The interaction mediated by integrin alphaLbeta2 and its ligand plays major role in many immune responses by regulating leukocyte adhesion. This study investigated the conformational regulation of alphaLbeta2 and the effects of conformational change on the ligand binding of alphaLbeta2. Micropipette adhesion frequency assay was used to measure the two-dimensional binding affinity and kinetics of alphaLbeta2 on K562 cells and neutrophils. The conformations of alphaLbeta2 were regulated by mutations, antibodies, small molecule antagonists, as well as divalent cations. Our results indicated that the change in binding affinity and off-rate was mostly due to the alphaL I domain conformational change. Without affecting the I domain conformation, the extension of alphaLbeta2 only increases the on-rate for several fold by providing a better orientation and accessibility of the molecule on cell surface. The binding characteristics of divalent cations to I domain MIDAS and other metal ion binding sites in alphaLbeta2 are determined by the nature of divalent cations, Mn2+ has higher binding affinity to the metal ion binding sites than Mg2+. The conformation of I domain also affected the binding of divalent cations. Open and intermediate I domains have higher binding affinity for Mn2+ and Mg2+ than WT and closed I domains. Divalent cations dissociate from I domain MIDAS very slowly but from those metal ion binding sites that important for conformational change of alphaLbeta2 rapidly. One of the most important biological processes mediated by alphaLbeta2 and other beta2 integrins is the recruitment and migration of neutrophils during inflammation. The activation of beta2 integrins by E-selectin binding to neutrophils in this process was also investigated. The binding of E-selectin, but not P- or L-selectin, activates beta2 integrins in a timescale of ~ 5 seconds and the activation may require the crosslink of E-selectin ligands. These results provide insights into the relationship between the conformational change and the function of alphaLbeta2 and most importantly would contribute to the understanding of integrin regulation mechanisms.

Current orthopedic implant technologies used suffer from slow rates of osseointegration, short lifetime, and lack of mechanical integrity as a result of poorly controlled cell-surface interactions. Recent biologically-inspired surface strategies (biomimetic) have focused on mimicking the biofunctionality of the extracellular matrix (ECM) by using short, adhesive oligopeptides, such as arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (RGD) present in numerous ECM components. However, these strategies have yielded mixed results in vivo and marginal bone healing responses. The central goal of this dissertation project was to engineer bioactive surfaces that specifically target integrin receptors important for osteogenic functions in order to improve bone tissue repair. In order to create integrin-specific interfaces, integrin-specific ligands reconstituting the fibronectin (FN) secondary/tertiary structure were first engineered and functionalized on material surfaces using several robust presentation schemes. We demonstrated that FN-mimetic-functionalized surfaces that directed α5β1 binding enhanced osteoblast and stromal cell integrin binding and adhesion, osteogenic signaling, and osteoblastic differentiation compared to various other RGD-based ligand-functionalized surfaces. Next, we investigated the effect of integrin-specific biointerfaces to modulate bone healing in a rat tibia implant bone model. We demonstrated, using a robust polymer brush system, that bioactive coatings on titanium implants that conferred high α5β1 integrin specificity in vitro enhanced bone formation and implant integration in vivo. Moreover, we showed that integrin specificity can be engineered using different immobilization schemes, including clinically-relevant ligand dip-coating, and promote the same robust in vivo effect. Furthermore, we investigate the synergistic roles of integrin specificity and ligand clustering on cell response by engineering biointerfaces presenting trimeric and pentameric "heads" of FNIII7-10 with nanoscale spacing. Integrin-specific ligand clustering supported α5β1-specific binding and cell adhesion and enhanced implant osseointegration in vivo compared to monovalent FNIII7-10 or non-functionalized biointerfaces. In summary, the FN-mimetic integrin-specific biointerfaces engineered in this thesis provide a clinically-relevant material surface strategy to modulate tissue healing responses. In addition, these results contribute to our greater understanding of how two specific material design parameters, integrin binding specificity and clustered ligand presentation, contribute individually and synergistically toward directing cell and tissue function.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Virginia, 2008. / Title from title page. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online through Digital Dissertations.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2005. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 102-123).

