Este estudo determinou e comparou os efeitos da administração epidural ou infusão contínua intravenosa de dexmedetomidina em gatas anestesiadas com propofol e isofluorano para realização de ovariossalpingohisterectomia. Vinte e uma gatas (peso: 3.06&plusmn;0.35 kg) foram pré-tratadas com dexmedetomidina (4 mcg.kg-1, IM). Quinze minutos depois, administrou-se propofol para permitir entubação orotraqueal seguido de manutenção anestésica com isofluorano diluído em oxigênio por um circuito Mapleson D com respiração espontânea. As gatas foram distribuídas aleatoriamente, em três grupos, onde receberam, por via epidural, lidocaína (1 mg.kg-1, G1, n=7) ou lidocaína (1 mg.kg-1) + dexmedetomidina (4 mcg.kg-1, G2, n=7) ou lidocaína (1 mg.kg-1) + infusão contínua intravenosa de dexmedetomidina (0,25 mcg.kg-1.min-1, G3, n=7). O volume da solução para administração epidural foi ajustada para 0.3 mL.kg-1 com solução salina. A profundidade anestésica foi realizada por um único avaliador que não possuía conhecimento dos fármacos empregados pela via epidural e intravenosa. Foram mensurados freqüência cardíaca (FC) e respiratória (FR), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e temperatura retal (TR) antes e quinze minutos após a medicação pré-anestésica. Durante a anestesia, FC, FR, pressões arteriais, concentração expirada de CO2, concentração expirada de isofluorano (ISOe), TR e grau de relaxamento muscular foram avaliados em intervalos de 15 minutos de 20 até 80 minutos. A hemogasometria foi realizada aos 20 e 80 minutos após a indução anestésica. Os valores de FC, FR, TR, escore de analgesia, qualidade e os tempos de recuperação anestésica foram avaliados por três horas após o término da anestesia. Utilizou-se o teste t pareado para avaliar os efeitos do pré-tratamento e os valores hemogasométricos nos dois momentos. O teste análise de variância seguido de Tukey e Friedmann seguido de Dunn foram realizados para variáveis paramétricas e não paramétricas respectivamente (p&LT;0.05). O pré-tratamento com dexmedetomidina reduziu a FC, FR, PAS e TR. A dose de propofol utilizada para indução anestésica foi 7.4&plusmn;1.4 mg.kg-1. Quando comparado ao G1, a dexmedetomidina, por via epidural, reduziu significativamente a FC dos 20 aos 65 minutos da anestesia e aos 150 e 180 minutos após o término da anestesia, entretanto, por infusão contínua intravenosa reduziu a FC em todos os momentos avaliados da anestesia e recuperação anestésica. Quando comparado ao G2, a infusão contínua intravenosa de dexmedetomidina reduziu a FC aos 60 e 90 minutos da recuperação anestésica. No G1 a média&plusmn;DP ISOe variou de 0.86&plusmn;0.28% a 1.91&plusmn;0.63% de 20 a 80 minutos. Neste período, ISOe foi significativamente menor no G2 (variação de 0.70&plusmn;0.12% a 0.97&plusmn;0.20%) e G3 (variação de 0.69&plusmn;0.12% to 1.17&plusmn;0.25%). Aos 20 minutos, a PaCO2 foi significativamente superior em G3 em relação ao G1. Os tempos de recuperação anestésica foram significativamente menores no G1, exceto o tempo de extubação se comparado ao G2. Não houve diferença significativa nas outras variáveis entre os três grupos. Conclui-se que o pré-tratamento com dexmedetomidina promoveu depressão cardiorrespiratória. A administração epidural e a infusão contínua intravenosa de dexmedetomidina reduziram o consumo do agente inalatório e produziram recuperação de melhor qualidade e mais prolongada. As administrações de dexmedetomidina causaram bradicardia, porém sem afetar a pressão arterial. / This study compared the effects of epidural or continuous intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine in isoflurane-anesthetized cats undergoing ovariohysterectomy. Twenty-one cats (weight: 3.06±0.35 kg) were premedicated with dexmedetomidine (4 mcg.kg-1, IM). Fifteen minutes later, propofol was titrated to allow endotracheal intubation and anesthesia was maintained in spontaneously breathing cats with isoflurane in oxygen using a Mapleson D system. Cats were randomly allocated to receive either epidural lidocaine (1 mg.kg-1, G1, n=7) or epidural lidocaine (1 mg.kg-1) + dexmedetomidine (4 mcg.kg-1, G2, n=7) or epidural lidocaine (1 mg.kg-1) + continuous intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine (0,25 mcg.kg-1. min-1, G3, n=7). The volume of either epidural injection was adjusted to 0.3 mL.kg-1 with saline. The individual controlling depth of anesthesia was blinded to the drug being administered epidurally and intravenouslly. Heart (HR) and respiratory (RR) rates, systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP) and rectal temperature (RT) were recorded before and after 15 minutes of premedication. During anesthesia, heart (HR) and respiratory (RR) rates, invasive arterial blood pressures, end-tidal CO2, end-tidal isoflurane (ISOe), RT and muscular relaxation were recorded at 15 minute intervals from 20 until 80 minutes. Arterial blood gases were measured at 20 and 80 min after induction. HR, RR, RT, analgesia score, and recovery quality and times were compared for 3 hours after end of anesthesia. Paired t test were performed to compare the premedication effects and arterial blood gases at differents intervals. ANOVA with Tukey post-test and Friedmann with Dunn post-test were performed to parametric and nonparametric values, respectively (P<0.05). Dexmedetomidine premedication decreased HR, RR, SAP and RT. The induction dose of propofol was 7.4±1.4 mg.kg-1. When compared to the G1, epidural dexmedetomidine significantly decreased HR from 20 to 65 minutes of anesthesia and 150 and 180 minutes after end of anesthesia, however, continuous intravenous infusion decreased HR all times during anesthesia and recovery time. When compared to G2, continuous intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine decreased HR at 60 and 90 minutes during recovery. In the G1 mean±SD ISOe concentrations ranged form 0.86±0.28% to 1.91±0.63% from 20 to 80 min. At the same time interval, ISOe concentrations were significantly lower in the G2 (ISOe ranged from 0.70±0.12% to 0.97±0.20%) and G3 (ISOe ranged from 0.69±0.12% to 1.17±0.25%). PaCO2 was significantly greater in G3 than G1 at 20 minutes. The recovery times were significantly lower in the G1 except for extubation time when compared with G2. There were no significant differences among groups for the remaining variables. It was concluded that premedication with dexmedetomidine produced cardiorespiratory depression. Epidural administration and continuous intravenous infusion of dexmedetomidine significantly reduced inhalant requirements for maintaining anesthesia and produced a better anesthesia recovery although of longer duration. Dexmedetomidine administration may cause bradycardia, however reduced HR does not affect arterial blood pressure.

Introdução: flebite é um dos eventos adversos presente em grande parte das instituições de saúde podendo comprometer a assistência ao paciente. A compreensão do tema faz-se importante para que melhor possam ser trabalhadas estratégias de prevenção e para tanto, é imprescindível conhecer suas características e eventuais associações relacionadas ao seu aparecimento. O estudo teve como objetivo geral avaliar as características dos pacientes com flebites notificadas e características desses eventos adversos em um hospital de médio porte em Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Material e Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, exploratório, retrospectivo e transversal, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto/USP com coleta de dados das notificações realizadas entre 2012 a 2014. Na instituição hospitalar em que o estudo foi desenvolvido, 373 pacientes apresentaram 436 episódios de flebites. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um instrumento tendo como fonte de consulta as fichas de notificação e prontuários eletrônicos dos pacientes. Resultados: a média de flebite em 2012 foi de 2,13%(±0,009), em 2013 de 2,91%(±0,010) e em 2014 de 1,84%(±0,008), inferiores a 5%, que é o aceitável; a idade média dos pacientes foi de 59,3 anos sendo 50,7% do sexo feminino e 82,8% de cor branca. A Pneumonia foi o diagnóstico que mais levou à internação e 49,6% dos pacientes tinham hipertensão. Ocorreram 436 flebites com destaque a um paciente em que ocorreram cinco flebites no período de 30 dias; a classificação da flebite com maior ocorrência foi a de grau 2 (45,4%), o calibre do cateter mais utilizado foi o 22 G (29,7%); o local mais utilizado para punção dos acessos venosos foi o membro superior esquerdo (53,4%); os profissionais que mais realizaram as punções foram auxiliares/técnicos de enfermagem (62,6%). Quanto aos medicamentos utilizados na vigência das flebites, 96,2% eram antibióticos; o tempo de permanência do cateter desde sua inserção até o momento em a flebite apareceu foi de 48 horas (31,1); 20,9% das flebites notificadas eram de punções realizadas em outros serviços, que não a instituição onde o estudo foi realizado. Ocorreu variação nos resultados de exames coletados anterior e posteriormente