Tyrimo tikslas - Nustatyti dvyliktokių, augančių nepilnose šeimose, savigarbos bei požiūrio į lytinius santykius ypatumus. Tyrime dalyvavo 246 dvyliktokės iš Kauno, Kaišiadorių, Kėdainių, Panevėžio apskričių. Respondenčių amžius 17-19 metų. Tiriamųjų savigarbai įvertinti buvo naudojamas daugiasluoksnis savęs vertinimo klausimynas sukurtas D.L.DuBois ir kolegų (1996), išverstas Lauros Šeibokaitės bei Gintarės Skukauskaitės bei Rosenberg (1965) savigarbos klausimynas. Požiūriui į lytinius santykius naudotas semantinio diferencialo metodas bei tyrėjos sudaryti klausimai. Savigarba tai teigiamas arba neigiamas požiūris į save (Rosenberg 1965), jos formavimasis priklauso nuo socialinės aplinkos, kurioje asmuo auga. Paauglės savigarbos formavimuisi svarbiausią vaidmenį atlieka šeima. Ankstesniuose psichologų tyrimuose pastebėti ryšiai tarp savigarbos lygio ir paauglių lytinio aktyvumo. Gauti rezultatai šių ryšių nepatvirtina. Merginos augančios nepilnose ir pilnose šeimose save vertina panašiai. Nepastebėti skirtumai tarp merginų požiūrio į lytinius santykius ir šeimos sudėties, kurioje jos auga. Gauti rezultatai patvirtina, jog lytinio gyvenimo aktyvumas glaudžiai siejasi su šeimos sudėtimi, kurioje auga merginos. Lytiškai aktyvios, pilnose šeimose augančios dvyliktokės malonia lytinio gyvenimo priežastimi įvardino intymumo poreikį :“myliu ir esu mylima“. / The aim of the study was to find the peculiarities of self-esteem and attitude toward sexual intercourse of 12th grade females, who live in one-parent family. Methods: self-esteem was measured by multidimensional Self-Esteem Questionnaire (SEQ) designed by D.L.DuBois et al. (1996), translated by L.Šeibokaitė and G. Skukauskaitė. Self-esteem questionnaire by Rosenberg (1965) was also used. Osgood's semantic differential method was used to evaluate the attitude toward the sexual intercourse. Self-esteem is positive or negative attitude to yourself (Rosenberg, 1965). The formation of the self-esteem depends on the social sphere where the person develops. The family plays the main role in the teenager’s self-esteem formation. In the former psychological researches, connections between self-esteem and teenagers sexual activity were noted. But received results don’t confirm such connections. The girls from the one-parent families or from the nuclear families assess themselves similarly. Differences between girls’ attitude toward sexual intercourse and family composition were not found too. The results proved that sexual activity is close connected with family composition. Senior sexual active females, growing in the nuclear families, named the requirement of the intimacy as the main reason of their sexual life: “I love and I am beloved”.

Moksleivių elgesys turintis įtakos sveikatai, gyvensena, santykiai šeimoje ar bendraamžių grupėje tolydžiai kinta. Dabartinių moksleivių sveikata nėra itin gera: netaisyklinga laikysena, regos sutrikimai, dažnesnės traumos, daug savižudybių. Todėl svarbu kuo daugiau sužinoti apie paauglių gyvensena, jos kaitą. Tyrimas atliktas 2006 metų sausio ir vasario mėnesiais Kauno miesto „Vaižganto“ vidurinėje mokykloje, Sargėnų vidurinėje mokykloje, bei VDU Kauno „Rasos“ gimnazijoje. Buvo išdalinta 412 anketų, tačiau tolesniam tyrimo rezultatų apdorojimui buvo tinkamos 400 anketų. Tyrimo tikslas — ištirti Kauno bendrojo lavinimo mokyklų 7-ų ir 9-ų klasių mokinių elgesio, šeimos ir mokyklos aplinkos ypatumus, įvertinti jų ryšį su nusiskundimais sveikata. Uždaviniai: 1. Nustatyti ir palyginti 7-ų ir 9-ų klasių mokinių specifinius sveikatos rizikos veiksnius. 2. Nustatyti ir palyginti 7-ų ir 9-ų klasių mokinių mokyklos aplinkos vertinimo ypatumus. 3. Nustatyti ir palyginti 7-ų ir 9-�� klasių mokinių bendravimo šeimoje ypatumus. 4. Nustatyti ir palyginti 7-ų ir 9-ų klasių mokinių sveikatos bei savijautos rodiklius. Buvo iškelta hipotezė, kad šių dienų 7-ų klasių mokinių gyvensenos ir elgesio, turinčio įtakos sveikatai, dėsningumai yra panašūs kaip ir 9-ų klasių mokinių. Darbe buvo taikomi šie tyrimo metodai: teorinės analizės ir apibendrinimo, anketinės apklausos, matematinės statistikos. Anketinės apklausos metodu siekėme nustatyti mokyklos, namų aplinkos, bendravimo su bendraamžiais... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Schoolchild behavior having influence for their health, the lifestyle, in family and in contemporary group gradually varies. The health of contemporary schoolchild is not especially good: irregular posture, disorder of eyesight, frequent injuries, many self-murders. Therefore, it is important to find out as much on adolescent’s lifestyle and its alternation. The inquiry was prosecuted in “Vaižgantas” and “Sargėnai” secondary schools and VDU Kaunas “Rasa” high school in Kaunas city in January and February of 2006. There were distributed 412 of questionnaires. To work for the succeeded results of the research were applied 400 questionnaires. The purpose of research – to investigate Kaunas 7 and 9 classes schoolchild behavior, the singularities of family and school environment and estimate the relation between complaints about health. The goal: 1. To determine and compare the factors of specific health risk of 7 and 9 classes schoolchild. 2. To determine and compare the singularities of school environment of 7 and 9 classes schoolchild. 3. To determine and compare the singularities of intercourse in family of 7 and 9 classes schoolchild. 4. To determine and compare the rate of schoolchild health of 7 and 9 classes. The hypothesis was that consistent pattern of latter-day schoolchild of 7 class lifestyle and behavior, which influence health are also similar as of 9 class schoolchild. Methods practiced in this research: the theoretical analysis and generalization, questionnaire... [to full text]

The present study is an interpretation of the two myths copied in the Old Babylonian period in which the Sumerian mother goddess is one of the main actors. The first myth is commonly called “Enki and Ninḫursaĝa”, and the second “Enki and Ninmaḫ”. The theoretical point of departure is that myths have society as their referents, i.e. they are “talking about” society, and that this is done in an ideological way. This study aims at investigating on the one hand which contexts in the Mesopotamian society each section of the myths refers to, and on the other hand which ideological aspects that the myths express in terms of power relations. The myths are contextualized in relation to their historical and social setting. If the myth for example deals with working men, male work in the area during the relevant period is discussed. The same method of contextualization is used regarding marriage, geographical points of reference and so on. Also constellations of mythical ideas are contextualized, through comparison with similar constellations in other Mesopotamian myths. Besides the method of contextualization, the power relations in the myths are investigated. According to this latter method, the categories at issue, their ranking, as well as their changed ranking, are noted. The topics of the myths is issues important for the kingship and the country, such as irrigation, trade, health and healing, birth, collective work, artisanry and rivalry. All these aspects are used in order to express what the power relations between the goddess Ninḫursaĝa/Ninmaḫ and the god Enki look like. The relations are negotiated and recalibrated, which leads to the goddess getting a lowered status. Part of the negotiations and recalibrations is gender behavior, which is related to historical developments in society. The present work points to the function of these myths as tools of recalibrating not only deities, but also men and women in society.

The dissertation is focused on the issue of contraception and reproductive health of young people. I therefore chose this topic of my dissertation because it interests me and it is also very current topic. I have specified the research in various types of secondary schools in Cesky Krumlov. The main aim of my dissertation was to map the knowledge of hormonal contraception and proven possible differences in sexual self behaviour in adolescent girls attending different high schools in Cesky Krumlov. The research was conducted using anonymous questionnaires that were distributed to girls aged 17 to 19 years. For my dissertation, I set four hypotheses that have been statistically confirmed. The results were interesting and there had been statistically significant differences in the level of knowledge about the risks of hormonal contraception among female students of Secondary Schools and other female students of Health Secondary Schools. In addition, the Vocational School students begin sexual life before other students of Secondary schools. Also the most common method of protection at first sexual intercourse is condom, but the most preferred contraceptives in adolescent girls, regardless of the type school studied, is hormonal contraception. According to the responses of girls we can see the differences in their own sexual behaviour, which is, in most cases conscientiously. Girls, however, are not sufficiently informed about hormonal contraception they use. I would advise to bring more lectures into schools about the positives and risks of hormonal contraception in general and also about all contraceptive options.

