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This thesis discusses the process of space polarization, in the concrete the issues of human and social capital in inner peripheries in Czechia. The first part of the thesis deals with selected theoretical and methodological concepts of research of space polarization and human and social capital. Following empirical part concerns with the analysis of human and social capital in the larger territory of inner periphery located in borderland of the Central and Western Czechia. This analysis was based on quantitative evaluation. On the basis of the results of this analysis the analysis of human and social capital was accomplished in the territory of Manětín region. This analysis was on the contrary based on qualitative evaluation. In conclusion there is an effort to consider the quality and potential of human and social capital for the development of Manětín region. Key words: inner periphery - spatial polarization - human capital - social capital - potential of development - Manětín region

La radiation adaptative des Equoidea est encore mal comprise en raison notamment de la méconnaissance de la phylogénie de cette super-famille. La principale irrésolution de ces relations de parenté porte sur les pachynolophes, Equoidea européens rapprochés des Equidae ou des Palaeotheriidae. Pendant une grande part de l'Éocène, l'Europe est isolée et subit à la fin de cette période de profonds changements climatiques. Lors de la Grande Coupure son isolement s'achève, tandis que l'aridité du climat s'installe, et des faunes migrantes provoquent l'extinction de nombreux groupes endémiques. Un Equoidea européen basal, richement représenté par un matériel bien préservé permet d'appuyer une des hypothèses phylogénétiques les plus récentes. Cependant, les caractères couramment utilisés pour débattre de cette question n'apportent pas de réponse claire et définitive. Aussi, cette étude se propose de mener des investigations sur des régions encore peu explorées de ces animaux comme le neurocrâne, grâce à la microtomographie (CT scan), qui permet un accès non destructif aux structures (encéphale, pétreux, labyrinthe osseux, sinus). Outre l'intérêt phylogénétique, ces organes peuvent, de par leurs fonctions, receler un intérêt paléoécologique. Jusqu'à présent, peu d'études à large échelle ont porté sur ces structures chez les Perissodactyla, s'agissant pour la plupart de mentions anecdotiques. Comme préalable indispensable, une étude modèle a été réalisée sur un Equidae sauvage actuel afin de mieux appréhender la variabilité de ces structures méconnues. Pour la première fois, un large échantillon d'Equoidea européens a été scanné et leurs structures neurocrâniennes reconstruites en trois dimensions virtuelles. Ce sont au total 20 espèces qui ont été échantillonnées, couvrant l'évolution de ces animaux de leur origine à leur extinction, pendant plus de 20 millions d'années. Leurs crânes ont été scannés, leurs structures internes reconstruites, comparées et analysées au moyen de la cladistique. Une nouvelle hypothèse phylogénétique propose des relations de parenté intra-Equoidea et montre la pertinence des caractères neurocrâniens, tout en conduisant à envisager une étude plus vaste. Les Palaeotheriidae apparaissent comme un groupe très diversifié, notamment au regard des Equidae éocènes d'Amérique du Nord, et caractérisé par une évolution en mosaïque. Ils connaissent une évolution cérébrale précoce par rapport aux faunes contemporaines (Equidae, Cetartiodactyla, Carnivora), ce qui, via le développement de nouvelles stratégies adaptatives, pourrait expliquer partiellement cette grande diversification familiale. Un parallèle est envisagé avec l'évolution endémique des Notoungulata, qui semblent eux aussi montrer une complexification cérébrale précoce. Cependant, face à un environnement biotique et abiotique bouleversé (fin de l'Éocène et lors de la Grande Coupure), ces structures complexes impliquant un coût métabolique important et une trop grande spécialisation, avec en conséquence, moins de potentiel adaptatif, auraient pu les désavantager et les conduire à l'extinction. / The Equoidea adaptive radiation still remains badly known, especially due to the ignorance of their phylogeny. The main indecision of these relationships concerns the pachynolophs, European Equoidea either approached to the Equidae or to the Palaeotheriidae. During a great part of the Eocene times, Europe was isolated, and, at the end of this period, has undergone strong climatic changes. That isolation ended at the « Grande Coupure » event, whereas an arid climate moved, and migrant faunas caused the extinction of many endemic groups. A basal European Equoidea, richly represented by well-preserved material, can support one of the latest phylogenetic hypotheses. However, commonly used characters to discuss this issue do not provide a clear and definitive answer.Therefore, this study aims to investigate on unexplored regions of these animals as the neurocranium through microtomography (CT), which allows access to non-destructive structures (brain, petrosal, bony labyrinth, and sinus).Furthermore phylogenetic interest these bodies may, through their functions, harbor paleoecological interest. Until now, few large-scale studies have focused on those structures in the Perissodactyla, with regard to most were anecdotal reports. As a prerequisite, a model study was performed on a wild current Equidae to better understand the variability of these unknown structures. For the first time, a large sample of European Equoidea has been scanned and their neurocranium structures virtually reconstructed in three-dimensions. A total of 20 species were sampled, covering the evolution of these animals from their origin to their extinction, for over 20 million years. Their skulls were scanned; their internal structures reconstructed compared and analyzed using cladistics. A new phylogenetic hypothesis provides intra Equoidea relationships and shows the relevance of neurocranium characters, while driving to consider a larger study. The Palaeotheriidae appears as a highly diverse group, particularly with regard to Eocene Equidae in North America, and characterized by a mosaic evolution. Their brain evolved earlier than that of contemporary faunas (Equidae, Cetartiodactyla, Carnivora); which may partially explain the strong diversification of that family, through the development of new adaptive strategies.