à ocorrência da flebite como Hemoglobina, Glóbulos Brancos, Proteína C Reativa e Plaquetas; no entanto, apenas os dois últimos apresentaram resultados estatisticamente significantes (p=0,0095 e p=0,0001 respectivamente). Observa-se resultado estatisticamente significante (p=0,0172) na associação da flebite de grau 2 com o cateter de calibre n°22 G. Conclusão: o estudo agrega conhecimentos à área da enfermagem e é o primeiro abordando este tema realizado na instituição hospitalar. Apesar de o numero de flebite ser menor que o aceitável pela literatura, é preciso empenho e dedicação para que esse índice diminua ainda mais, pois isso influencia diretamente na qualidade da assistência e na segurança do paciente / Introduction: phlebitis is one of the adverse events presented in most part of health institutions that can put assistance to patients in danger. The comprehension of this theme made of great importance for a better worked prevention strategy and therefore, it is vital to know its characteristics and casual associations related to its appearance. The study has as general objective evaluate the phlebitis patients´characteristics notified and these adverse events characteristics in a medium-sized hospital in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Material and Method: it is about a quantitative, descriptive, exploratory, retrospective and transversal study, approved by the Ethical Committee in Research from Nursing School in Ribeirão Preto/USP with the notification data collection applied out between 2012 to 2014. At the hospital institution which the study was developed, 373 patients presented 436 phlebitis episodes. The data were collected through an instrument having as source the notification records and patients electronical handbooks. Results: the phlebitis average in 2012 was 2,13%(±0,009), in 2013 2,91%(±0,010) and in 2014 1,84%(±0,008), inferior to 5%, which is acceptable; the mean age patients was 59,3 years old being 50,7 female and 82,8% white skin. Pneumonia was the diagnosis that took patients to hospital admission and 49,6% of the patients had hypertension. 436 phlebitis occurred with emphasis to one patient that had five phlebitis within 30 days; the phlebitis classification with higher occurrence was of degree 2 (45,4%), the most used caliber catheter was 22 G (29,7%); the most used for vein puncture access was the left upper limb (53,4%); the professional who most performed vein puncture were assistants/technical nursing (32,6%). According to the medications used during phlebitis moments, 96,2% were antibiotics; the time spent for the catheter since its insertion until the moment that the phlebitis appeared was 48 hours (31,1); 20,9% of notified phlebitis were from other punctures applied in other services, which were not in the institution that the study was conducted. It occurred variation in the collected exam results before and after the phlebitis occurrence like hemoglobin, white blood cells, Reactive Protein C; therefore, only the two last ones presented significant statistically results (p=0,0095 and p=0,0001 respectively). It is observed significant statistically results (p= 0,0172) in association with phlebitis of degree 2 with the catheter of caliber number 22 G. Conclusion: the study adds knowledge to the area of nursing and it is the first approaching theme that has happened in the hospital institution. Despite the number of phlebitis being smaller than the acceptable by the literature, it is necessary effort and dedication to this index diminish even more, because of that it directly influences in the patient´s assistance quality and the patient´s security

Orientador: José Antonio Marques / Banca: Jorge Luiz de Oliveira Costa / Banca: Carlos Augusto Araujo Valadão / Resumo: Foram utilizados 20 suínos machos ou fêmeas, distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais, grupo 1 (G1) e grupo 2 (G2). Empregouse como medicação pré-anestésica (MPA) azaperona 1,0 mg/kg e midazolam 0,2 mg/kg, administrados por via intramuscular, nos animais de ambos os grupos. Decorridos 15 minutos da aplicação da MPA, aos animais dos grupos 1 e 2, procedeuse a indução anestésica com propofol na dose de 4,0 mg/kg, via intravenosa, mantendo-se por infusão contínua, por via intravenosa, propofol na dose de 0,4 mg/kg/minuto, durante uma hora. Aos animais do G2, administrou-se um "bolus" de tramadol na dose de 4,0 mg/kg, por via intravenosa, logo após a indução anestésica com propofol. Avaliaram-se as freqüências cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal, sedação, intubação orotraqueal, analgesia, pressões arteriais (sistólica, diastólica e média), saturação da oxihemoglobina, reflexos protetores, dosagem de cortisol e recuperação (tempo de extubação, tempo para decúbito esternal, tempo para posição quadrupedal), entre os grupos, dentro de cada momento. As freqüências cardíaca e respiratória e a dosagem de cortisol apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre os momentos. A temperatura retal apresentou efeito significativo (P<0,05) da interação entre grupo e momento. As pressões arteriais (sistólica, diastólica e média) apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre grupos e momentos. Os reflexos protetores (ocular, palpebral e anal), apresentaram diferenças significativas (P 0,05) entre os grupos, assim como o tempo de extubação, um dos parâmetros de recuperação. Sedação, intubação orotraqueal, analgesia, saturação de oxihemoglobina, tempo para decúbito esternal e tempo para posição quadrupedal não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os grupos e nem entre momentos. / Abstract: Twenty swines were used, among males or females, both duly spreaded over randomly performed, in two experimental groups: group 1 (G1) and group 2 (G2). The pre-anesthesic medication made up of an association of azaperone 1,0 mg/kg and midazolam 0,2 mg/kg, together IM, was common to both groups. After 15 minutes of the application of the pre-anesthesic medication, to the animals of the groups 1 and 2, the anesthesic induction with propofol was proceeded on the basis of 4,0 mg/kg, intravenous via, keeping a the a continuous intravenous infusion with the same drug, on the basis of 0,4 mg/kg/min, during the period of an hour. The G2 animals, it was administered a "bolus" of tramadol on the basis of 4,0 mg/kg, intravenous via, shortly after the anesthesic induction with propofol. It was assessed both cardiac and respiratory frequencies, rectal temperature, sedation, orotraqueal induction, analgesia, arterial pressures (systolic, diastolic and average), oxihemoglobine saturation, protective reflexes, cortisol dosage and recovery (extubation time, time for esternal decubitus and time for a four-footed standing), among the groups, within each moment. Both cardiac and respiratory frequencies besides the cortisol dosage showed significative differences (P<0,05) among the moments. The rectal temperature showed significative effect (P<0,05) in the interaction among groups and moments. The arterial pressures (systolic, diastolic and average) showed substantial differences (P<0,05) among groups and moments. The protective reflexes (ocular, eye-lids and rectal), showed substantial differences (P 0,05) among the groups, as well the time of extubation, one of the parameters of recovery. Sedation, orotraqueal intubation, analgesia, oxihemoglobine saturation, time for esternal decubitus and time for four-footed standing, did not present significative differences (P>0,05) among groups and nor among moments. / Mestre

Introdução: flebite é um dos eventos adversos presente em grande parte das instituições de saúde podendo comprometer a assistência ao paciente. A compreensão do tema faz-se importante para que melhor possam ser trabalhadas estratégias de prevenção e para tanto, é imprescindível conhecer suas características e eventuais associações relacionadas ao seu aparecimento. O estudo teve como objetivo geral avaliar as características dos pacientes com flebites notificadas e características desses eventos adversos em um hospital de médio porte em Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Material e Método: trata-se de um estudo quantitativo, descritivo, exploratório, retrospectivo e transversal, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Escola de Enfermagem de Ribeirão Preto/USP com coleta de dados das notificações realizadas entre 2012 a 2014. Na instituição hospitalar em que o estudo foi desenvolvido, 373 pacientes apresentaram 436 episódios de flebites. Os dados foram coletados por meio de um instrumento tendo como fonte de consulta as fichas de notificação e prontuários eletrônicos dos pacientes. Resultados: a média de flebite em 2012 foi de 2,13%(±0,009), em 2013 de 2,91%(±0,010) e em 2014 de 1,84%(±0,008), inferiores a 5%, que é o aceitável; a idade média dos pacientes foi de 59,3 anos sendo 50,7% do sexo feminino e 82,8% de cor branca. A Pneumonia foi o diagnóstico que mais levou à internação e 49,6% dos pacientes tinham hipertensão. Ocorreram 436 flebites