fixed volume of 10 ml varying the infusion rate at 1 ml/h, 25 ml/h and 100 ml/h were also made. For statistical analysis, an Anderson-Darling normality test was done, as most of the results did not show normal characteristics, an analysis of the confidence interval of the median for analysis of results was done. It was also necessary to do an ANOVA to check the influence of pumps and rates of infused volume, followed by a curve error analysis and a spreadsheet to calculate the measurements uncertainties. It was possible to verify that the volumes infused by the bombs from this manufacturer, at most, showed significant changes after the calibration process, decreasing variance and improving the accuracy of programmed volumes.

Durante a cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio com circulação extracorpórea e hipotermia (CEC-H) ocorre alteração na efetividade do propofol e na sua farmacocinética realizada a partir das concentrações plasmáticas do propofol total no decurso do tempo. A ligação do propofol à proteína plasmática parece estar alterada em consequência de diversos fatores incluindo a hemodiluição e a heparinização que ocorre no início da circulação extracorpórea, uma vez que se reportou anteriormente que a concentração plasmática do propofol livre aumentou durante a realização da circulação extracorpórea normotérmica. Por outro lado, a infusão alvo controlada é recomendada para manter a concentração plasmática do propofol equivalente ao alvo de 2 &#181g/mL durante a intervenção cirúrgica com CEC-H. Se alterações significativas na hipnose do propofol ocorrem nesses pacientes, então o efeito aumentado desse agente hipnótico poderia estar relacionado à redução na extensão da ligação do fármaco as proteínas plasmáticas; entretanto, o assunto ainda permanece em discussão e necessita de investigações adicionais. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi investigar as concentrações plasmáticas de propofol livre em pacientes durante a revascularização do miocárdio com e sem o procedimento de CEC-H através da abordagem PK-PD. Dezenove pacientes foram alocados e estratificados para realização de cirurgia de revascularização do miocárdio com circulação extracorpórea (CEC-H, n=10) ou sem circulação extracorpórea (NCEC, n=9). Os pacientes foram anestesiados com sufentanil e propofol alvo de 2 &#181g/mL. Realizou-se coleta seriada de sangue para estudo farmacocinético e o efeito foi monitorado através do índice bispectral (BIS) para medida da profundidade da hipnose no período desde a indução da anestesia até 12 horas após o término da infusão de propofol, em intervalos de tempo pré-determinados no protocolo de estudo. As concentrações plasmáticas foram determinadas através de método bioanalítico pela técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência. A farmacocinética foi investigada a partir da aplicação do modelo aberto de dois compartimentos, PK Solutions v. 2. A análise PK-PD foi realizada no Graph Pad Prisma v.5.0 após a escolha do modelo do efeito máximo (EMAX sigmóide, slope variável). Os dados foram analisados utilizando o Prisma v. 5.0, p<0,05, significância estatística. As concentrações plasmáticas de propofol total foram comparáveis nos dois grupos (CEC-H e NCEC); entretanto o grupo CEC-H evidenciou aumento na concentração do propofol livre de 2 a 5 vezes em função da redução na ligação do fármaco às proteínas plasmáticas. A farmacocinética do propofol livre mostrou diferença significativa entre os grupos no processo de distribuição pelo prolongamento da meia vida e aumento do volume aparente, e no processo de eliminação em função do aumento na depuração plasmática e redução na meia vida biológica no grupo CEC-H. A escolha do modelo EMAX sigmóide, slope variável foi adequada uma vez que se evidenciou alta correlação entre os valores do índice bispectral e as concentrações plasmáticas do propofol livre (r2>0.90, P<0.001) para os pacientes investigados. / During coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) profound changes occur on propofol effect and on kinetic disposition related to total drug plasma measurements in these patients. It was reported that drug plasma binding could be altered as a consequence of hemodilution and heparinization before starts CPB since free propofol plasma levels was increased by twice under normothermic procedure. In addition, the target controlled infusion (TCI) is recommended to maintain propofol plasma concentration (2 &#181g/mL) during CABG CPB-H intervention. However, whether significant changes that occur in propofol hypnosis in these patients could be related to the reduction on the extension of drug plasma binding remain unclear and under discussion until now. Then, the objective of this study was to investigate propofol free plasma levels in patients undergoing CABG with and without CPB by a pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics (PK-PD) approach. Nineteen patients were scheduled for on-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG-CPB, n=10) or off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (OPCABG, n=9) were anesthetized with sufentanil and propofol TCI (2 &#181g/mL). Blood samples were collected for drug plasma measurements and BIS were applied to access the depth of hypnosis from the induction of anesthesia up to 12 hours after the end of propofol infusion, at predetermined intervals. Plasma drug concentrations were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography, followed by a propofol pharmacokinetic analysis based on two compartment open model, PK Solutions v.2; PK-PD analysis was performed by applying EMAX model, sigmoid shape-variable slope and data were analyzed using Prisma v. 5.0, considering p<0.05 as significant difference between groups. The total propofol plasma concentrations were comparable in both groups during CABG; however it was shown in CPB-group significant increases in propofol free plasma concentration by twice to fivefold occur as a consequence of drug plasma protein binding reduced in these patients. Pharmacokinetics of free propofol in CPB-H group compared to OPCAB group based on two compartment open model was significantly different by the prolongation of distribution half-life, increases on plasma clearance, and biological half-life shortened. In addition, the kinetic disposition of propofol changes in a different manner considering free drug levels in the CPB-H group against OPCAB group as follows: prolongation of distribution half-life and increases on volume of distribution, remaining unchanged biological half-life in spite of plasma clearance increased. BIS values showed a strong correlation with free drug levels (r2>0.90, P<0.001) in CPB-H group and also in OPCAB group by the chosen EMAX model sigmoid shape-variable slope analyzed by GraphPad Prisma v.5.0.