Medicine has come a long way in recent years with reliable treatments for many cancers. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has very few treatment options available. PDAC has a dismal 5 year survival rate of 4% and a median survival span of 6 months from point of diagnosis; with a high rate of chemotherapy and radiation resistance. A better understanding of the molecular events leading to cancer progression is needed in order to improve the treatment and prognosis of PDAC patients. We begin to elucidate the functional importance of PHLPP on suppressing progression and metastasis of PDAC. PHLPP belongs to a novel family of Ser/Thr protein phosphatases. Our previously published studies have demonstrated that PHLPP plays a tumor suppressor role in colon cancer by negatively regulating Akt and inhibiting cell proliferation. To determine the effect of PHLPP on cell migration and invasion, stable cells were generated to knock down or overexpress PHLPP in PDAC cells. The ability of cells to migrate and invade was examined using Transwell assays. We found that increased PHLPP expression significantly reduced the rate of migration and invasion in PDAC cells whereas knockdown of PHLPP had the opposite effect. To begin to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying PHLPP-mediated inhibition of migration and invasion in PDAC cells, we discovered that the expression level of β4 Integrin was decreased in PHLPP overexpressing cells and increased in PHLPP knockdown cells. The increased expression of β4 Integrin has been shown to promote PDAC development and metastasis, although the mechanism leading to β4 Integrin upregulation is less clear. Interestingly, we found that the expression of β4 Integrin was highly sensitive to PI3K/Akt/mTOR activity in cells in which inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling significantly decreased the expression of β4 Integrin. Moreover, the quantitative real-time RT-PCR analysis revealed that the mRNA expression of β4 Integrin was not altered by changes in PHLPP expression or PI3K/Akt/mTOR activity, thus suggesting a post-transcriptional mechanism. Taken together, these results identify a tumor suppressor role of PHLPP in PDAC. Mechanistically, PHLPP suppresses PDAC cell migration and invasion by negatively controlling β4 Integrin expression through its ability to inhibit PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling.

L’angiogenèse tumorale réfère à la capacité d’une tumeur à stimuler la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins. L’induction de l’angiogenèse dépend notamment de la présence de certains récepteurs exprimés à la surface de cellules endothéliales et tumorales. Ces récepteurs sont impliqués dans la formation de nouveaux vaisseaux sanguins mais aussi dans la progression des tumeurs, l’invasion locale des tissus avoisinants et la formation de métastases. Nous nous intéressons ici essentiellement aux récepteurs de type intégrines (et surtout l’intégrine αvß3) ou neuropiline-1 (NRP1).Les intégrines sont des récepteurs transmembranaires décrits initialement parce qu’ils permettent aux cellules d’adhérer et de se déplacer sur la matrice extracellulaire (ECM) en particulier parce qu’elles se lient à la séquence tri-peptidique RGD, mais elles interviennent aussi directement et indirectement dans les échanges biochimiques entre les cellules et leur micro-environnement. NRP1 est un corécepteur du VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor). Pour cela, NRP1 s’associe au récepteur principal VEGFR2, surexprimé dans les tumeurs et dont l’expression a été corrélée avec l’angiogenèse. Il est très important de noter que l’intégrine αvß3 et le récepteur NRP1 peuvent interagir physiquement et fonctionnellement. Notre hypothèse de travail est alors qu’en bloquant la fonction de ces 2 récepteurs nous pourrons augmenter l’efficacité des thérapies anti-angiogèniques anti-tumorales.Nous avons généré des nanoparticules de silices bifonctionnelles car elles présentent à leur surface à la fois des peptides cycliques cRGD ciblant l’intégrine αvß3 et ATWLPPR qui cible NRP1. Nous avons testé des ratio différents de peptides cRGD et ATWLPPR (100/0, 25/75, 50,75/50/25 et 0/100), et nous avons aussi optimisé le nombre total de ces ligands/NP. Nous avons analysé l’affinité des différentes molécules, leur sélectivité et activité biologique ainsi que leurs propriétés anti-angiogéniques et anti-tumorale en particulier sur des cellules endothéliales humaines (ECs) et sur des lignées de cellules tumorales.Notre étude suggère que ces nanoparticules bifonctionnelles présentent un grand potentiel si leur composition est soigneusement définie. En particulier, elles peuvent présenter des activités extrêmement