No description available.

No description available.

Three experiments investigated the phenomenon of war contagion in the context of international relations, hypothesizing that past inter- (but not intra-) state war will facilitate future, unrelated interstate war. Americans showed stronger support for violent responses to new, unrelated interstate tensions after being reminded of an historical war between the U.S. and another state, as compared to an historical domestic war within the U.S. (Study 1). This war contagion effect was mediated by heightened perceived threat from, and negative images of, a fictitious country unrelated to the past war, indicating a generalized effect of past interstate war on perceived threat/images from any foreign country. The war contagion effect was further moderated by national glorification (Study 2). Largely replicating these effects with an additional baseline condition, Study 3 yielded further support for the generalized effect of past interstate war on perceived threat and images, this time with a real third-party country.

No description available.

The purpose of the present study was to investigate Linville's (1982) ingroup-outgroup complexity hypothesis through descriptive card sorts created by young, middle-aged, and older adults regarding their own and other age groups.

L’objectif général de la thèse est d’examiner le rôle de l’utilisation du langage dans la perpétuation des biais intergroupes. Plus spécifiquement, il s’agit d’étudier les conséquences du Biais Linguistique Intergroupe (Linguistic Intergroup Bias, LIB,Maass, Salvi, Arcuri, & Semin, 1989). Le LIB est une manifestation subtile du biais de favoritisme endogroupe au niveau langagier. Ce biais se traduit par l’utilisation préférentielle de termes abstraits, i.e. des adjectifs, pour décrire les comportements positifs des membres de l’endogroupe et négatifs des membres de l’exogroupe, et à l’inverse par l’utilisation de termes concrets, i.e. des verbes d’action, pour décrire les comportements négatifs des membres de l’endogroupe et positifs des membres de l’exogroupe. Il est généralement admis que le LIB participe au maintien et à latransmission des croyances sur les groupes (Wigboldus & Douglas, 2007), cependant les processus sous-jacents restent relativement peu étudiés. Cette thèse propose une approche normative des conséquences du LIB, en examinant l’évaluation de l’usage de l’abstraction linguistique en contexte intergroupe. Le programme de recherche se décline en huit études. Trois études portent sur les liens entre usage de l’abstraction linguistique et évaluation des biais du locuteurà l’égard du groupe décrit. Quatre études examinent ensuite les liens entre utilisation de l’abstraction et évaluation de la valeur du locuteur en tant que membre de son groupe. Enfin, la dernière étude porte sur les conséquences des réactions sociales envers l’utilisation du LIB sur la perception des normes et sur l’expression explicite des biais intergroupes. Globalement, les résultats soutiennent l’idée que l’usage de l’abstraction linguistique en contexte intergroupe, et donc leLIB, peut faire l’objet de régulations normatives. Les implications pour le rôle du LIB dans la perpétuation des biais intergroupes sont discutées / The general aim of this thesis is to examine the role of language use into the perpetuation of intergroup bias. More precisely,we investigate the consequences of the Linguistict Intergroup Bias (LIB, Maass, Salvi, Arcuri, & Semin, 1989). The LIB is a subtle expression of ingroup bias at a linguistic level. The LIB refers to the tendency to use preferentially abstracts terms, i.e. adjectives, to describe positive ingroup and negative outgroup behaviors, and in contrast to use concrete terms, i.e. action verbs, to describe negative ingroup and positive outgroup behaviors. The LIB is widely accepted as playing a role in the transmission and the maintenance of beliefs about groups (Wigboldus & Douglas, 2007), however little is known about the underlying processes. This thesis develops a normative approach of the consequences of the LIB, by examining theevaluation of the use of linguistic abstraction in intergroup context. The research program is divided in eight studies. Three studies focuses on the relationships between the use of linguistic abstraction and the evaluation of the speaker’s bias toward the group being described. Four studies examine the relationships between the use of linguistic abstraction and the evaluation of the speaker’s value as a group member. Finally, the last study focuses on the consequences of social reactions toward the use of the LIB on the perception of norms and on the explicit expression of intergroup bias. In general, our results indicate that the use of linguistic abstraction, and therefore the LIB, may be subject to normative regulations. The implications for the role of the LIB into the perpetuation of intergroup bias are discussed

