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Η χρήση θαλασσίου ύδατος για ψύξη μηχανών σε βιομηχανικές εγκαταστάσεις και σταθμούς παραγωγής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας επιτυγχάνεται μέσω εγκαταστάσεων άντλησης θαλασσίου ύδατος. Οι δεξαμενές αυτών των εγκαταστάσεων πρέπει να σχεδιάζονται σύμφωνα με τις οδηγίες του Hydraulic Institute (1998) ώστε να αποφεύγονται ανεπιθύμητα φαινόμενα που επηρεάζουν την απόδοση και τη διάρκεια ζωής των αντλιών. Τέτοια φαινόμενα είναι οι στρόβιλοι, υποβρύχιοι και ελεύθερης επιφάνειας, η υπερβολική προ-ελίκωση της ροής ανάντη κάθε αντλίας, η ανομοιομορφία της ροής στην πτερωτή κάθε αντλίας, οι υπερβολικές χρονικές διακυμάνσεις της ταχύτητας και της ελίκωσης και η συμπαράσυρση αέρα και η δημιουργία φυσαλίδων. Στην παρούσα διατριβή εξετάζεται η δεξαμενή της εγκατάστασης άντλησης θαλασσίου ύδατος μέσω δύο αντλιών που βρίσκεται στον υπό κατασκευή Θερμοηλεκτρικό Σταθμό Φυσικού Αερίου της Δ.Ε.Η. στο Αλιβέρι. Σκοπός της διατριβής είναι η μελέτη της ροής στη συγκεκριμένη δεξαμενή ως προς την κυκλοφορία του ύδατος (γραμμές ροής και τύρβη), τις διατμητικές τάσεις στα τοιχώματα των αγωγών και της δεξαμενής, την προ-ελίκωση της ροής που προσεγγίζει την αντλία και την ανομοιομορφία της στο επίπεδο της πτερωτής της αντλίας, καθώς και η συμπεριφορά της ελίκωσης της ροής στους αγωγούς άντλησης. Η διερεύνηση της ροής γίνεται για αρκετές καταστάσεις λειτουργίας της δεξαμενής ως προς το βάθος ύδατος και τον αριθμό θυροφραγμάτων και αντλιών. Η γεωμετρία του υπολογιστικού πεδίου, το υβριδικό μη-δομημένο πλέγμα και η αριθμητική επίλυση των εξισώσεων ροής πραγματοποιήθηκαν με τα προγράμματα Design Modeler, Meshing και Fluent του ANSYS. Ειδικότερα για το Fluent επιλέχθηκαν τα μοντέλα τύρβης k-ε και k-ω. Τα αποτελέσματα αναλύονται και συγκρίνονται με τα πειραματικά του υδραυλικού μοντέλου (Dimas & Vouros, 2012) σε κλίμακα 1:8.7 κατά Froude. Στις περιπτώσεις όπου είναι ανοικτό μόνο το ένα θυρόφραγμα, έχουμε κυκλοφορία της ροής μεταξύ των δύο θαλάμων των αντλιών κυρίως κοντά στην ελεύθερη επιφάνεια του ύδατος. Στις περιπτώσεις όπου λειτουργεί μόνο η μία αντλία, έχουμε και έντονη κυκλοφορία στο θάλαμο της δεξαμενής που δεν γίνεται άντληση. Η φορά της ελίκωσης της ροής στον αγωγό συμπίπτει στις περισσότερες περιπτώσεις με αυτήν του υδραυλικού μοντέλου. Η γωνία ελίκωσης θ, η οποία υπολογίστηκε με βάση το μέτρο της εφαπτομενικής ταχύτητας, ήταν μεγαλύτερη στο μεγάλο βάθος ύδατος και διαφορετική σε όλες τις περιπτώσεις από αυτήν που μετρήθηκε στο υδραυλικό μοντέλο. / -

The hip-flask defence is a common claim in drunkdrinking cases. In Sweden and Norway two different models are used to determinethese cases. In Sweden one blood and two urine samples taken 60 minutes apartare used for analysis. In Norway two blood samples taken 30 minutes apart areused. Sweden focuses on the rise or fall of alcohol concentration in urine(UAC), and the ratio between UAC and blood alcohol concentrations (BAC). Norwayfocuses on the rise or fall of the alcohol metabolite ethylglucuronide (EtG) and the ratio between BAC and EtG. The aim of this study wasto test the models for multiple intakes and with different alcoholic beverages.Thirtyfive participants ingested two doses, first0.51 g/kg of beer and later either 0.25, 0.51 or 0.85 g/kg of beer, wine orvodka. Blood and urine samples were obtained before and after alcoholingestion. Alcohol was measured by GC-HS, and the alcohol metabolite byUPLC-MS/MS. The results showed that there are kineticdifferences between single and repeated intakes, that there are no significantdifferences in kinetics from different alcoholic beverages and thatthe Norwegian model appears to be the stronger one in hip-flask determination.

