Faba bean (Vicia faba Roth) is grown worldwide as a protein source for food, used for animal feed, and is a common cover crop in Europe, but is underutilized in Midwest farming systems. Faba bean, field pea (Pisum sativum L.), and forage pea were evaluated for biomass and chemical composition when sown after wheat. Faba bean, forage pea, balansa clover (Trifolium michelanium Savi), red clover (T. pratense L.), and rye (Secale cereale L.) were evaluated similarly when intersown into maize. Cover crops after wheat had no significant biomass differences, averaging 1210 kg ha-1, enough to support 1.5 animal unit month (AUM) ha-1 for a 450 kg cow with calf. Rye yielded the greatest (374 kg ha-1) of the intercrops with faba bean averaging similarly and other intercrops averaging significantly less. Intercrops did not affect maize yield. Faba bean has similar potential as other commonly used cover crops in the Midwest.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a possibilidade da exploração simultânea de pomar de citros com braquiária da entrelinha para produção de silagem. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos principais quanto ao manejo da braquiária (A: adubação do pomar na linha e manejo da braquiária da entrelinha através de roçadas; B: adubação do pomar na linha, sendo a entrelinha cortada para silagem; C: adubação do pomar na linha e na entrelinha, sendo a braquiária cortada para silagem), com sete repetições, totalizando 21 parcelas de três linhas de citros cada. A linha central foi utilizada para avaliação dos citros, e a entrelinha central para avaliar a braquiária. Foram realizados dois cortes de braquiária na época das águas para avaliação da produção de MS e de atributos químico-bromatológicos (QB). Após o corte, a braquiária foi armazenada de três formas: congelada "in natura"; em minissilos de PVC, sem adição de polpa cítrica, e em minissilos de PVC com adição de polpa cítrica (7, 14 e 21%), com quatro repetições. O material foi ensilado por 35 dias, sendo após aberto e congelado. Avaliou-se, nas amostras congeladas, as características QB: MS, PB, FDN, pH e PT. Fez-se a determinação dos teores de macro e micronutrientes nas folhas de citros e da braquiária, e amostragem do solo da linha e da entrelinha para avaliação da fertilidade. No pomar de citros avaliou-se a produção e as características físicas e tecnológicas dos frutos nas épocas de safra e colheita temporã. Observou-se que a produtividade e as características tecnológicas e físicas dos frutos não foram afetadas pelo manejo da braquiária. No estado nutricional dos citros, observou-se diferença nos teores de cálcio, sendo superiores no tratamento C. Os atributos químicos do solo na linha do pomar não apresentaram diferença entre os tratamentos. Na braquiária, os tratamentos não influenciaram o estado nutricional e os principais atributos químicos do solo. Quanto à produção de MS, nos tratamentos B e C, observou-se diferença entre os mesmos nas duas épocas de corte, com produção de MS 60% superior em C. Nas características QB, houve influência dos tratamentos B e C, da época de corte e da prática de ensilagem em relação a MS, PB, FDN, pH e PT, além de interações entre essas variáveis. Em função dos resultados obtidos quanto à produção e qualidade de citros e da braquiária para ensilagem, conclui-se a viabilidade da exploração desse sistema (pomar de citros e braquiária para ensilagem), desde que seja feita reposição dos nutrientes extraídos através de adubação diferenciada para as duas espécies vegetais. / The objective of this study was to verify the possibility of simultaneous exploration of citrus orchard with brachiaria of interrow for silage production aiming at dairy cow food complementation. The treatment were: A - fertilization of the orchard in the row and manipulation of brachiaria of the interrow by hoeing; B - fertilization of orchard in the row, and having the interrow cut for the silage; C - fertilization of orchard in the row and in the interrow, having the brachiaria cut for silage. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 7 replications, totalling twenty-one parcels with three lines of citrus each. The central line was used for the evaluation of citrus and the central interrow to evaluate the brachiaria. Two cuts of brachiaria were made in the rainy season for the evaluation of dry matter ha -1 and chemical-bromatological attributes production. After cutting, the brachiaria was stored in three different ways: frozen in natura; stored in mini silos of PVC with and without the addition of citric pulp; with four replications. The material was stored in silo for 35 days, and it was opened and frozen afterwards. The following chemical-bromatological characteristics were evaluated within these material dry matter, raw protein, fiber acid detergent, free acidity, and buffer capacity. Macro and micronutrients’ contents in the leaves were determinated, and samples of soil in the row and interrow were taken for the evaluation of soil fertility. In the citrus orchard, the production and the physical and technological characteristics of fruits in two periods (in season and out of season) were evaluated. The results showed that the productivity and the fruits’ technological and physical characteristics were not affected by the way the manipulation of brachiaria in the interrow was conducted. Within the plants’ nutritional state, a difference only for the contents of calcium, which were superior in treatment C, could be observed. The soil’s chemical attributes in the orchard’s line did not present any difference among the treatments. Concerning the brachiaria, the treatments did not have any influence in the nutritional state, nor in the main soil’s chemical attributes. Concerning the production of dry matter, in treatments B and C, a difference between them was observed, in the two seasons of cut, in the production of dry matter: up to 60% for treatment C. Concerning the chemical-bromatological characteristics, there was an influence of the treatments B and C, of the cutting period and of the practice of storage in silos in relation to the contents of dry matter, raw protein, fiber acid detergent, free acidity and buffer capacity in relation; besides the interaction effects among these three variables. Due to the obtained results in relation to the production and quality of citrus and of brachiaria for storage in silos, we can conclude the viability of the exploration of this system (orchard of citrus and brachiaria for storage in silos), as long as the reposition of the extracted nutrients through different fertilization for each vegetal species is executed.