Every society consists of two main parts: ingroup (“ours”) and outgroup (“other”). The values of these groups are different and it causes the antithesis exits between these groups. It can develop into the intolerance towards the opposite group. The ingroup has a tendency to overestimate itself while the outgroup is underestimated. Such situation has a tendency to instigate the formation of the stereotypes of the outgroup. Sometimes some qualities of outgroup can be related with crimes in the eyes of ingroup members. One can distinguish two main types of the outgroups in the society of Grand Duchy of Lithuania of the 17th century. The first group can be defined as infidels (Jewry, the Protestants, etc.) and the second – witches. Jewry became the out group because of the religious differences, traditions and behaviour features, etc. The intolerance towards the Jewry had could be stimulated by the existing economic competition. Usually the Jews had been blamed on economical crimes and swindles. Later the character of the accusations for the Jews had transformed. The image of swindling Jew had changed into the image of malevolent Jew, who harms To Christians purposely. The Jewry has been blamed having aim to pauperize the Christians. Later they had been blamed for beeing wishful to damage the Christian religion and to scorn it. Also the Jews had been accused for doing sacriledges, scorning the sacramental objects, stealing crucifixes, etc. Eventually the image of malevolent Jewry... [to full text]

abstract: The major goal of the current study was to extend previous research on adolescents' gender stereotyping by assessing adolescents' academic, classroom regulatory behavior, and occupational gender stereotypes. This was done by creating new measures of academic and classroom regulation gender stereotypes. Using these measures, adolescents' gender stereotypes in core academic subjects, school in general, and classroom behavior were assessed. The coherence of adolescents' stereotypes was also examined. Participants were 257 7th grade students (M age = 12 years old, range 11-13 years old; 47% male. Students were administered surveys containing several measures of stereotyping. The results indicated that, for academic subjects, contrary to expectations, very few adolescents held traditional gender stereotypes; instead, most endorsed egalitarian views. Moreover, unexpected patterns emerged in which adolescents reported counter-traditional academic stereotypes. When sex differences were found in stereotyping patterns, they could be explained in part by ingroup bias. Approximately half of the students stereotyped classroom regulatory behaviors and occupations. Results provided support for the coherence of gender stereotypes such that students who stereotyped in one domain tended to stereotype in other domains. Strengths and limitations of the present study were discussed. Potentially important steps remain for research on the relation between academic gender stereotyping and academic performance. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Family and Human Development 2012

Avec cette recherche, nous étudions l’impact de l’ostracisme (sentiment d’exclusion sociale)sur la performance à plusieurs tâches stéréotypées selon si celui-ci provient de personnes demême sexe ou de personnes de sexe opposé. Plusieurs travaux ont pu montrer quel’ostracisme pouvait altérer la performance cognitive (Baumeister, Twenge & Nuss, 2002).Des recherches ont pu également montrer que le fait de réaliser une tâche en même temps queplusieurs personnes de sexe opposé pouvait entraîner une diminution de performance si cettetâche était négativement stéréotypée pour le sexe de la personne c ible (Inzlicht & Ben-Zeev,2000). En référence à ces travaux, nous nous attendions à ce que l’ostracisme entraîne unediminution de performance et à ce que cet effet, pour une tâche négativement stéréotypée, soitd’autant plus fort que celui-ci provient de personnes de sexe opposé plutôt que de personnesde même sexe. Nous avons testé cette hypothèse à partir de 4 expériences : trois réalisées surdes échantillons féminin (avec une tâche numérique) et une sur un échantillon masculin (avecune tâche affective). Une analyse cumulée des expériences réalisées sur un échantillonféminin a également été proposée. Nous ne sommes finalement pas parvenus à valider notrehypothèse. Au contraire, nous avons pu constater que seul l’ostracisme de la part depersonnes de même sexe que soi entraînait une diminution de performances sur une tâchenégativement stéréotypée. Plusieurs pistes sont proposées pour interpréter ce résultat que nousavons pu mettre en évidence à plusieurs reprises. / With this research, we study the impact of ostracism (the feeling of social exclusion) onperformance on several stereotyped tasks, depending on the sex of the ostracism's source.Many researches showed that ostracism could lead to cognitive performance decrease(Baumeister, Twenge & Nuss, 2002). Some studies also pointed out that executing a task atthe same time as members of the opposite sex may cause a decrease in performance, if thetask is negatively stereotyped toward the targeted person (Inzlicht & Ben-Zeev, 2000).According to those studies, we were expecting ostracism would lead to performance decrease,and also that this effect (for a negatively stereotyped task) would be more pronounced,coming from members of the opposite sex. We tested this hypothesis with 4 experiments: 3 onfemale samples (using numeric task) and one on male sample (using an affective task). Wealso proposed a cumulated analysis of experiments conducted on female samples. Eventually,we didn't validate our hypothesis. On the contrary, we observed that only ostracism fromsame-sex persons led to performance decrease on a negatively stereotyped task. We proposeda number of leads to interpret the result we repeatedly highlighted.

No description available.