Due to its emphasis on the concepts of self-reliance, inner guidance and the aboriginal Self, Ralph Waldo Emerson's philosophy elaborates theses that favor the individual over community, such as the superiority and sanctity of self-definition, as opposed to definitions constructed by society and imposed on the individual. It is possible, then, to perceive his philosophy as important for the formation of the Women's Rights Movement and for the emerging feminism. In his four romances, Nathaniel Hawthorne creates female protagonists who advocate for women's right to self-reliance as Emerson describes it. Hawthorne's heroines can be understood and interpreted as contemplating the Emersonian principles, thus illustrating the connection between Emerson's philosophy, and themes and motifs present in Hawthorne's romances. Related to Hawthorne's portrayal of the heroines' reflections on the concepts of inner guidance, the aboriginal Self, moral dereliction and self-reliance is Hawthorne's attitude toward the relationship between "womanhood" and "femininity" on one side, and "manhood" and "masculinity" on the other side. The ambivalence of woman, as depicted by Hawthorne, consists in the discrepancy between attributes traditionally associated with "femininity", such as devotion, affection and humility, and the will...

Housing requisition (Fangwu Zhengshou) is defined as the power to take residents’ property for public use by the state. Between 1995 and 2010, one million residential units were relocated from the inner city of Shanghai to the outskirts of the city or suburban counties. Historically, residents have been excluded stakeholders in large-scale urban renewal in post-reform China. Starting in 2011, Shanghai requires residents to vote on property takings for inner-city renewal. In March 2013, residents voted down the Block 59 project in the North Bund area in Shanghai, which marks the first housing requisition project for inner-city redevelopment rejected by residents in Shanghai. This research illustrates how citizen participation frames or structures the relocation decision-making and whether participation matters. This dissertation investigates four lines of inquiry: 1) How are housing requisition regulations and negotiations shaped at the district level in Shanghai? 2) What roles do the state and local authorities play, and how is this associated with urban redevelopment regimes under neoliberal governance? 3) Do the more “participatory” approaches to housing requisition for urban redevelopment address power relations and conflicts among local groups in different districts? If so, how? 4) What strategies do residents use to negotiate inner-city redevelopment? I utilize qualitative methods to recognize the complexities of citizen participation in urban renewal in Shanghai, and to develop an understanding of the dynamics of citizen participation and governance structures. The 2011 regulations provide a more transparent, open and interactive process for community residents directly affected by housing requisition projects. However, the term “public interest” is ambiguously defined under the 2011 regulations. Findings suggest that state-led participation in housing requisition is a tool for the government authorities to facilitate economic growth through requisition and strengthen the legitimacy for requisition among the relocated residents. The shift of compensation from counting the number of people in a household to considering the size and value of the apartment illustrates the shift from a social welfare approach to a market approach. The participation schemes promote fairness in a certain way that people who hold out for more compensation lose the power.