variables voir opposées suivant la nature et composition de leur surface et de la concentration à laquelle les NPs sont utilisées. En effet, à « haute concentration » en NP, ce qui correspond en fait à une faible concentration en peptides, nous montrons qu’il est possible d’obtenir un effet « pro-angiogénique » lié au recrutement d’autres récepteurs de facteurs de croissance (IGF1-R/IR) qui a priori ne devaient pas intervenir dans notre système, mais semblent pouvoir être fonctionnellement liés aux intégrines et/ou NRP1 en réponse aux particules présentant les 2 peptides cRGD et ATWLPPR. Ces résultats contribuent à expliquer certains échecs thérapeutiques des agents anti-angiogéniques mais nous permettent aussi de proposer des solutions attractives pour la définitions nouveaux agents thérapeutiques. / Tumor angiogenesis refers to the ability of a tumor to stimulate new blood vessels formation. Angiogenesis strongly depends on cell surface receptors and integrin activation to promote tumor progression, local invasion and dissemination. Integrins (especially integrin αvß3) and Neuropilin-1 (NRP1), a co-receptor of VEGFR2, are over-expressed in the tumor vasculature and by tumor cells, and their expression has been correlated with tumor progression. Importantly, integrin αvß3 and NRP1 can physically and functionally interact.The use of dual targeted drugs that block the integrin αvß3 and the NRP1 receptor simultaneously is thus expected to augment the anti-angiogenic and anti-tumor activities, as compared to each “mono-therapy” separately. During my PhD studies, in collaboration with the group of chemists leaded by Pr G. Subra, we generated different batches of bifunctional cRGD/ATWLPPR peptides coated nanoparticles (NPs) targeting integrin αvß3 and NRP1 simultaneously. We introduced different ratio of cRGD and ATWLPPR peptides (100/0, 25/75, 50/50, 75/25 and 0/100), and we also increased the amount of total ligands on the surface of the silica NPs. Systematic studies including molecules' affinity, selectivity, and biological activity as well as anti-angiogenic and anti-tumoral effects were performed on primary endothelial cells (ECs), immortalized ECs and several tumor cells. NPs properties were also evaluated in vivo in a mouse tumor model. We report here that these NPs present highly variable biological activities in ECs and tumor cells depending on the peptides ratio, surface coating of the NPs and on their concentration. In particular, “elevated” concentrations of NPs, which actually correspond to usual concentrations of peptides, can activate an unexpected IGF1-R/IR-AKT signaling pathway that could lead to a counter-productive pro-angiogenic activity (agonist instead of antagonist). This could mimic the conflicting results obtained in clinical trials using Cilengitide, an RGD-presenting peptide, and thus provide new areas of investigations and new possibilities to design active nano-drugs.This work can thus participate to the general effort of our research community to design efficient targeted anti-angiogenic therapies that could be applied in particular for cancer treatment.

Introduction: Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) and myofibroblasts may be relevant stromal drivers of human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It was hypothesised that targeted inhibition of αv integrin-mediated TGF-β activation, by HSC or hepatocytes, may result in reduced peri-tumoural and intra-tumoural extracellular matrix formation, and reduced hepatic carcinogenesis. The role of HSC in acute liver injury is less well characterised. It was anticipated that integrin signalling on HSC and hepatocytes might also be relevant in the acute setting. The emerging technique of intravital microscopy (IVM) allows detailed, real-time investigation of the cellular processes involved in hepatocyte injury, cell death and repair. It was hypothesised that this could be coupled with mouse models of HCC and acute liver injury, to perform sequential imaging under anaesthesia. Aims: (i) To determine the effect of targeted inhibition of αv integrins on HSC and hepatocytes, during hepatocarcinogenesis, in a mouse model of HCC. (ii) To investigate the effect of targeted inhibition of αv and other integrins on HSC, hepatocytes, and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC), during acute liver injury, in the mouse model of paracetamol-induced liver injury. (iii) To develop IVM of the liver, via an abdominal imaging window, with optimisation of surgical and imaging techniques, to allow sequential imaging of the same animal. Methods: The diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced mouse model of hepatocarcinogenesis was used, and PDGFRβ-Cre;αvfl/fl and Alb-Cre;αvfl/fl mice