This dissertation presents three separate studies examining the effects of an individual's emotional response to their sexual initiation and their current feelings of sexual guilt. First, a systematic review of the literature is presented. From this review it was shown that previous research has found that an individual's response to his/her FSI experience has the potential to lead to later negative mental, physical and sexual health outcomes. However, limitations existed among and between studies. It was determined that a new measure of FSI emotional response was needed to minimize the limitations of previous measures which can be used consistently in future research. Criteria for such a measure are discussed. Second a new measure of an individual emotional response to his/her sexual initiation experience was constructed using the conclusions of the previous review of the literature. The validity of this measure was examined among a mixed gender sample of participants, asking participants to rate emotions currently and at the time of the event, using more sophisticated statistical analyses than previous research. Results provided evidence for the appropriateness of the measure as well as support for utilizing both time periods of questioning. It was found that individuals were able to make a distinction between these two time periods, providing separate and distinct factor structures. Implications of these results are discussed. Finally, utilizing the newly constructed measure, a structural equation model was created to examine the relationship between FSI emotional response and current sexual guilt. An individual's emotional response to his/her sexual initiation experience was found to be associated with his/her current degree of sexual guilt. Despite previous research suggesting the importance of the individual's age at the time of the sexual initiation event, it was found in the current study that this FSI emotional response was more strongly related to sexual guilt than age at FSI. The results highlight important relationships that must be further explored to better understand how youth and young adults respond to their sexual initiation and how this impacts their later sexual, physical, and mental health.

First experiences of sexual intercourse were examined among university students. Participants completed a questionnaire regarding their sexual behavior and reaction to first sex. In the first paper, sexual health indicators were reported, such as age at first intercourse, contraception and protection against sexually transmitted infections (STI), and rates of STI and pregnancy as a result of first sex. In the second paper, gender similarities and differences were explored on reported aspects of first sex within a social constructionist framework. The third paper is a poster, which was presented at the 9th European Society of Contraception Seminar in 2007, and highlights gender differences in emotional reaction to first sex. Results indicate a relatively positive view of sexual behavior and a possible convergence of social scripts for men and women. However, gender differences still occur for affective reactions to first intercourse. Overall, results reflect the dominant cultural and political climate within Canada. / Counselling Psychology

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Background: Sexual and reproductive health education and services are often of poor quality in Indonesia and although sexual intercourse among adolescents is not socially accepted, a change of norms is observable, putting adolescents at risk to acquire unwanted health outcomes. Aim: To analyse associations of behavioural, sociodemographic and informational factors with engaging in sexual intercourse among never-married adolescents aged 15 - 24 in Indonesia and to analyse potential differences in age groups. Methods: Data from 19,649 never-married male and female adolescents who ever went to school, obtained from the 2012 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey, was used for analysis. Multiple logistic regression was applied to test for significance separately and after adjusting for variables. Results: Among all adolescents, factors associated with engaging in sexual intercourse were: older age, male sex, ever drank alcohol, smoking and ever used drugs. After stratifying for age, the same associations were found for older and younger adolescents. Additionally, among younger adolescents (15 - 19 years), those from poorer households, with a higher educational level and those currently attending school were more likely to engage in sexual intercourse. Among older adolescents (20 - 24 years), those from poorer households and rural areas were more likely to engage in sexual intercourse. Conclusions: Interventions are needed to equip male adolescents, those who ever drank alcohol, were currently smoking or ever used drugs with sufficient knowledge and tools to make informed decisions. Further qualitative research is needed to investigate the behaviour of adolescents towards sexual intercourse more in depth.