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar a possibilidade da exploração simultânea de pomar de citros com braquiária da entrelinha para produção de silagem. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos principais quanto ao manejo da braquiária (A: adubação do pomar na linha e manejo da braquiária da entrelinha através de roçadas; B: adubação do pomar na linha, sendo a entrelinha cortada para silagem; C: adubação do pomar na linha e na entrelinha, sendo a braquiária cortada para silagem), com sete repetições, totalizando 21 parcelas de três linhas de citros cada. A linha central foi utilizada para avaliação dos citros, e a entrelinha central para avaliar a braquiária. Foram realizados dois cortes de braquiária na época das águas para avaliação da produção de MS e de atributos químico-bromatológicos (QB). Após o corte, a braquiária foi armazenada de três formas: congelada “in natura”; em minissilos de PVC, sem adição de polpa cítrica, e em minissilos de PVC com adição de polpa cítrica (7, 14 e 21%), com quatro repetições. O material foi ensilado por 35 dias, sendo após aberto e congelado. Avaliou-se, nas amostras congeladas, as características QB: MS, PB, FDN, pH e PT. Fez-se a determinação dos teores de macro e micronutrientes nas folhas de citros e da braquiária, e amostragem do solo da linha e da entrelinha para avaliação da fertilidade. No pomar de citros avaliou-se a produção e as características físicas e tecnológicas dos frutos nas épocas de safra e colheita temporã. Observou-se que a produtividade e as características tecnológicas e físicas dos frutos não foram afetadas pelo manejo da braquiária. No estado nutricional dos citros, observou-se diferença nos teores de cálcio, sendo superiores no tratamento C. Os atributos químicos do solo na linha do pomar não apresentaram diferença entre os tratamentos. Na braquiária, os tratamentos não influenciaram o estado nutricional e os principais atributos químicos do solo. Quanto à produção de MS, nos tratamentos B e C, observou-se diferença entre os mesmos nas duas épocas de corte, com produção de MS 60% superior em C. Nas características QB, houve influência dos tratamentos B e C, da época de corte e da prática de ensilagem em relação a MS, PB, FDN, pH e PT, além de interações entre essas variáveis. Em função dos resultados obtidos quanto à produção e qualidade de citros e da braquiária para ensilagem, conclui-se a viabilidade da exploração desse sistema (pomar de citros e braquiária para ensilagem), desde que seja feita reposição dos nutrientes extraídos através de adubação diferenciada para as duas espécies vegetais. / The objective of this study was to verify the possibility of simultaneous exploration of citrus orchard with brachiaria of interrow for silage production aiming at dairy cow food complementation. The treatment were: A - fertilization of the orchard in the row and manipulation of brachiaria of the interrow by hoeing; B – fertilization of orchard in the row, and having the interrow cut for the silage; C – fertilization of orchard in the row and in the interrow, having the brachiaria cut for silage. The experimental design was randomized blocks with 7 replications, totalling twenty-one parcels with three lines of citrus each. The central line was used for the evaluation of citrus and the central interrow to evaluate the brachiaria. Two cuts of brachiaria were made in the rainy season for the evaluation of dry matter ha -1 and chemical–bromatological attributes production. After cutting, the brachiaria was stored in three different ways: frozen in natura; stored in mini silos of PVC with and without the addition of citric pulp; with four replications. The material was stored in silo for 35 days, and it was opened and frozen afterwards. The following chemical-bromatological characteristics were evaluated within these material dry matter, raw protein, fiber acid detergent, free acidity, and buffer capacity. Macro and micronutrients’ contents in the leaves were determinated, and samples of soil in the row and interrow were taken for the evaluation of soil fertility. In the citrus orchard, the production and the physical and technological characteristics of fruits in two periods (in season and out of season) were evaluated. The results showed that the productivity and the fruits’ technological and physical characteristics were not affected by the way the manipulation of brachiaria in the interrow was conducted. Within the plants’ nutritional state, a difference only for the contents of calcium, which were superior in treatment C, could be observed. The soil’s chemical attributes in the orchard’s line did not present