Contexte : Les expositions alimentaires durant la première année de vie pourraient jouer un rôle dans le développement des préférences alimentaires chez l’enfant. Objectif : Caractériser les expositions alimentaires au sucre et au gras durant la première année et étudier leurs liens avec l’appréciation de la saveur sucrée et de la sensation de gras chez les enfants d’âge scolaire. Méthodes : Durant la première année, l’exposition alimentaire au sucre et au gras a été analysée selon une approche nutritionnelle dans l’étude EDEN et sensorielle dans l’étude OPALINE. Les facteurs précoces associés à ces expositions ont été analysés. Puis, les liens entre l’exposition nutritionnelle au sucre et au gras et les scores d’appréciation entre neuf et 12 ans de la saveur sucrée et de la sensation de gras ont été étudiés, à l’aide de régressions linéaires ou logistiques multiples. Résultats : L’exposition sensorielle au sucre et au gras augmentait durant la première année alors que l’apport en lipides était inférieur aux recommandations nutritionnelles.Les expositions alimentaires au sucre et au gras étaient marginalement associées aux caractéristiques du nourrisson et de la mère mais principalement aux pratiques d’alimentation du nourrisson. Cependant, selon l’approche, des différences dans les facteurs associés aux expositions alimentaires au sucre et au gras ont été constatées. Enfin, l’exposition nutritionnelle au sucre et au gras du nourrisson n’était pas associée à l’appréciation de la saveur sucrée et de la sensation de gras chez les enfants d’âge scolaire. Conclusion : L’absence d’association entre l’exposition alimentaire au sucre et au gras du nourrisson et l’appréciation de la saveur sucrée et de la sensation de gras chez les enfants nécessite d’être confirmée, notamment en considérant l’exposition sensorielle. / Context : Dietary exposures in the first year of life could play a role in the development of food preferences in children. Aims : To characterize dietary sweet and fat exposures in infancy and to study their links with sweet taste and fat sensation liking in school-aged children. Methods : During the first year, dietary sweet and fat exposures were assessed with a nutritional approach in the EDEN study and with a sensory approach in the OPALINE study. Next, early factors related to these dietary sweet and fat exposures were analyzed. Associations between the nutritional sweet and fat exposure and sweet taste and fat sensation liking scores in 9-to-12 y old children in the EDEN study were studied using multiple linear and logistic regressions. Results : Sweet taste and fat sensation exposure increased during the first year while fat intake was lower than the nutritional recommendations. Whatever the approach, dietary sweet and fat exposures were marginally associated with infant and maternal characteristics but mainly with infant feeding practices. However, some factors were associated differently with dietary sweet and fat exposures depending on the approach. Finally, infant nutritional exposure to sweet and fat were not associated with sweet taste and fat sensation liking in children. Conclusion : The lack of association between infant dietary exposure to sweet and fat and sweet taste and fat sensation liking in preschool children need to be confirmed with the sensory approach.