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The republic of South Africa has a “health for all” policy, regardless of nationality and residence status. However, challenges still exist for non-nationals and little is known regarding migrants’ maternal healthcare experiences. This study explores the maternal healthcare experiences of migrant Zimbabwean women living in Johannesburg, South Africa. It focuses on the lived experiences of women aged 18years and above, who engaged with the public healthcare system in Johannesburg during pregnancy and childbirth. A desk review of the literature was undertaken. The theoretical framework in this study draws from three concepts (1) the Social determinants of health framework (WHO 2010), (2) the Access to healthcare framework (McIntyre, Thiede and Brich 2009) and (3) the “three-delays (Nour 2008). Primary data was collected through the use of open-ended semi-structured interviews with a sample of 15 migrant Zimbabwean women who have been in Johannesburg for a minimum of 2 years, and have attended and given birth or are currently attending antenatal care in inner city Johannesburg. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse data since it helps to extract descriptive information concerning the experiences of Zimbabwean women in Johannesburg and to construct meaning in order to understand their perceptions and opinions about the healthcare system in the city. Although the findings indicate that documentation status is not a key issue affecting access to healthcare during pregnancy and delivery, a range of other healthcare barriers were found to dominate, including the nature of their employment, power relations, language, and discrimination(generally) among others. Language was singled out as the major challenge that runs throughout the other barriers. More interestingly the participants raised their desire of returning home or changing facilities within the Public sector or to private institutions in case of any further pregnancy. This study concludes that the bone of contention is on belongingness, deservingness and not being able to speak any local language, that runs through the public health care institutions and this impact on professionalism and discharge of duties.

Abstract: The emergence and development of tourism attractions in inner cities throughout the world has given rise to a number of scholarly debates in the academic study of urban tourism. While academic scholarship in the field of urban tourism began with the cities of the developed states mostly in the 1980s, the emergence and development of tourism initiatives in the inner cities of the developing states in 1990s has drawn a great deal of attention to the South as well. This research explores the emergence and development of an inner city tourism initiative in the form of a craft project known as Beautiful Things. Beautiful Things is a two-year-old craft project located at Newtown’s Cultural Precinct, in the inner city of Johannesburg. The project was inaugurated at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in August 2002, and has since its relocation to the inner city of Johannesburg in December 2002, contributed significantly to the physical, social and economic regeneration of this area. The study of this project is very important in that it is shedding some light on the role of heritage and cultural industries in rejuvenating declining inner cities. It gives light on how Newtown Cultural Precinct as a whole functions within the inner city of Johannesburg. In spite of this project’s role in the development of the Johannesburg inner city, Beautiful Things has not yet been explored for academic research. This research on Beautiful Things is set to be informative on a number of theoretical issues underpinning the development of urban heritage and cultural tourism in general and the development of tourism in Johannesburg. The findings of the study of Beautiful Things reveal important international trends on the development of heritage and cultural attractions in inner cities and elucidate a number of similarities in the development of tourism policies across the cities of the world. This research begins with a chapter on the international experiences of heritage and cultural tourism developments in inner cities and then follows by a study of Johannesburg’s tourism policy and strategy developments. Both chapters are vital in providing the context under which Beautiful Things came to emerge in the inner city of Johannesburg, performing an important role of regenerating the declining inner city. The last part of this research is an empirical confirmation study of physical, social and economic contributions of Beautiful Things in the inner city of Johannesburg. The research is informed by theories of neo-liberalization, local economic development, and inner city regeneration.