Several developing countries introduced family planning programs to reduce their population growth rates. The rapid spread of birth control programs in the developing countries was at times accompanied by measures which violated human rights. In response to the ethical violations and coercive policies on population control, toward the end of 1980s various international committees formulated a reproductive health approach to overcome the limited population control approach. Unlike other population control programs, the focus of reproductive health program is on “reproductive process,” where as the most immediate focus of family planning programs is on fertility. Although studies refer to reproductive health approach as an extension of fertility control approach, literature on reproductive health provides very few systematic approaches toward developing explanations of reproductive health. The current approaches on population control are influenced by the ideological shift towards a broad-based approach which involves fertility or family size as one of the components of reproductive health. The present study uses intermediate variables framework suggested by Davis and Blake to organize reproductive health explanations. The proposed framework suggests that the state of reproductive health is indicated by intercourse, conception, and gestation variables and assumes that reproductive health is a latent dimensional outcome indicated by the measures of the intermediate variables. Also, there is noticeable lack of studies on reproductive health in Muslim countries. Given this shortcoming in the literature on reproductive health, the proposed model on reproductive health is used to assess the reproductive health of women in Yemen. The data are from the Yemen Demographic and Maternal and Child Health Survey (YDMCHS) conducted in 1997. Structural equation analysis is used to analyze the data. It is found that gender power or women's empowerment is more influential than economic status in determining reproductive health outcomes. The results of the study provide support for the proposed model. Implications for social policy making are discussed.

Bakalauro baigiamajame darbe atskleidžiama sveikatos priežiūros specialistų ir sveikatos problemų turinčių asmenų socioedukacinio bendravimo efektyvinimo prielaidos. Pirmoje darbo dalyje gvildenami tarpasmeninių ir tarpdalykinių santykių aspektai, apžvelgiami socioedukacinio bendravimo tipai, modeliai, analizuojami sveikatos priežiūros specialistų ir sveikatos problemų turinčių asmenų etinių santykių ypatumai, apibūdinamos tarpusavio santykių modelių ypatybės. Antroje darbo dalyje mokslinės literatūros teiginiams pagrįsti buvo atliktas tyrimas. Tyrimas buvo atliktas Biržų rajono pirminės asmens sveikatos priežiūros įstaigose. Tyrime dalyvavo 100 sveikatos problemų turinčių asmenų, bei 100 sveikatos priežiūros specialistų. Tyrimo objektas – specialistų, dirbančių sveikatos priežiūros įstaigose, bendravimo modelio kūrimo socioedukacinis aspektas. Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti specialistų, dirbančių sveikatos priežiūros įstaigose, bendravimo modelio kūrimo socioedukacinį aspektą. / Assumptions of socioeducational intercourse effectiveness between healthcare specialists and persons having health problems are revealed in the final bachelor work. In the first part of the work aspects of interpersonal and interdisciplinary relations are examined, types and models of socioeducational intercourse are overlooked, peculiarities of ethical relationship between healthcare specialists and persons having health problems are anlysed and features of intercommunion models are defined. A research was done to justify propositions of science literature in the second part of the work. The research was done in primary healthcare establishments in Biržai region. 100 persons having health problems and 100 healthcare specialists took part in the research. The research object is socioeducational aspect of creating a communicative model of healthcare specialists. The research aim is to reveal the socioeducational aspect of creating a communicative model of healthcare specialists.