com destaque a um paciente em que ocorreram cinco flebites no período de 30 dias; a classificação da flebite com maior ocorrência foi a de grau 2 (45,4%), o calibre do cateter mais utilizado foi o 22 G (29,7%); o local mais utilizado para punção dos acessos venosos foi o membro superior esquerdo (53,4%); os profissionais que mais realizaram as punções foram auxiliares/técnicos de enfermagem (62,6%). Quanto aos medicamentos utilizados na vigência das flebites, 96,2% eram antibióticos; o tempo de permanência do cateter desde sua inserção até o momento em a flebite apareceu foi de 48 horas (31,1); 20,9% das flebites notificadas eram de punções realizadas em outros serviços, que não a instituição onde o estudo foi realizado. Ocorreu variação nos resultados de exames coletados anterior e posteriormente à ocorrência da flebite como Hemoglobina, Glóbulos Brancos, Proteína C Reativa e Plaquetas; no entanto, apenas os dois últimos apresentaram resultados estatisticamente significantes (p=0,0095 e p=0,0001 respectivamente). Observa-se resultado estatisticamente significante (p=0,0172) na associação da flebite de grau 2 com o cateter de calibre n°22 G. Conclusão: o estudo agrega conhecimentos à área da enfermagem e é o primeiro abordando este tema realizado na instituição hospitalar. Apesar de o numero de flebite ser menor que o aceitável pela literatura, é preciso empenho e dedicação para que esse índice diminua ainda mais, pois isso influencia diretamente na qualidade da assistência e na segurança do paciente / Introduction: phlebitis is one of the adverse events presented in most part of health institutions that can put assistance to patients in danger. The comprehension of this theme made of great importance for a better worked prevention strategy and therefore, it is vital to know its characteristics and casual associations related to its appearance. The study has as general objective evaluate the phlebitis patients´characteristics notified and these adverse events characteristics in a medium-sized hospital in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo. Material and Method: it is about a quantitative, descriptive, exploratory, retrospective and transversal study, approved by the Ethical Committee in Research from Nursing School in Ribeirão Preto/USP with the notification data collection applied out between 2012 to 2014. At the hospital institution which the study was developed, 373 patients presented 436 phlebitis episodes. The data were collected through an instrument having as source the notification records and patients electronical handbooks. Results: the phlebitis average in 2012 was 2,13%(±0,009), in 2013 2,91%(±0,010) and in 2014 1,84%(±0,008), inferior to 5%, which is acceptable; the mean age patients was 59,3 years old being 50,7 female and 82,8% white skin. Pneumonia was the diagnosis that took patients to hospital admission and 49,6% of the patients had hypertension. 436 phlebitis occurred with emphasis to one patient that had five phlebitis within 30 days; the phlebitis classification with higher occurrence was of degree 2 (45,4%), the most used caliber catheter was 22 G (29,7%); the most used for vein puncture access was the left upper limb (53,4%); the professional who most performed vein puncture were assistants/technical nursing (32,6%). According to the medications used during phlebitis moments, 96,2% were antibiotics; the time spent for the catheter since its insertion until the moment that the phlebitis appeared was 48 hours (31,1); 20,9% of notified phlebitis were from other punctures applied in other services, which were not in the institution that the study was conducted. It occurred variation in the collected exam results before and after the phlebitis occurrence like hemoglobin, white blood cells, Reactive Protein C; therefore, only the two last ones presented significant statistically results (p=0,0095 and p=0,0001 respectively). It is observed significant statistically results (p= 0,0172) in association with phlebitis of degree 2 with the catheter of caliber number 22 G. Conclusion: the study adds knowledge to the area of nursing and it is the first approaching theme that has happened in the hospital institution. Despite the number of phlebitis being smaller than the acceptable by the literature, it is necessary effort and dedication to this index diminish even more, because of that it directly influences in the patient´s assistance quality and the patient´s security

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-128).