were employed to deplete αv integrins on HSC and hepatocytes respectively. Tumours were harvested at 40 weeks post-DEN. Tumour size and number was evaluated in all animals. PDGFRβ-Cre;αvfl/fl and Alb-Cre;αvfl/fl mice were used in the paracetamol model, to investigate the role of αv integrins in acute liver injury. PDGFRβ-Cre;β8fl/fl and Alb-Cre;β 8fl/fl animals were also tested in this model. The role of integrins in liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSEC) during paracetamol-induced liver injury was evaluated using Cdh5-Cre mice. IVM of the liver was performed by surgical implantation of an abdominal imaging window, consisting of a titanium ring and coverslip, secured in place with a purse string suture. Fluorescent reporter mice were used to identify hepatic and vascular architecture, and other label-free microscope technologies were utilised to image collagen, lipid distribution, necrotic areas and blood flow within tissues. Results: In large cohorts of PDGFRβ-Cre;αvfl/fl, Alb-Cre;αvfl/fl, and control animals, there was no difference in mean tumour size or number, at 40 weeks. Targeted inhibition of α v integrins and β 8 integrin on hepatocytes, HSC or LSEC was not protective in paracetamol-induced liver injury. IVM of the liver can be performed on animals with HCC and throughout paracetamol-induced liver injury, to obtain high quality, real-time images of multiple cell lineages and the hepatic microenvironment. Conclusions: The role of TGF-β in HCC pathogenesis is complex and context-dependent. Targeted loss of αv integrin did not result in reduction in tumour burden in this non-cirrhotic model of HCC. IVM of the liver is a powerful tool to quantify inflammatory infiltrates and assessment of vascular remodelling throughout the course of acute liver injury and regeneration, providing insights into the biological processes determining recovery.

No description available.

A matriz extracelular (ECM) é definida como um complexo de proteínas e glicoproteínas que envolve as células nos mais diversos tecidos. A laminina é uma glicoproteína que é formada por três cadeias polipeptídicas dispostas em cruz. Sua função é a de ancorar as células epiteliais à ECM, da qual faz parte, através de associações a outras proteínas como as integrinas, o colágeno, a elastina e a fibronectina. As integrinas são receptores de adesão localizadas na superfície celular, que medeiam a interação célula-ECM. Estas interações são cruciais para diversos processos biológicos, tais como a diferenciação celular, a transdução de sinais, a resposta imunológica, a cicatrização de ferimentos e a formação de metástases. Porém a forma estrutural com que a interação entre a integrina e a laminina ocorre ainda não foi esclarecida. Neste contexto este trabalho visa analisar, em escala molecular, a forma com que a integrina α6β1 e a laminina 111 humanas interagem. Assim, foram conduzidos vários estudos, entre eles: i) alinhamentos estruturais e seqüenciais das regiões β-propeller e βA de integrinas não-possuidoras de domínio I; ii) construção do modelo das regiões β-propeller e βA da integrina α6β1 em complexo com pequenos inibidores peptídicos do tipo ECD ou RGD; iii) alinhamento entre os domínios LG de lamininas; iv) construção do modelo do domínio LG1 da laminina 111; e v) construção do primeiro modelo descrito do complexo formado pela porção N- terminal da integrina α6β1 e o domínio LG1 da laminina 111. Para tanto, foram aplicadas as técnicas de modelagem por homologia e dinâmica molecular, além de alinhamentos entre as cadeias α e β de integrinas, e dos domínios LG de lamininas. Inicialmente os resultados mostraram que o loop que corresponde à região entre os subdomínios D2 e D3 da cadeia α6 discrimina ligantes por interações eletrostáticas, e a partir disso, que a integrina α6β1 possui interação preferencialmente com peptídeos do tipo ECDF. Foi mostrado que o domínio LG1 de laminina 111 interage com a integrina α6β1 pelo contato da fita β H com o β-propeller de α6. Além disso, por seu caráter eletrostático e proximidade à fita β H, o resíduo Asp82 de LG1 se adere ao íon Mg+2 do MIDAS da integrina α6β1, e que esta interação é indispensável à ligação entre as duas proteínas. / The extracelullar matrix (ECM) is formed by an assembly of proteins and glycoproteins which surrounds the cells, in various tissues. The laminin is a glycoprotein localized in the ECM that consists of three polypeptidic chains cross- shaped. It functions by anchoring epithelial cells to basal lamin, through associations with integrins, collagen, elastin and fibronectin. Integrins are adhesion receptors localized on cellular surface, that mediate interactions between cells and ECM. The interactions between proteins of ECM and cellular