ENGLISH ABSTRACT This thesis deals with sexual behavior of young people from fifteen till twenty-five years in the Czech Republic. Their activities are evaluated and interpreted from anthropological perspective of passage rituals. The official passage rituals of adulthood were eliminated in the western society and one universal passage ritual was crumbled in inexhaustible assemblage of particular unofficial hazy and often unclear ritual actions. This transformation begins because the man is according to Mary Douglas a ritual animal and the ritual suppressed in one form appears in another on even stronger. In this large assemblage of passage rituals of adulthood we can include for example dancing courses, school- leaving examination, gaining of the driving licence, smoking, drinking alcohol or just sexual activity. In the period of adolescence we can mark this activity as ritual because it has not the clear utilitarian procreative aim. This work presents original field research which bears on two main pillars: 1. on the quantitative questionnaire investigation and 2. on qualitative questionnaire investigation. The quantitative research was made in the secondary schools in Pilsen region and its main part count one hundred-eighty eight respondents. The research was going on during the year 2008 - 2009. The...

African-American and Latino men who have sex with men (MSM) bear a disproportionately large burden of the Human Immunodefiency Virus (HIV) epidemic in the United States. To further enhance HIV prevention efforts among men of color, a survey was conducted within New York City’s house ball community; a community largely comprised of racial and ethnic minority persons. Time-space sampling was adapted to recruit participants for the survey from venues frequented by members of the house ball community. Using logistic regression analysis, this study examined the effects of perceived stigma, enacted stigma, sense of community and self-esteem on unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) among a sub-sample of men in the survey. Both perceived and enacted stigma had a modest direct effect on engaging in UAI. The direct effect on UAI was significant even after controlling for covariates in the model. The magnitude of the effect on UAI did not vary by race/ethnicity or sexual identity. In addition, perceived and enacted stigma correlated negatively to both sense of community and self-esteem scores. Although sense of community did not buffer the effect of perceived or enacted stigma on UAI, both sense of community and self-esteem were protective against engaging in UAI. However, while the direct effect of sense of community on UAI remained after controlling for covariates in the model, the effect self-esteem had on UAI diminished after adding variables to the model. Further, self-esteem was negatively correlated with both perceived and enacted stigma, but it did not mediate perceived and enacted stigma’s effect on UAI. Implications for HIV prevention strategies given these findings are discussed. Implications include developing multilevel interventions, including structural interventions, to reduce the stigma that is perceived and experienced by men of color as well as building stronger communities for African American and Latino MSM.

Cervical cancer represents an enormous health, psychological and social stress for every woman. The most important risk factor in the development of cervical carcinoma, which the second most common malignant cancer in women, is infection with a high-risk strain of human papillomavirus - a very frequent sexually transmitted disease. More than 100 types of HPV are acknowledged to exist, with HPV 16 and 18 being classified as high-risk types in particular. Worldwide, 500,000 new cases of cervical cancer are diagnosed every year. In the Czech Republic, there are 1,000 new cases of cervical cancer each year, out of which up to 400 women die. It is estimated that there will be up to 1,000,000 new cases of cervical cancer by 2050 unless the prevention is improved. Every woman is at risk of developing cervical cancer. HPV is sexually transmitted, however not only by sexual intercourse but also by skin-to-skin-contact with infected areas. Other risk factors in the development of the disease are: first sexual intercourse at early age, the number of sexual partners, smoking, other sexually transmitted diseases and a long term use of hormonal contraception. Use of condoms, which protects against sexually transmitted diseases, reduces the transmission of HPV by up to 70%. Having regular gynaecological check-ups with Pap smears is crucial for cervical cancer screening, as the screening suggests the presence of cytological abnormalities and pre-cancer. However, it cannot detect all types of premalignant changes and early stages of the carcinoma. Two vaccines have recently been developed, effective against the most frequent oncogenic strains of HPV (16 and 18), which currently cause about 70% of cervical cancer cases. Active immunisation against human papillomavirus is the first vaccination against carcinoma. Together with screening, it represents the best prevention method against cervical carcinoma. Based on the research of technical literature, the first part of the dissertation gives an overall view of the issue of cervical carcinoma. The second part of the dissertation deals with the research, eliciting the knowledge and attitude of women from Southern Bohemian towns in the field of cervical carcinoma prevention in the period of December 2008 - March 2009 and comparing it to technical literature.