Résumé : La dénutrition subséquente à la dysphagie chez les résidents en centre d’hébergement et de soins de longue durée (CHSLD) est un problème majeur en raison de ses conséquences délétères, de sa prévalence élevée et de ses multiples facteurs de risque. La principale intervention nutritionnelle chez cette clientèle est de faciliter l’alimentation avec un régime de textures adaptées (ex. : purée, hachée). Cependant, des taux élevés de dénutrition sont constatés, malgré les interventions. La production d’aliments à textures adaptées, souvent réalisée en institution, comporte de nombreux défis (qualités organoleptiques, valeur nutritive, textures) alors que les produits commerciaux peuvent présenter plusieurs avantages. Les aliments Épikura© se distinguent avec des valeurs nutritives standardisées, des textures mesurées et un aspect visuel amélioré, en plus d’une efficacité clinique montrée lors d’une étude pilote. Le manque de données probantes dans le domaine a inspiré l’idée d’évaluer l’effet des aliments Épikura© sur les apports nutritionnels et le poids de résidents dysphagiques en CHSLD. Pour ce faire, nous avons réalisé un essai clinique randomisé. Les participants ont reçu, de façon aléatoire, les aliments Épikura© (groupe expérimental) ou les aliments à textures adaptées institutionnels (groupe témoin) pendant 20 semaines. Dû à des contraintes organisationnelles et à la fragilité de la clientèle, la taille d’échantillon optimale (n calculé = 48) n’a pu être atteinte (n réel = 17). Une augmentation significative des apports énergétiques, glucidiques et lipidiques (p < 0,05) a tout de même été observée dans le groupe expérimental (n = 7), en comparaison avec le groupe témoin (n = 10). Les participants des deux groupes ont conservé un poids stable, toutefois une tendance à la baisse a été observée dans le groupe témoin. Nos résultats montrent que les aliments Épikura© ont le potentiel d’améliorer les apports énergétiques et nutritionnels chez les résidents dysphagiques en CHSLD. De plus, l’étude souligne les défis méthodologiques reliés à la recherche en milieu clinique et d’hébergement et met en évidence les perspectives de la recherche dans le domaine des aliments à textures adaptées. / Abstract : Malnutrition resulting from dysphagia among older adults living in a residential longterm care (LTC) facility is a major concern as regards its high prevalence, multiple risk factors and severe consequences. The main intervention among this clientele is to provide a texture-modified diet in order to facilitate feeding. However, despite interventions, high prevalence of malnutrition is observed. In-house production of texture-modified foods is common and challenging (organoleptic qualities, nutritional value, texture) whereas commercial products can provide several advantages. Epikura© foods distinguished itself by its standardized nutritional values, rheological measures and improved visual aspect, in addition to a clinical efficacy shown in a previous pilot study. The goal of this study is to assess the effect of Epikura© foods on nutritional intakes and weight of dysphagic residents of LTC facility. A randomized clinical trial was conducted where participants were randomly allocated to receive either Epikura© foods (experimental group) or in-house texture-modified foods (control group) during 20 weeks. Due to organizational constraints and the frailty of this clientele, optimal sample size (calculated n = 48) could not be reached (actual n = 17). Significant increase in energy, carbohydrates and lipids intakes (p < 0.05) has nevertheless been oberved in the experimental group (n = 7), in comparison with the control group (n = 10). Participants of both groups maintain a stable weight, although the control group experienced a downward trend. Our results showed that Epikura© foods have the potential to improve nutritional intakes among dysphagic residents of LTC facility. Moreover, this study highlights methodological challenges of conducting research in a clinical setting and emphasizes new research opportunities in the area of texture-modified foods.