Virtually any construction project in our climate zone is facing some form of moisture. Older and historical buildings are mostly affected by the negative impact of water. Previously, the additional reduction of the moisture was executed only by mechanical methods, pushing insulating sheets or breaking through and cutting of masonry. Over time chemical methods were also invented, which are compared to the mechanical considerably simpler and user friendly applications to statics of treated buildings, making them ideal for the treatment of historical buildings or buildings that would not bear significant disruption. The main principle of chemical methods of redevelopment of wet masonry is the application of special material into the line of drilled holes with a given pitch. Subsequent penetration of the grouting material is believed to intersect an arc of individual drill holes, and thus to create so-called grout curtain that prevents the accumulation of water above it. Injection material may also contain a proportion of secondary raw materials, thereby reducing the influence of the impact of production on the environment. Efficiency infusion materials in masonry affected by many factors, such as temperature, humidity, or the type of material treated. It is also an important factor to determine the effectiveness of the remediation of the material, proving its ability to penetrate the building material by identifying its presence in it.

Increased moisture of masonry occurs mainly in older buildings. In some cases these problems arise even in new buildings. This issue should be properly treated and process of rehabilitation of the building must be executed. Humid walls can be treated by chemical injections, which is nowadays quite extensive and widely used method. Unlike mechanical methods humid walls in the implementation of chemical grouting does not need a major redesign and thus is friendly to the construction of the object. The main objective of this thesis is to establish a methodology for testing the injection materials, which will include a selection of ideal injection gel.

El presente trabajo de investigación trata de la producción mediante servicio de maquila y la comercialización de tés de 45 gr. con la marca Hibiscus que es una mezcla de hojas deshidratadas de planta aromáticas, medicinales que mantienen sus nutrientes y propiedades funcionales, tales como: digestivo, relajante y antioxidante como una solución para mejorar la salud y bienestar del consumidor. Además, para simplificar el proceso de preparación del filtrado del té, la presentación del producto trae un infusor de té para taza. En este sentido, para posicionar el producto en el consumidor, se buscará que la experiencia del consumidor relacione el producto con la salud en el segmento de varones y mujeres de 25 a 55 años de edad del nivel socioeconómico A y B que residen en Lima Moderna de Lima Metropolitana, con estilo de vida sofisticado y moderno, que cuidan su imagen personal y prefieren productos saludables que les facilite ahorro de tiempo en la preparación. Cabe indicar, el negocio Hibiscus tiene potencial crecimiento por la tendencia de la alimentación saludable, el crecimiento promedio de la venta anual es 4%. Hibiscus Té será distribuido por el canal directo a través de módulo de venta en Jockey Plaza y Marketplace de Facebook y por el canal indirecto en tiendas saludables como son: Sanahoria, Flora y Fauna, Ecotienda, y plataformas webs: ecotienda.pe, limaorganica.pe y mercadillo.pe. también, se contará con delivery para la entrega del pedido en 24 horas. / He following business research paper deals with the production process, marketing and sales of 45 gr. packed teas under the brand ‘Hibiscus’. The teas contain a mixture of dehydrated, aromatic, medicinal plant leafs that maintain their nutrients and functional properties, such as: digestive, relaxing and antioxidant. They serve as a solution to improve consumer health and well-being. In addition, to simplify the process of preparing the tea (filtering), the product presentation comes with a tea infuser. In this sense, to adequately position the product in the market, we must provide a great consumer experience, making our customers relate the product with good health. Our range of consumers belong to the segment of 25 to 55 year old men & women, of the socioeconomic levels A and B, who reside in the metropolitan, modern area of Lima. They have a sophisticated and modern lifestyle, take care of their personal image and prefer healthy products that facilitate saving time in preparation. It should be noted that the Hibiscus business has good potential growth due to the trend of healthy eating. The average growth of annual sales is projected at 4%. Hibiscus Tea will be distributed through a direct channel by the sales module in Jockey Plaza, via Facebook Marketplace, and through the indirect channel in a variety of healthy stores. These include: Sanahoria, Flora and Fauna, Ecotienda, and web platforms such as ecotienda.pe, limaorganica.pe and mercadillo.pe. Finally, there will be a delivery service for orders made during a 24 hours scale. / Trabajo de investigación

Reading and writing curricula in more than 50% of America's schools have not been successful in assisting students to meet mandated academic performances for a number of reasons, including lack of student motivation and self-esteem. Research studies indicated that music can influence student motivation and academic performance in subjects such as language arts and that a music-infused curriculum could generate the positive difference between academic failure and academic success. For this qualitative case study with a constructivist paradigm, the purpose was to observe, document, and analyze music-infused lessons used by 4 teachers from prekindergarten to 5th grade with the goal to enhance students' language arts skills. The study examined teachers' perspectives and the instructional tools they used to stimulate and motivate students to strive toward academic success. It included interviews, a focus group, and observations with the participants. Data were coded, transcribed, analyzed, and evaluated for the final documented results, which revealed the benefits teachers experienced and the positive changes they noticed in their students from using music infusion in language arts. Findings revealed that students were more motivated, exhibited better attitudes, and had sustained attention and better retention of lessons taught with a music-infused structure. A recommendation is that administrators allow teachers more opportunities and flexibility to collaborate and assist with developing music-infused lessons to align with their language arts curriculum. Overall, the implications for social change were significant for educators, administrators, and students by providing an alternative method to teaching language arts that can increase motivational levels and academic success of struggling students.