Submitted by Geyciane Santos (geyciane_thamires@hotmail.com) on 2015-07-30T16:00:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Aniel de Sarom Negrão Silva.pdf: 1859255 bytes, checksum: 6756009034d321dabee9011e1884e67c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-30T20:01:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Aniel de Sarom Negrão Silva.pdf: 1859255 bytes, checksum: 6756009034d321dabee9011e1884e67c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-30T19:59:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Aniel de Sarom Negrão Silva.pdf: 1859255 bytes, checksum: 6756009034d321dabee9011e1884e67c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Divisão de Documentação/BC Biblioteca Central (ddbc@ufam.edu.br) on 2015-07-30T20:04:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Aniel de Sarom Negrão Silva.pdf: 1859255 bytes, checksum: 6756009034d321dabee9011e1884e67c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-30T20:04:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - Aniel de Sarom Negrão Silva.pdf: 1859255 bytes, checksum: 6756009034d321dabee9011e1884e67c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-02 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Adolescence is a phase of life between 10 and 19 years characterized by conflicts and discoveries, At this stage the adolescents begin to live their first sexual experiences and may submit to sexual risk behaviors to STD infection and AIDS. In order to verify the occurrence of sexual risk behaviors among adolescent students in the city of Abaetetuba, we performed a cross sectional observational study in adolescents from 14 to 19 years old from four different Public Schools at High School in order to identify sexual risk behaviors and their possible associations. We performed statistical tests of odds ratio, chi-square test of independence, G test of independence and Correspondence Analysis for the treatment of data. The sample was 603 adolescents formed by 61.03% (368) women and 38.97% (235) men with a mean age of 17.14 years (SD = ± 1.14 years). Sexually active were 49.25% (297), 54.55% (162) men and 45.45% (135) women, 50.75% (306) did not have their first sexual intercourse, 76.14% (233) women and 23.86% (73) men. The average at first sexual intercourse was 15.23 years and sexual initiation was associated with male gender (OR = 2.43, 95% CI 1.51 – 3.91, p= 0.0003). The onset of sexual activity was associated with inconsistent practice of religion (OR = 8.33, 95% CI 3.15 – 22.05, p <0.0001). Condom use at first sexual intercourse was associated with gender, and women had more consistent use at this occasion (OR = 2.04, 95% CI 1.20 – 3.47, p = 0.011); 29.97 % (89) did not use condom at that occasion, 52.81% (47) women and 47.19% (42) men. Family income was associated with sexual initiation (p=0.0113). The multiple sexual partners in the past three months was associated with male gender (p=0.0001), and male gender was statistically significant compared with the categories of "two", "three" and "more than four" with 83%, 78% and 80% respectively. Friends were the main source of information about sex and sexuality; 91.71% (553) have never taken laboratory tests for detection of HIV. There are sexual risk behaviors among adolescents in this study in particular for the males, so it is necessary to implement policies aimed to adolescent sexual health to be promoted by families, schools, religious institutions and public authorities. / A adolescência é uma fase da vida compreendida entre 10 e 19 anos caracterizada pelos conflitos e descobertas. Nessa fase os adolescentes começam a viver suas primeiras experiências sexuais podendo apresentar comportamentos sexuais de risco à infecções por DST/AIDS. Visando identificar comportamentos sexuais de risco e suas possíveis variáveis associadas em adolescentes escolares do município de Abaetetuba, foi realizado um estudo observacional analítico transversal em adolescentes escolares de 14 a 19 anos matriculados no Ensino Médio de quatro escolas da Rede Pública Estadual. Realizaram-se testes estatísticos de “Odds Ratio”, Qui-quadrado de independência, teste G de independência e Análise de Correspondência para o tratamento dos dados. A amostra calculada foi de 603 adolescentes compostos por 61,03% (368) mulheres e 38,97% (235) homens com idade média de 17,14 anos (dp=± 1,14 anos). Já se iniciaram sexualmente 49,25% (297), sendo 54,55% (162) homens e 45,45% (135) mulheres; 50,75% (306) não se iniciaram, sendo 76,14% (233) mulheres e 23,86% (73) homens. A idade média da sexarca foi 15,23 anos e a iniciação sexual precoce esteve associada ao sexo masculino (OR=2,43; IC95%=1,51–3,91; p=0,0003). O início da vida sexual esteve associado à prática inconsistente da religião (OR=8,33; IC95%=3.15–22,05; p<0,0001). O uso do preservativo na primeira relação sexual esteve associado gênero, sendo que mulheres tiveram uso mais consistente nessa ocasião (OR=2,04; IC95% 1,20–3,47; p=0,011); não usaram preservativo 29,97% (89) adolescentes, sendo 52,81% (47) mulheres e 47,19% (42) homens. A renda familiar esteve associada à iniciação sexual (p=0,0113). Os múltiplos parceiros sexuais nos últimos três meses estiveram associados ao sexo masculino (p=0,0001), sendo que este gênero apresentou significância estatística de relação com as categorias “duas”, “três” e “mais de quatro” com 83%, 78% e 80%, respectivamente. A principal fonte de informações sobre sexo e sexualidade foram os amigos e 91,71% (553) nunca fizeram exame de detecção do HIV. Verificam-se comportamentos sexuais de risco entre os adolescentes do estudo, em especial do sexo masculino; assim faz-se necessário a implementação de políticas voltadas à saúde sexual e reprodutiva dos mesmos a serem promovidas pelas famílias, escolas, instituições religiosas e poder público.