Neste trabalho enfoca-se o efeito da variação térmica na degradação da aderência de revestimentos de argamassa. Dentre os diversos fatores que condicionam a aderência dos revestimentos de argamassa, destaca-se aqui o cenário crítico definido pela presença de macrodefeitos na interface revestimento-base e também pela intensidade com que ocorre a variação de temperatura, encontrando-se uma situação extrema quando da ocorrência do choque térmico. Assim, o objetivo desta pesquisa é avaliar, de maneira experimental, o efeito de sucessivos ciclos de choque térmico na resistência de aderência de revestimentos de argamassa, em duas situações limites de taxa de macro-defeitos no contato entre o revestimento e a base e para duas distintas argamassas. Para dar suporte ao trabalho experimental foi elaborado um modelo computacional paramétrico, utilizando modelagem com elementos finitos. Com ele foi possível obter a distribuição de temperaturas, bem como as deformações e tensões geradas no revestimento, variando-se a intensidade do contato revestimento-base e alterandose as características da argamassa de revestimento. A partir de então, definiram-se as variáveis de maior influência e a geometria dos corpos prova, bem como as condições de contorno a serem utilizadas no programa experimental. O programa experimental foi desenvolvido em duas etapas: uma etapa piloto e outra definitiva. Para sua realização foram desenvolvidos e construídos os equipamentos para execução e controle dos ensaios cíclicos de choque térmico. Finalmente, foram realizados ensaios de resistência de aderência do revestimento e avaliados os efeitos de cada uma das variáveis estudadas, empregando-se suporte estatístico. Pelos resultados pode-se comprovar que os macro-defeitos na interface revestimento-base provocam diminuição na resistência de aderência a qual é agravada quando da ocorrência de cíclicos choques térmicos, ocorrendo a situação mais crítica para os revestimentos com maior módulo de elasticidade. / The present study focus on thermal variation effects on mortar rendering bonding degradation. Among the variety of factors that condition the bonding of mortar renderings, a critic scenario can be defined by the existence of interface macro-flaws between mortar rendering and substrate, and by the thermal variation intensity in the extreme situation of thermal shock. This research aims to experimentally evaluate the effects of continuous thermal shock cycles on the bonding strength of mortar renderings in two macro-flaw rate extreme situations in the contact surface between mortar rendering and substrate for two types of mortar. A parametric model based on finite element analysis has been developed to support the experimental work, which allowed ascertaining temperature profile as well as stress and strain distribution in the mortar rendering by changing the macro-flaws rate and mortar rendering properties. As a result, one could define the variables with higher influence and test panel geometry, as well as the boundary conditions to be used in the experimental program. The experimental program has been performed first in pilot scale and then in a definite stage, which required designing and building of equipment for the execution and control of cyclic thermal shock laboratory tests. Furthermore, bond strength tests have been performed on the mortar rendering samples, and effects of variables have been analyzed by using statistical help. Results have shown that the existence of interfacial macro-flaws decreases bond strength values between mortar rendering and substrate, and this scenario worsens under thermal shock. Mortar renderings with higher Youngs modulus (E) are more affected.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Bannwart / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica e Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-12T08:12:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Karcher_Viviane_M.pdf: 1731022 bytes, checksum: 355de3e34591ff15d14ab367330328f8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Durante a produção de petróleo, é comum o aparecimento de água sob a forma de gotas finamente dispersas no óleo. A água pode ser oriunda de métodos de recuperação avançada e/ou do próprio reservatório (água conata). O cisalhamento turbulento produzido durante o escoamento destes fluidos através de dutos ou dispositivos, como bombas, ou até mesmo no reservatório, pode causar a formação de emulsões de água em óleo (A/O). Para os óleos pesados,estas emulsões permanecem estáveis por um período longo devido à presença de agentes emulsificantes naturais no petróleo cru. Por essa razão, a separação dessas emulsões necessita de equipamentos específicos, o que contribui para o aumento do custo do processo. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar as propriedades interfaciais de emulsões A/O compostas por água e petróleo pesado brasileiro. Para tanto, um aparato experimental foi construído com o objetivo de calcular a energia interfacial dessas emulsões. As emulsões A/O foram geradas através de um aparelho homogeneizador rotativo imerso em um vaso calorimétrico. Dois métodos foram empregados: o método calorimétrico, baseado no balanço de energia da emulsificação, e o método padrão, baseado na medida do tamanho e distribuição das gotas através da técnica de microscopia óptica. As incertezas nas medidas experimentais, em ambos os métodos, foram estudadas a fim de avaliar a viabilidade de cada um. Como principais resultados deste estudo, as magnitudes relativas dos termos do balanço de energia durante a emulsificação foram obtidas. O comportamento reológico destas emulsões também foi estudado. / Abstract: In petroleum production operations, water is commonly present within the oil phase as a finely dispersed phase. This situation originates from enhanced oil recovery methods and/or the presence of connate water inside the own reservoir. The turbulent shear associated with fluid flow during of heavy crude transportation through pipelines may cause the formation of water-in-oil emulsions (W/O). These remain stable for a long time, due the presence of naturally emulsifying agents in the crude oil phase. Therefore, emulsion separation requires specific equipments which contribute to increase the processes costs. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the interfacial properties of W/O emulsions composed by water and a Brazilian heavy crude oil. For that purpose an experimental set-up was built in order to measure the interfacial energy of the emulsions. The W/O emulsions were prepared in a calorimeter vessel by using a rotating impeller. Two methods were used, namely, the calorimetric method based on the energy balance for the emulsification and the standard method of the droplet size and distribution by means of a digital microscope. The uncertainty in experimental measurements was determined for both methods, in order to evaluate their feasibility. The main result of this research is the determination of the relative magnitudes of the different terms in the energy balance during emulsification. Results for the rheological behavior of W/O emulsions are also reported. / Mestrado / Explotação / Mestre em Ciências e Engenharia de Petróleo

Ce travail concerne l’élaboration de nanocomposites à base de polystyrène/polyamide 6/argile montmorillonite (PS/PA6/MMT). Son but premier a été d’évaluer l’influence d’un copolymère polystyrène greffé polyamide 6 (PS-g-PA6), en tant qu’agent compatibilisant pour promouvoir une meilleure interaction PS-PA6, et son influence dans l’intercalation/exfoliation des argiles, d’une part ; évaluer les structures et les propriétés des nanocomposites obtenus. Deux sortes d’argile montmorillonite ayant différents modificateurs organiques, bien que cinq sortes de PS-g-PA6 contenant différentes quantités de PA6 et différentes masses molaires de greffés ont étés utilisés. Deux compositions de mélange PS/PA6 ont été préparées, 50/50 et 80/20 % en poids. Les quantités d’argile et de PS-g-PA6 utilisées dans les mélanges ont étés 5 et 3% en poids, respectivement. Les images obtenues par microscopie électronique à balayage (MEV) ont montré qu’une inversion de phase a lieu entre les deux compositions, sus les conditions de procédé utilisées, le PS étant la phase mineure à 50/50 %. Les images de MEV ont également révélé que les copolymères et l’argile ont un effet synergique dans la compatibilization des mélanges PS/PA6, dans les deux compositions. La capacité de compatibilization des copolymères est fortement affectée par ses masses molaires et ses quantités de PA6, que promeuvent différents degrés de nouvellement des chaines dans l’interface PS/PA6. De manière générale, les copolymères contenant une plus grande quantité de PA6, associés à l’argile qui meilleure itérât avec la PA6 présentaient des meilleures propriétés / This work aimed the preparation and characterization on polystyrene / polyamide 6 / montmorillonite clay (PS/PA6/MMT) nanocomposites. The goal was to evaluate the influence of the addition of polystyrene graft copolymer with polyamide 6 (PA6-g-PS) with potential to act as a coupling agent, promoting better interaction between PS and PA6, and to study the structures and properties of obtained nanocomposites. Two types of montmorillonite clay, organically modified with different modifiers, as well as five types of PS-g-PA6 copolymer, possessing different amounts of PA6 and grafts with different molecular weights, were employed. Two PS/PA6 blends compositions were prepared, 50/50 and 80/20 wt%. The chosen amount of clay and PS-g-PA6 were 5 and 3% by weight, respectively. Images obtained via scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed a phase inversion occurring between