proteins are crucial for many normal biological processes such as cell differentiation, signal transduction, immune responses, wound healing and metastasis formation. The nature of interactions between laminin and integrin has not been fully identified yet. The present work aims to analyze, in an molecular scale, the interaction between human α6β1 integrin and laminin 111. In this work we conducted many studies, including: i) structural and sequential alignments of β-propeller and βA regions in lacking I-domain integrins; ii) model building of β-propeller e βA regions of α6β1 integrin complexed with small ECD or RGD peptide antagonists; iii) sequential alignment of various laminin LG domains; iv) model building of laminin 111 LG1 domain; and v) model building of the first described complex between the N-terminal portion of α6β1 integrin and laminin 111 LG1 domain. In order to do this, homology modeling and molecular dynamics techniques were applied, together with alignments between integrins α and β chains, and laminin LG domains. Our initial results show that the loop between blades 3 and 4 of α6 integrin subunit discriminates ligands by electrostatic interactions. Therefore we assumed that α6β1 integrin preferentially interacts with ECDF based peptides. It was demonstrated that the laminin 111 LG1 domain interacts with α6β1 integrin by the contact of this H β strand and α6 β-propeller. Further, by its electrostatic function and proximity to H β strand, LG1 residue Asp82 adheres to Mg+2 containing MIDAS in α6β1 integrin. This interaction appears to be indispensable for α6β1 and laminin 111 binding.

The ability to adhere to the extracellular matrix (ECM) is critical for numerous cell types and tissues including epithelia and muscle. Cell-ECM adhesion is primarily mediated by integrins which provide a direct link between the ECM and the actin cytoskeleton. Integrin adhesions are frequently associated with a core of 60 different proteins (integrin-associated proteins, IAPs). Integrins are required for muscle attachment and in Drosophila, loss of integrins and several IAPs results in embryonic lethality and muscle detachment. However, the IAPs FAK, RSU1, tensin, vinculin and zyxin are not required for viability or embryonic muscle attachment. Furthermore, FAK, RSU1, tensin and vinculin have been observed to localise to muscle attachment sites in Drosophila, indicating that they have some function in muscle attachment. Unlike FAK, RSU1, tensin and vinculin, it was not previously known whether zyxin is expressed in Drosophila muscles. To test this, I generated a genomic zyxin-GFP construct that should contain most of the endogenous zyxin promotor. The genomic zyxin-GFP construct was not observed at muscle attachment sites, suggesting that it is not normally expressed in muscle. I wished to know whether FAK, RSU1, tensin and vinculin are required for muscle function. Various behavioural assays were employed to test for muscle function in larvae and adult flies. The results suggest that larval muscle function was normal in flies lacking these IAPs, but that adult muscle function might be impaired, although it proved difficult to demonstrate a clear functional defect. I then tested whether the IAPs FAK, RSU1, tensin and vinculin are required for normal morphology of adult muscles, focusing on the adult indirect flight muscles (IFMs). The IFMs are fibrillar muscles which attach to the cuticle via specialised epithelial cells known as tendon cells. At the end of the myofibril, where the myofibril attaches to the tendon cell, is a dense region of actin and IAPs known as the modified terminal Z-band (MTZ). I have found that the MTZ is not a homogenous zone of proteins, but is instead organised into at least three distinct layers. Because of the similarity between the structure of the MTZ with that of a hand, I refer to the layers as ‘fingers’, ‘palm’ and ‘wrist’. I discovered that the IAPs FAK, RSU1, tensin and vinculin are each required for the proper structure of the MTZ in unique ways. The fingers were elongated in IFMs lacking FAK, RSU1, tensin or vinculin, while the palm was disrupted in IFMs lacking RSU1, tensin or vinculin. Finally, I was intrigued by the enrichment of the actin-binding protein filamin/Cheerio in the palm and wished to know if it is required for palm function. Deletion of the C-terminus of filamin/Cheerio resulted in a reduction in palm length. Filamin/Cheerio is a mechanosensitive protein which exists in a closed and open conformation. I found that filamin/Cheerio must be open in order to help form a normal palm. Furthermore, vinculin is required to convert filamin/Cheerio from and closed to an open filamin/Cheerio state so that it can perform its function in the palm.