any difference among the treatments. Concerning the brachiaria, the treatments did not have any influence in the nutritional state, nor in the main soil’s chemical attributes. Concerning the production of dry matter, in treatments B and C, a difference between them was observed, in the two seasons of cut, in the production of dry matter: up to 60% for treatment C. Concerning the chemical-bromatological characteristics, there was an influence of the treatments B and C, of the cutting period and of the practice of storage in silos in relation to the contents of dry matter, raw protein, fiber acid detergent, free acidity and buffer capacity in relation; besides the interaction effects among these three variables. Due to the obtained results in relation to the production and quality of citrus and of brachiaria for storage in silos, we can conclude the viability of the exploration of this system (orchard of citrus and brachiaria for storage in silos), as long as the reposition of the extracted nutrients through different fertilization for each vegetal species is executed.

Overall soil productivity is declining in the U.S. due to loss of soil organic matter (SOM). Decreased SOM lowers soil water storage, reduces water infiltration, slows aggregate formation, and depletes soil of nutrients. In many systems, crop nutrients are replaced by expensive synthetic fertilizers that can lead to environmental concerns. This practice is not economically or environmentally sustainable in the long term. To secure future soil use and crop production, sustainable management practices are needed to prevent further SOM depletion. Incorporating legumes into cropping systems is one alternative that can bolster soil organic C (SOC) (key indicator of SOM) and reduce N fertilizer applications through symbiotic legume N fixation. Three studies were conducted over multiple years at the Texas A&M AgriLife Research and Extension Center near Overton, TX. Annual cool- and warm-season legumes were evaluated as potential green manure crops and intercrops under grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], high-biomass sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], and annual forage cropping systems. These studies quantified legume soil moisture usage and C and N contributions to the soil and subsequent crop yields in East Texas. Primary project objectives were to maintain or maximize primary crop yields at reduced N fertilizer rates and to build SOC through the integration of legume green manures and intercrops. Green manuring cool-season legumes showed the most beneficial effect on SOC, soil total N, and crop yields; however, significant increases in yield were only detected after three years in rotation. Intercropping Iron-and-Clay cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. [Walp]) decreased yield of both high-biomass sorghum and grain sorghum due to competitive vegetative growth. Iron-and-Clay did however improve biomass yields of high-biomass sorghum in two subsequent years when implemented as a green manure. Despite large N yields as high as 310 kg ha-1, impacts of legumes on annual forage crops was limited. Poor response was likely a result of previous field history in which a permanent warm-season grass pasture was cultivated for site preparation and mineralized SOC released substantial amounts of available N. Under low soil N conditions, legume green manures produce enough N to likely reduce N fertilizer requirements cost-effectively for subsequent crops in East Texas.

The aim of this thesis is to evaluate the possibility of applying the intercrop in the erosion control crop rotation and their effect on the system of the sustainable agriculture and assess the suitability of utalizition of the intercrop as an element of the erosion control for the environmentally friendly farming on the arable ground. Erosion phenomena will be evaluated in the selected location and in the cadastral Borovany. The outcome will be the evaluation of the washes of the conventional crop rotation and of the process which uses the intercrop using the USLE method.

No description available.

By this diploma paper we are going to find out what influance intercrop included in sowing process has on soil wash off. In the first part of the diploma paper describes erosion, erosion control measures and intercrops. The other part deals with the calculation of erosive wash off. Erosive soil wash off is calculated according to Wischmeier - Smith equation and results of sowing processes are compared and evaluated. Erosive wash off is calculated on the selected location in the basin of Zdíkov brook in the foothills of the Šumava.