Introduction Transient global amnesia (TGA) is a condition associated with temporary anterograde amnesia with or without retrograde amnesia, often resolving within 24 hours. It is mostly prevalent in elderly women with a mean age of 60-65 years and may be triggered by acute stressors like emotional trauma, strenuous exercise, Valsalva maneuver, sudden change in body temperature, intense pain, medical procedures, and sexual intercourse. We present a case of 62-year-old female who presented with transient global amnesia while having sexual intercourse. Case presentation 62-year-old female with no significant past medical history presented after having an acute mental status change during sexual intercourse. The episode began with the patient turning her head, and having a staring spell that lasted for few seconds following which she was disoriented to place and was asking same questions repeatedly. The patient was repeatedly asking where she was and where her handbag was during the episode which lasted almost 2 hours during which she was brought to the hospital. Review of systems was negative for any focal weakness, sensory loss, headache, seizures. She denied having any prior episodes of memory loss, migraines, syncope, stroke like symptoms or psychiatric conditions. Social history was only significant for occasional alcohol use but denied tobacco or recreational drug use. On the physical exam, the patient was alert, awake and oriented. Her cognition was intact. No focal neurological or cranial nerve deficits were noted. Lab workup was unremarkable except for slight hypokalemia. CT head without contrast and CT angiogram of head were unremarkable. The patient was diagnosed with TGA and was observed overnight with supportive care. MRI brain with and without contrast next day after the event only revealed tiny punctate area of susceptibility artifact within the right posterior parietal lobe. Patient and family were reassured and was discharged home. Discussion TGA is a condition accompanied by temporary anterograde amnesia with repetitive questioning. TGA has an incidence of 5.2 to 10 per 100,00 per year. Common risk factors include older age, migraines, and rarely familial causes. Most possibly related to neurological damage in median temporal lobe or hippocampus as these areas are strongly associated with memory formation. Potential etiologies include arterial ischemia, venous congestion and cortical spreading depression seen in migraine. TGA is a diagnosis of exclusion, only after ruling out other differential diagnosis like hypoglycemia, acute intoxication, transient ischemic attack, drug withdrawal and Wernicke's encephalopathy. Patients need to be admitted for observation until the amnesia resolves. Neuroimaging helps rule out serious pathologies and EEG may be considered in patients with high clinical suspicion for seizure. No specific intervention is required, and the patient and their families must be reassured that the condition is benign and usually does not recur.

Survey data from 472 adolescents (ages 14-19) and their parents were analyzed to examine the relationship that existed between the premarital sexual attitudes of parents and the sexual behavior of their adolescents. The attitudes of the adolescents and their parents were measured using Likert type questions about sexual Intercourse prior to marriage. The sexual behavior of adolescents was based on the responses of the adolescents regarding their frequency of necking, petting, and sexual Intercourse. The relationship between adolescents' sexual behavior and parents' attitudes was examined using several different conceptual models. The amount of attitude agreement that mothers and fathers had with one another - as well as with their adolescent - was significant to understanding the contribution parents had on adolescents' sexual behavior. The direction of parent-adolescent attitude agreement and husband-wife attitude agreement was also found Important In understanding how congruence functioned.

This study examined the reciprocal relationship between the age of first sexual intercourse and academic goals and achievement. It was hypothesized that lower educational goals and achievement were likely to be associated with an adolescent who initiated sexual intercourse at a younger age than those with higher educational goals and achievement. It was also hypothesized that initiating sexual activity early would be associated with a decrease in subsequent academic achievement and goals. Possible explanations are that the costs of engaging in sexual intercourse (pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases) may deter adolescents from initiating intercourse. Weak attachment to parents and future goals may increase the influence of negative peer associations as well. It is also possible that adolescents who engage in sexual intercourse experience a change in mind set against community standards, one being high academic achievement and goals. This project analyzed data from the National Survey of Children (NSC), which is a national longitudinal sample of children aged 7 to 11 beginning in 1976, with additional data collection points in 1981 and 1987. A regression analysis examined the correlation of selected educational variables with the age of first sexual intercourse. The sample was then divided into two groups: those who had experienced voluntary sexual intercourse prior to the time of a data collection point and those who had not. I tests were performed examine the difference in educational variables for virgins and nonvirgins in 1981 and 1987. To examine the change in educational goals and achievement that could have resulted due to the onset of sexual activity, an analysis of covariance was performed on educational variables that were measured at two points in time. The results of this research confirm that reciprocal relationships exist between adolescent sexual activity and educational achievement and goals. Lower educational achievement and goals, measured at an earlier point in time, were related to a younger age of first sexual intercourse. Also, engaging in sexual intercourse was related to a decrease in subsequent educational goals and achievement. The relationship between lower academic achievement and goals and the age of first sex varied by race and gender. Black females showed the strongest association with educational variables and black males the least association. White females and white males both showed significant relationships between education and sexual activity. Sexual activity had the most impact on subsequent academic achievement, followed by educational goals.