This project was performed on assigment of Vattenfall R&amp;D in Älvkarleby. The project was a first step in evaluating whether bubble curtains with vertical tubes could be suitable for diverting fish from hydro power intakes into fish passages. To determine this, prototypes were constructed, where one was tested in still water and one in running water. The tests in still water were carried out in a large cylindrical tank and the tests in running water were carried out in Kungsr¨annan in ¨Alvkarleby. A number of test variables were developed to be able to vary the tests. These test variables were hole size, number of holes, tube center-to-center distance, air flow and water velocity. The tests were carried out without fish, but a number of indicators were developed to be able to compare and evaluate the tests. For the tests in still water, these indicators were the width of the bubble curtain created by a single tube and the horizontal movement of the air bubbles, to determine whether the hydrostatic pressure from the surrounding water had any effect on the appearance of the bubble curtain. For the tests in running water, the indicators were the bubble curtain density, the curvature of the tubes and the movement of the tubes. All experiments were documented using cameras and the results were then obtained through image processing in the software MATLAB. The results showed that the width of the bubble curtain created by a single tube varied between 12 and 34 cm for pressures between 0.5 and 2.0 bar. It was concluded that the hydrostatic pressure was of minimal significance for the appearance of the bubble curtain, at least for depths up to 1.95 m. For the tests in running water, the air flow rate and tube center-to-center distance was of the greatest importance for the bubble curtain density. The curvature of the tubes were most affected by the size of the holes and the movement of the tubes were most affected by the number of holes. / Detta projekt utfördes på uppdrag av Vattenfall R&amp;D i Älvkarleby. Projektet var ett första steg i att utvärdera om bubbelridåer med vertikala slangar skulle kunna lämpa sig för att avleda fisk från vattenkraftverk vidare mot fiskpassager. För att avgöra detta konstruerades prototyper, där en testades i stilla vatten och en i rinnande vatten. Testerna i stilla vatten utfördes i en stor cylindrisk tank och testerna i rinnande vatten utfördes i Kungsrännan i Älvkarleby. Ett antal testvariabler togs fram för att kunna variera testerna. Dessa testvariabler var hålstorlek, antal hål, avstånd mellan slangarnas centrum, luftflöde samt vattenhastighet. Testerna gjordes utan fisk, men ett antal indikatorer togs fram för att kunna jämföra och utvärdera testerna. För testerna i stilla vatten var dessa indikatorer bubbelridåns bredd skapad av en enskild slang samt luftbubblornas horisontella förflyttning, för att avgöra om det hydrostatiska trycket från omgivande vattnet hade någon effekt på bubbelridåns utseende. För testerna i rinnande vatten var indikatorerna bubbelridåns täthet, slangens krökning samt slangens rörelser. Alla experiment dokumenterades med hjälp av kameror och resultaten togs sedan fram genom bildhantering i programvaran MATLAB. Resultaten visade att bubbelridåns bredd skapad av en enskild slang varierade mellan 12 och 34 cm för tryck mellan 0,5 och 2,0 bar. Det bedömdes att det hydrostatiska trycket var av minimal betydelse för bubbelridåns utseende, åtminstone för djup upp till 1,95 m. För testerna i rinnande vatten visade resultaten att luftflödet och avståndet mellan slangarnas centrum var av störst betydelse förr bubbelridåns täthet. Slangens krökning påverkades mest av hålens storlek och slangens rörelser påverkades mest av antalet hål.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / It is critical to adequate food since childhood, mainly due, growth and intellectual development. Is the preschool age eating habits are formed and passed on to the nutritional status of children. This study aimed to analyze the food intake and nutritional status of preschool children in a day care center, through the weighed food record served in the institution with subsequent chemical analysis; 24-hour food recall was performed complemented by the food intake of the child at home; a food frequency questionnaire; and growth curves proposed by the World Heath Organization. Dietary reference intakes were used to assess the adequacy of dietary intake of children. It was found inadequate food intake at daycare center, with high percentages of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins in the lower limit to the recommendation. The consumption at home was characterized by an energy and protein intake excessive. Analyzing the total daily intake of children, the average intake of protein and carbohydrates were higher than the recommendation, and lipids remained within the proper range. The percentage of inadequate energy was 92.31%; iron 46.15%; carbohydrates 10.25%; phosphorus