the two compositions, being PS the dispersed phase in 50/50% composition. SEM images also showed that the addition of copolymers and clay have a synergistic effect on the compatibilization of the blends PS/PA6 in both compositions. The copolymers coalescence ability is strongly affected by their molecular weight and their amount of PA6, which provides different levels of folding of the chains at the interface PS-PA6.The best results were obtained in systems where it was added concomitantly clay and copolymer. Rheology and TEM results showed that the molecular weight of copolymers influence the interfacial tension in mixtures. In general, copolymers containing larger amounts of PA6, associated with clay that best interacts with PA6, showed the best results

Parmi tous les polymères conducteurs, le polypyrrole est l’un des plus utilisés notamment à cause de ses propriétés telles que la facilité de préparation, la stabilité environnementale et la biocompatibilité qui permettent son utilisation dans de très nombreuses applications. Le polypyrrole peut être préparé par polymérisation chimique ou électrochimique, cette dernière méthode étant la plus appropriée si on souhaite entre autre contrôler l’épaisseur du film de polypyrrole déposé. Les nanostructures de polypyrrole sont généralement synthétisées en présence de gabarits (« soft-template » ou « hard-template »).Le but de cette thèse est orienté suivant deux axes. Il s’agit dans un premier temps de synthétiser des (nano)structures de polymère conducteur par voie électrochimique et sans emploi d’une matrice support. Puis dans un second temps, d’utiliser ces (nano)structures dans des applications de type (bio)capteurs.Le premier chapitre de cette thèse établit une revue de l’état de l’art concernant la synthèse, les propriétés et les applications des polymères conducteurs. Dans le deuxième chapitre de ce manuscrit, nous décrivons le matériel et les différentes techniques de caractérisation utilisées au cours de ce travail. Le troisième chapitre s’articule autour de la synthèse par voie électrochimique de films de polypyrrole suroxydé et de nanostructures de polypyrrole, alors que le quatrième chapitre présente les résultats de l’étude de l’influence de différents paramètres expérimentaux à savoir le potentiel appliqué, la durée de polarisation, le pH de la solution de pyrrole et la concentration en pyrrole et en anions d’acide faible. Dans le cinquième chapitre nous discutons les différents mécanismes de formation de (nano)structures de polypyrrole décrits dans la littérature en nous basant notamment sur les expériences de suivi du pH interfacial au cours de la polymérisation. Nous proposons également un mécanisme en accord avec les résultats obtenus avec des monomères de pyrrole ou d’EDOT. Le sixième et dernier chapitre est consacré aux applications étudiées à savoir les (bio)capteurs de glucose et de pH et la synthèse de polypyrrole sur des électrodes de titane et sur des fibres de carbone. / Polypyrrole is one of the most widely investigated conducting polymer notably due to its high conductivity under its doped oxidized form, its biocompatibility and good stability in air and aqueous media allowing its use for various applications. Polypyrrole can be synthesized either by a chemical oxidation (powder) or electrochemical oxidation (film coating). To control over the location and the thickness of the deposit, the electropolymerization can be considered as the main method. Polypyrrole nanostructures are usually synthesized in the presence of templates (hard-templates or soft-templates).The aim of this PhD thesis is oriented towards two directions. In the first one, we synthesized polypyrrole nanostructures by electropolymerization and without using a template. Then we used these nanostructures as a material for various applications including (bio)chemical sensors.The first chapter of this thesis establishes a review of the state of the art concerning the synthesis, properties and applications of conducting polymers. In the second chapter of this manuscript, we describe the equipment and various characterization techniques used in this work. The third chapter focuses on the electrochemical synthesis of overoxydized polypyrrole and polypyrrole (nano)structures, while the fourth chapter presents the results of the study of the influence of various experimental parameters. In the fifth chapter we discuss the different formation mechanisms of polypyrrole (nano)structures described in the literature based in particular on the experiences of interfacial pH monitoring during the polymerization. We also propose a mechanism in accordance with the results obtained with pyrrole or EDOT monomers. The sixth and final chapter is devoted to the applications studied namely the glucose and pH (bio)sensors and synthesis of polypyrrole on titanium electrodes and carbon nanofibers.