Fragaria ananassa, generally known as strawberry is a nutritious fruit that is rich in polyphenols and widely consumed as part of a healthy diet. Anthocyanins have been found to be the main group of phenolic components present in strawberry with pelargonidin-3-glucoside as the major component in all strawberry cultivars studied. The main volatile component has been identified as caryophyllene oxide, a sesquiterpene compound that was present abundantly in all cultivars. The effect of preharvest spray applications of a formulation containing hexanal which is known to enhance membrane preservation, was evaluated using two strawberry cultivars, ‘Jewel’ and ‘Mira’. Our results suggest that preharvest spray application of hexanal formulation results in biochemical changes that alter the profile of phenolic compounds and the volatiles of the fruit. An osmotic infusion treatment was implemented to generate an intermediate moisture food product with high quality and enhanced storage life that can be potentially used in processed food. Infusing strawberry with other functional ingredients such as fructoligosaccharides, lecithin, and ascorbic acid showed that the infused strawberry produced by this technique was structurally and organoleptically similar to fresh strawberry, and visually similar to the intial fruits. Drying of infused fruits could extend their shelf life up to several months, while providing fruit products with superior nutritional qualities. Subjecting strawberry fruit extract to a simulated in vitro digestion of strawberry greatly affected the polyphenol composition and concentrations during different stages of digestion. The concentrations of most polyphenols increased during gastric digestion suggesting that the acidic environment of the stomach may help to release polyphenols that are bound to the strawberry matrix. Following incubation of the IN and the OUT fractions with colonic bacteria, the presence of urolithin B glucunoride in the IN fraction and the increase of ellagic acid deoxyhexoside in both the IN and OUT fractions after fermentation process, suggest that the polyphenols are catabolized into simple phenolic compounds in the colon. The remaining polyphenols as well as the catabolites in the gut, could potentially have a beneficial effect in enhancing colonial health. / Ministry of Higher Education Malaysia, Universiti Putra Malaysia

For decades, organizations have used information technology (IT) to support their operational and managerial work. However, the use of IT varies considerably from one firm to another. Successful IT implementation occurs when IT is diffused to all organizational members and is used to the fullest potential (infusion). Prior studies tested several IT infusion enablers. However, they did not yield statistically significant results. These studies hypothesized IT diffusion enablers as IT infusion enablers. The lack of existing literature on IT infusion made theory-testing research rarely yield a reasonable result. In addition, the definitions and measures of IT infusion offered by existing literature are not validated. This study aims to identify factors that contribute to the different levels of IT infusion in the context of spreadsheet use in small audit firms and to offer a definition and measure of IT infusion. While prior studies have discussed several enablers of IT infusion, they have typically proposed enablers of IT diffusion rather than IT infusion. IT infusion is defined in this study as the use of IT to its fullest potential within a particular industry. Three aspects of infusion were identified in the prior literature. First, IT infusion refers to IT use within and across different business processes (extended use). For example, spreadsheets can be used to help auditors plan an audit, analyze data, and later create an audit report. Second, IT infusion refers to IT use in ways that establish the work-flow linkages within the work process (integrative use). For example, spreadsheets can be used to record data and the data is carried over for analysis and reporting. Third, IT infusion refers to IT use in tasks that could not be performed without IT (emergent use). For example, spreadsheets can be used to perform statistical analysis which cannot be done manually. The mixed methods research approach was chosen in order to provide a better understanding of the under-researched area of infusion. Use of theory-building approach from cases is likely to produce theory that is accurate and testable. Case studies are used for identifying IT enablers in real business settings. Quantitative data is collected using the survey questionnaire approach. In the first phase, a series of case studies were used to explore the concept of IT infusion in the audit context. All seven case firms were independent audit firms in Thailand with less than 100 employees. The firms helped identify a number of enablers of spreadsheet infusion. This study found infrastructure flexibility and training to be critical infusion enablers at an early implementation stage. At later stages, an IT champion, certain psychological factors, and social networks were found to be more important. The new measure was proven to incorporate all important IT infusion dimensions and to yield a reasonable range of scores enabling a complex statistical analysis. The study also used a questionnaire survey to gather data on spreadsheet infusion from 203 audit firms in Thailand. Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to test a research model that was based on the earlier case studies. The analysis confirmed the relationships among IT infusion enablers and the three pathways of use which formed the concept of IT infusion. Task variety, an IT champion, and routinization were found to be directly related to IT infusion. Infrastructure flexibility, social networks, and management support were also found to contribute to IT infusion through other enablers. It is recommended that future studies use the concept of task complexity when examining IT infusion. In addition, future studies should extend investigations on psychological factors of individuals that may affect organizational IT infusion.