and zinc 5.13%; magnesium 2.56%. There was no presence of nutritional deficits and most children were well-nourished. The data show a high prevalence of inadequate energy, some minerals and fiber, and a tendency to overweight. Therefore, there is need for a revision and adaptation of the menus of the institution to better meet the needs of preschoolers; and nutritional guidance to parents so that does not a super feeding at home in order to avoid excessive weight gain in childhood with the associated consequences for health. / É de fundamental importância uma alimentação adequada desde a infância em função, principalmente, do crescimento e do desenvolvimento intelectual. É na fase pré-escolar que os hábitos alimentares são formados, repercutindo no estado nutricional da criança. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo analisar o consumo alimentar e o estado nutricional de pré-escolares de uma creche, o que foi realizado por meio de pesagem direta dos alimentos servidos na instituição, com posterior análise química dos mesmos; de recordatório alimentar de 24h para complementar o consumo alimentar da criança no domicílio; de um questionário de frequência alimentar; e das curvas de crescimento propostas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Foram utilizadas também as ingestões dietéticas de referência para observar a adequação da ingestão alimentar das crianças. Quanto aos resultados, verificouse um consumo alimentar insuficiente na creche, com altas porcentagens de carboidratos, teores de lipídios e proteínas no limite inferior à recomendação. Já o consumo no domicílio foi caracterizado por uma ingestão energética e protéica excessiva. Analisando o consumo diário total das crianças, as médias de ingestão de proteínas e de carboidratos foram superiores à recomendação; e lipídios mantiveram-se dentro da faixa adequada. A porcentagem de inadequação foi de 92,31% de energia; 46,15% de ferro; 10,25% de carboidratos, 5,13% de fósforo e zinco; e 2,56% de magnésio. Não houve presença de déficits nutricionais e a maioria das crianças encontrava-se eutrófica. Os dados mostram uma elevada prevalência de inadequação energética, de alguns minerais e de fibras, além de uma tendência ao excesso de peso. Portanto, há necessidade de reformulação e adequação dos cardápios da instituição para melhor atender às necessidades dos pré-escolares; bem como orientação nutricional aos pais para que não ocorra a superalimentação em casa, a fim de evitar um ganho de peso excessivo na infância com conseqüências associadas para a saúde.

<p>Air intakes are a fundamental part of all high speed airbreathing propulsion concepts. The main purpose of an intake is to capture and compress freestream air for the engine. At hypersonic speeds, the intake’s surface and shock structure effectively slow the airflow through ram-air compression. In supersonic-combustion ramjets, the captured airflow remains supersonic and generates complicated shock structures. The design of these systems require careful evaluation of proposed operating conditions and relevant aerodynamic phenomena. The physics of these systems, such as the intake’s operability range, mass capture efficiency, back-pressure resiliency, and intake unstart margins are all open areas of research. </p> <p><br></p> <p>A high speed intake, dubbed the Indiana Intake Testbed, was developed for experimentation within the Boeing-AFOSR Mach 6 Quiet Tunnel at Purdue University. This inward-turning, mixed compression intake was developed from osculating axisymmetric theory and uses a streamtracing routine to create a shape-transitioned geometry. To account for boundary layer growth, a viscous correction was implemented on the intake’s compression surfaces. This comprehensive independent design code was pursued to generate an unrestricted geometry that satisfies academic inquiry into fluid dynamic interactions relevant to intakes. Additionally, the design code contains built-in analysis tools that are compared against CFD calculations and experimental data. </p> <p><br></p> <p>Two blockage models were constructed and outfitted with Kulite pressure transducers to detect possible intake start and unstart effects. Due to an error in the design code, the preliminary blockage models’ lower surfaces were oversized. The two intake models were tested over a freestream Reynolds number sweep, under noisy and quiet flow, at one non-zero angle of attack, and at a singular back-pressure condition. Back-pressure effects acted to unstart the intake and provide a comparison between forced-unstart and started states. The experimental campaign cataloged both tunnel starting and inlet starting conditions, which informed the design of the finalized model. The finalized model is presented herein. Future experiments to study isolator shock-trains, shock-wave boundary layer interactions, and possible instances of boundary layer transition on the intake’s compression surface are planned. </p>