Thesis is submitted in partial fulfilment for the degree: Master of Architecture (Professional) to the Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, School of Architecture and Planning at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2016 / The heritage and history of a city is often based on urban legend. These stories pertain the cultural rooting of the society that had lived within the cities from their founding and until today. Johannesburg or Egoli appears to have skipped this cultural rooting and instead stems from the political and commercial soil of the gold mines. If we excavate into the gold mining history of the city – and even into the history preceding it - we can find the hidden sacred and cultural beginnings embedded in our society today. Our society has been formed on the continual evolution of the ideas of the sacred and profane through practices of incorporation, salvation and adaptation. As the gold mines in the city shut down, in 1940, the migrant labourers were left in hostels in an unfamiliar terrain and little means to make a living (Potenze, 2015). This means that today, we can still find evidence of the importance of sacred rituals similar to those in the mining compounds. Religions and cultures in Johannesburg, that have been gradually changed overtime, are a result of the incorporation of mining labour, urban customs and western ideas (including religion and technologies). Although the city has clearly harmed the rural traditions, we can still see glimpses of the endurance of the sacred within the profane landscape. The profane is adapted by the different communities in the inner city – as will be discussed with reference to the Mai Mai and Shembe (Nazareth Baptist Church) communities – to express their cultures of the sacred, traditional and religious and to accommodate for ritual practices associated with them. Today’s societies of the inner city are a mix of cultures, religions, God, the ancestors and ritual practices - both sacred and profane. By learning from the way in which these communities continually evolved to incorporate their environments into their traditions, the city too must now incorporate these communities and their beliefs into its structure. If this is achieved, it could ignite a healing process through integration as opposed to replacement or removal of elements of the city or of its society. This report explores ideas of the importance of religion and culture in Johannesburg’s context. As it is an architectural analysis, the response will be a proposal for religious infrastructure and space within the area of City and Suburban, alongside the Kwa Mai Mai market and the gathering spaces of the Shembe / Nazareth Baptist Church. This will promote and retain the cultures, traditions and religions that were brought to the city and used as a tool of survival. / MT2017

Morgan Ndlovu, Student no 0000141H, MA thesis, School of Arts, Faculty of Humanities, 2006. email: mn59@sussex.ac.uk / The emergence and development of tourism attractions in inner cities throughout the world has given rise to a number of scholarly debates in the academic study of urban tourism. While academic scholarship in the field of urban tourism began with the cities of the developed states mostly in the 1980s, the emergence and development of tourism initiatives in the inner cities of the developing states in 1990s has drawn a great deal of attention to the South as well. This research explores the emergence and development of an inner city tourism initiative in the form of a craft project known as Beautiful Things. Beautiful Things is a two-year-old craft project located at Newtown’s Cultural Precinct, in the inner city of Johannesburg. The project was inaugurated at the World Summit on Sustainable Development in August 2002, and has since its relocation to the inner city of Johannesburg in December 2002, contributed significantly to the physical, social and economic regeneration of this area. The study of this project is very important in that it is shedding some light on the role of heritage and cultural industries in rejuvenating declining inner cities. It gives light on how Newtown Cultural Precinct as a whole functions within the inner city of Johannesburg. In spite of this project’s role in the development of the Johannesburg inner city, Beautiful Things has not yet been explored for academic research. This research on Beautiful Things is set to be informative on a number of theoretical issues underpinning the development of urban heritage and cultural tourism in general and the development of tourism in Johannesburg. The findings of the study of Beautiful Things hopes to reveal important international trends on the development of heritage and cultural attractions in inner cities and to elucidate a number of similarities in the development of tourism policies across the cities of the world. This research begins with a chapter on the international experiences of heritage and cultural tourism developments in inner cities and is then followed by a study of Johannesburg’s tourism policy and strategy developments. Both chapters are vital in providing the context under which Beautiful Things came to emerge in the inner city of Johannesburg, performing an important role of regenerating the declining inner city. The last part of this research is an empirical confirmation study of physical, social and economic contributions of Beautiful Things in the inner city of Johannesburg. The research is informed by theories of neo-liberalization, local economic development, and inner city regeneration.