Resumo: Na região do Cerrado, a integração lavoura-pecuária sob sistema plantio direto é uma das alternativas para elevar a produtividade e o desempenho econômico de sistemas agrícolas. O trabalho de pesquisa objetivou: 1) avaliar a produtividade de grãos da cultura de milho em épocas de consorciação com o Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Brachiaria ruziziensis; 2) avaliar a adubação nitrogenada dos capins após a colheita do milho em quatro épocas de corte no inverno/primavera quanto à produtividade de massa seca, a composição bromatológica, o índice ICF, a eficiência de conversão do N-fertilizante em forragem e a decomposição da palha após a última época de corte; 3) avaliar o efeito residual da adubação nitrogenada nos capins na cultura do milho em sucessão; 4) avaliar o desempenho econômico do milho consorciado, da pastagem adubada com nitrogênio, do milho em sucessão e do sistema como um todo, considerando o ganho de peso vivo médio diário de 0,2 e 0,6 kg/animal. Para atingir tais propósitos, foram conduzidos três experimentos sequenciais, durante os anos agrícolas de 2007/08 e 2008/09 na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão, da Faculdade de Engenharia - Unesp, Campus de Ilha Solteira, em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico em condições de cerrado, com histórico de cinco anos sob sistema plantio direto. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. No experimento I (2007/2008), os tratamentos foram constituídos de oito consórcios da cultura do milho com capins (semeado simultaneamente ou por ocasião da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura) e do milho sem consorciação. No expetimento II, após a colheita da cultura do milho (2007/2008), em esquema de parcelas subdivididas constituídas pela ausência e doses de 200, 400 e 800 kg/ha/ano de N na ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: In the Brazilian "Cerrado" conditions, the crop-livestock integration under no-tillage system is an alternative to increase the yield and the economic performance of agricultural systems. The present work aimed: 1) to evaluate corn grain yield under different intercropping times with Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Brachiaria ruziziensis; 2) to evaluate the nitrogen fertilization of the grasses after the corn harvest in four seasons cut in the winter/spring, considering the dry mass yield, chemical composition, ICF index, conversion efficiency of N-fertilizer on forage and the straw decomposition in "Litter-bags" after the last season of cut; 3) to evaluate the residual effect of nitrogen fertilization on grasses in corn crop in succession; 4) to evaluate to economic performance of corn intercropped, pasture fertilized with nitrogen, the corn crop in succession and the crop-livestock integration system as a whole, considering the daily weight gain of 0.2 and 0.6 kg/animal. To reach these purposes, they were conducted three sequenced studies during the 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 growing seasons, at Experimental Station from College of Engineering in Ilha Solteira, São Paulo State, Brazil, in a Red Latosol (Oxisol) in "Cerrado" conditions, with a history of five years under no-tillage system. The experimental design was a completely randomized block, with four replicates. In the experiment I (2007/2008), the treatments consisted of eigth methods for growing corn intercropped with Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, and Brachiaria ruziziensis, sown simultaneously or at time of side dressing nitrogen fertilization, besides single grown corn. In the experiment II, after the corn harvest (2007/2008), in split-plot scheme was applied urea at side dressing ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Orientador: Marcelo Andreotti / Coorientador: Antonio Fernando Bergamaschine / Banca: Enes Furlani Júnior / Banca: Ciniro Costa / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-12Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:19:56Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 pariz_cm_me_ilha.pdf: 1928424 bytes, checksum: f847d0db3600804fe6e27135f4fbd5f2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Na região do Cerrado, a integração lavoura-pecuária sob sistema plantio direto é uma das alternativas para elevar a produtividade e o desempenho econômico de sistemas agrícolas. O trabalho de pesquisa objetivou: 1) avaliar a produtividade de grãos da cultura de milho em épocas de consorciação com o Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Brachiaria ruziziensis; 2) avaliar a adubação nitrogenada dos capins após a colheita do milho em quatro épocas de corte no inverno/primavera quanto à produtividade de massa seca, a composição bromatológica, o índice ICF, a eficiência de conversão do N-fertilizante em forragem e a decomposição da palha após a última época de corte; 3) avaliar o efeito residual da adubação nitrogenada nos capins na cultura do milho em sucessão; 4) avaliar o desempenho econômico do milho consorciado, da pastagem adubada com nitrogênio, do milho em sucessão e do sistema como um todo, considerando o ganho de peso vivo médio diário de 0,2 e 0,6 kg/animal. Para atingir tais propósitos, foram conduzidos três experimentos sequenciais, durante os anos agrícolas de 2007/08 e 2008/09 na Fazenda de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão, da Faculdade de Engenharia - Unesp, Campus de Ilha Solteira, em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico em condições de cerrado, com histórico de cinco anos sob sistema plantio direto. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. No experimento I (2007/2008), os tratamentos foram constituídos de oito consórcios da cultura do milho com capins (semeado simultaneamente ou por ocasião da adubação nitrogenada de cobertura) e do milho sem consorciação. No expetimento II, após a colheita da cultura do milho (2007/2008), em esquema de parcelas subdivididas constituídas pela ausência e doses de 200, 400 e 800 kg/ha/ano de N na... / In the Brazilian “Cerrado” conditions, the crop-livestock integration under no-tillage system is an alternative to increase the yield and the economic performance of agricultural systems. The present work aimed: 1) to evaluate corn grain yield under different intercropping times with Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu e Brachiaria ruziziensis; 2) to evaluate the nitrogen fertilization of the grasses after the corn harvest in four seasons cut in the winter/spring, considering the dry mass yield, chemical composition, ICF index, conversion efficiency of N-fertilizer on forage and the straw decomposition in “Litter-bags” after the last season of cut; 3) to evaluate the residual effect of nitrogen fertilization on grasses in corn crop in succession; 4) to evaluate to economic performance of corn intercropped, pasture fertilized with nitrogen, the corn crop in succession and the crop-livestock integration system as a whole, considering the daily weight gain of 0.2 and 0.6 kg/animal. To reach these purposes, they were conducted three sequenced studies during the 2007/2008 and 2008/2009 growing seasons, at Experimental Station from College of Engineering in Ilha Solteira, São Paulo State, Brazil, in a Red Latosol (Oxisol) in “Cerrado” conditions, with a history of five years under no-tillage system. The experimental design was a completely randomized block, with four replicates. In the experiment I (2007/2008), the treatments consisted of eigth methods for growing corn intercropped with Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, Panicum maximum cv. Mombaça, Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu, and Brachiaria ruziziensis, sown simultaneously or at time of side dressing nitrogen fertilization, besides single grown corn. In the experiment II, after the corn harvest (2007/2008), in split-plot scheme was applied urea at side dressing ... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Les distributions spatiales des racines fines de Quercus rubra L. (CHR), Populus deltoides x nigra (DN3570) (PEH) et d’une culture fourragère (FOUR) ont été étudiées dans un système agroforestier de culture intercalaire (SCI) du sud du Québec (Canada). L’étude ne révèle pas d’enracinement plus profond des arbres en SCI, mais des profils superficiels à l’instar de nombreuses espèces d’arbres en plantations ou en milieu naturel. Une séparation spatiale existe entre les systèmes racinaires du FOUR et des CHR dont la densité relative selon la profondeur est plus faible que celle de la culture de 0 à 10 cm, mais plus élevée de 10 à 30 cm. Les PEH ne présentent pas d’adaptation racinaire et les hautes valeurs de densités de longueur racinaires (FRLD) de surface près du tronc entraînent une diminution de 45 % de la densité racinaire de surface du fourrage, suggérant une forte compétition pour les ressources du sol. L’étude du rendement agricole a d’ailleurs révélé des réductions de biomasse fourragère particulièrement près des PEH. Cependant, les résultats d’une analyse à composantes principales suggèrent un impact secondaire de la compétition racinaire sur le rendement agricole, et une plus grande importance de la compétition pour la lumière. L’impact des PEH à croissance rapide sur la culture est plus grand que celui du CHR. Cependant, ils seront récoltés plus rapidement et l’espace libéré favorisera la croissance de la culture intercalaire. Cet aspect dynamique des SCI les rapproche des écosystèmes naturels et devrait être réfléchi et approfondi pour leur succès futur. / Spatial distributions of fine roots were studied in a tree-based intercrop system (TBI) with Quercus rubra L. (CHR), Populus deltoides x nigra (DN3570) (PEH) and pasture species (FOUR) in southern Québec (Canada). Results didn’t show deeper root profiles for trees in TBI. Profiles were superficial as commonly found for tree species grown in conventional plantations or in natural ecosystems. More than 95 % of fine roots were found in 25 cm and 45 cm depth for CHR and PEH, and in 35 cm for pasture. However, spatial separation exists between CHR and pasture fine roots systems as CHR allocate less fine roots in the top 10 cm of soil, and more between 10 cm et 30 cm. PEH fine roots didn’t show any adaption when intercropped with pasture and a high value fine root length density (FRLD) in top soil layer near tree trunk reduces pasture FRLD by 45 %, suggesting strong competition interaction for resources. Pasture yield analysis revealed biomass reduction near trees, particularly near PEH. However results of a principal component analysis indicates stronger negative effect of light reduction on pasture yield than the presence of tree fines roots. PEH, a fast growing species, have stronger impact than CHR on pasture yield but they will be harvested sooner and larger alleys should benefit the intercrop. This dynamic aspect of TBI systems is close to natural ecosystems and should be further investigated for future success.