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:18:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rafaella Queiroga Souto.pdf: 939643 bytes, checksum: 7e64b1d38215fa6ce36453925f20ea16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-10-07 / Objective: To characterize the sexual violence carried out against women treated at the Center for Legal Medicine and Dentistry - NUMOL in Campina Grande/PB. Methodology: This was a cross-sectional descriptive and analytical study that used secondary data. It analyzed reports of carnal intercourse (suspected cases of rape N =886) that were registered at NUMOL between January 2005 and December 2009. The 295 confirmed cases of rape were allocated according to the age of the victim. The instrument of data collection was a specific form, drawn up from information in the report of carnal knowledge. The dependent variable was the rape (yes or no) and the others were considered independent. The database and statistical analysis were carried out using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). The data were presented using descriptive statistics (mean, range, standard deviation, and frequencies). The study used the Chi-square or Fisher's exact test, PR - prevalence ratio and ANOVA. The significance used was 0.05 with a 95% confidence level. Results: The frequence of rape was 33.29%. There was association between the confirmation of the rape and marital status (p = 0.009), relationship with the perpetrator (p = 0.01) and violence during rape (p = 0.000). The victims were mostly adolescents (87.50%), unmarried (87.10%) with incomplete primary education (34.90%), residing in urban areas (50.20 %), born in other municipalities (54.90%) and students (70.50%). The perpetrators varied from adolescents to adults with a mean age of 27.46 years, the majority were acquaintances of the victims (84.06%), but had no blood ties (other acquaintances) (52.82%). There was a predominance of a single perpetrator (82%). Most assaults occurred in public places (13.40%) in the morning (6.10%), with estimated lapse time of more than 20 days between the violence and the report (67.50%). Some form of violence was employed during practice (38%). Presumed violence (34.82%) and physical force (23.23%) were the most prevalent types of violence. The most frequent type of presumed violence was inocencia consilli (60.70%). No lesions were found elsewhere on the body in the majority of cases (94.60%). Conclusions: The frequence of rape is high, and the victims are mostly young, single and with low schooling. The perpetrators are acquaintances of the victims. / Objetivo: caracterizar a violência sexual praticada contra a mulher atendida no Núcleo de Medicina e Odontologia Legal - NUMOL do município de Campina Grande/PB. Metodologia: Tratou-se de um estudo transversal descritivo e analítico com dados secundários. Foram analisados 886 laudos de conjunção carnal (casos suspeitos de estupro) atendidos no NUMOL entre janeiro de 2005 e dezembro de 2009, sendo 295 casos confirmados de estupro que foram alocados segundo a faixa etária. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi formulado de acordo com as informações existentes no laudo de conjunção carnal. Os pesquisadores foram treinados e foi realizado um estudo piloto com laudos de 2004 que foram descartados. Os aspectos éticos da pesquisa com seres humanos foram respeitados: o projeto foi cadastrado no SISNEP, aprovado pelo comitê de ética em pesquisa da UEPB e foi autorizado pela direção da instituição. Resultados: A frequencia da conjunção carnal foi alta (33,29%). Foi observada associação entre a confirmação do estupro e o estado civil, cidade que a vítima reside, escolaridade, relacionamento com o agressor, grau deste relacionamento, idade do agressor, data provável desta agressão, virgindade anterior e violência durante a prática. Em relação aos casos confirmados de estupro, as vítimas são em sua maioria: adolescentes, solteiras, com ensino fundamental incompleto, residentes na zona urbana, naturais de outros municípios e estudantes. Os agressores variam entre adolescentes e adultos, sendo a maioria conhecidos das vítimas, mas que não possuem laços consanguíneos (outros conhecidos) e a maioria agiu sozinho. A maioria das agressões ocorreu em locais públicos, pela manhã, com data provável da violência maior que 20 dias do dia da realização do laudo, foi empregada alguma forma de violência durante a prática, sendo a violência presumida e a força física as mais prevalentes e entre a violência presumida foi a inocência consilli a que apresentou maior frequência. Não foram encontradas lesões em outras regiões do corpo na maioria dos casos. Conclusões: A frequencia do estupro foi alta e as vítimas são principalmente jovens, solteiras e com baixa escolaridade. Os agressores são em maioria conhecidos das vítimas.

MPH / Department of Public Health / See the attached abstract below