L'objectif de ce travail, s'inscrivant dans le contexte de l'EOR chimique par voie tensioactive, est de développer un tensiomètre microfluidique permettant de mesurer de manière continue la tension interfaciale (IFT) entre des formulations EOR et des pétroles bruts. Le tensiomètre développé repose sur un co-écoulement coaxial dans deux capillaires, conduisant principalement à deux types d'écoulement : la formation d'un jet d'un fluide dans l'autre, ou la formation de gouttes créées par l'instabilité de Rayleigh-Plateau. En utilisant le modèle de Guillot et al. permettant de décrire la transition expérimentale entre un régime de gouttes et un régime de jet, il est possible de remonter à l'IFT. Dans ces travaux, les différents régimes d'écoulement ont été étudiés expérimentalement et comparer à la transition théorique. Ensuite, la plage de paramètres exploitables expérimentalement a été établie en analysant les différentes hypothèses et limites du modèle. La méthode a alors pu être mise en ¿uvre avec différents fluides couvrant plus de quatre décades de valeurs d'IFT (25 à 2.10-3 mN/m). Néanmoins, le tensiomètre développé est un tensiomètre dynamique, ce qui requiert une étude spécifique des cinétiques de diffusion et d'adsorption des tensioactifs afin de déterminer leur impact sur la mesure de l'IFT dans le cadre des formulations EOR. Dans le cas des tensioactifs à cinétiques rapides, nous avons pu réaliser l'optimisation d'une formulation EOR modèle en déterminant le minimum d'IFT en fonction de la salinité de la formulation. Pour les systèmes présentant une cinétique lente, une méthode de pré-conditionnement a été proposée afin de pouvoir réaliser la mesure d'IFT. / The aim of this work on surfactant chemical EOR is to develop a microfluidic tensiometer allowing a continuous measurement of the interfacial tension (IFT) between crude oil and aqueous solutions. The developed tensiometer is based on a coaxial co-flow inside a capillary leading mainly to two regimes of flow: formation of a jet of one fluid in another one or formation of droplets created by the Rayleigh-Plateau instability. By using the model developed by Guillot et al. which describes the experimental transition between a droplet regime and a jet regime, it is possible calculate the IFT. In this work, the different flow regimes were studied in order to correlate the experimental and the theoretical transitions. Then, the limits of the microfluidics tensiometer were evaluated and the impact of the hypotheses of the model on the IFT measurement were analysed. Then, the method has been applied to various fluids covering an IFT range of more than four decades (25 to 2.10-2 mN/m). However, as the developed tensiometer is a dynamic tensiometer, a specific study of kinetic aspects have been performed in order to evaluate the impact on the IFT value. For rapid kinetics surfactants, we optimized a model EOR formulation by determining the salinity leading to the IFT minimum. This optimization was performed thanks to HTE. For slow kinetics system, a pre-conditionning method has been proposed in order to obtain the IFT.

This thesis addresses aspects of the transport of bubbles and capsules (a thin elastic membrane enclosing a viscous fluid) by means of a viscous flow in complex vessel geometries. It focusses on two related themes: (i) the trapping of air bubbles in a sudden streamwise tube expansion and (ii) the extreme deformation of bubbles and capsules in a localised tube constriction. Air bubbles of different volumes were trapped in a tube with a square cross-section, which contains a sudden streamwise expansion in tube width. The liquid filling the tube was driven by constant volume-flux flow, and experiments were performed in both millimetric and micrometric tubes to identify the range of flow rates for which bubbles could get trapped. The gradients in surface energy generated by the broadening of the bubble into the expansion depend strongly on bubble volume and the expansion length. It is shown that in order for a trapped bubble to release from the expansion, the work of the pressure forces due to flow past the bubble must exceed the change in surface energy required to squeeze into the narrower channel. This criterion for trapping was verified by direct pressure measurements and a capillary static model, which uses three-dimensional Surface Evolver calculations. The extreme deformation of bubbles and capsules was investigated using a localised constriction of the tube width. Both bubbles and capsules were shown to adopt highly contorted configurations and exhibit broadly similar features over a wide range of flow rates, suggesting that the deformation was primarily imposed by the geometry through viscous shear forces. However, bubbles and capsules also display distinguishing features. Bubbles can breakup and exhibit thinning of the rear of the bubble at a critical flow rate, which is associated with a divergence of the rear tip speed and curvature. In contrast, the capsule membrane can wrinkle and fold, and the membrane thickness imposes the value of the maximum curvature locally available to the capsule.

Le bitume, fraction la plus lourde du pétrole brut, sert de liant de granulats dans la fabrication de revêtements routiers. Ce matériau complexe est particulièrement difficile à manipuler et à transporter du fait de sa viscosité très élevée à température ambiante. L’objectif de cette thèse a été de fabriquer une nouvelle classe de matériau, de la poudre de bitume, en couplant l’émulsification et la chimie sol-gel. En effet, des capsules organo-minérales composées d’un cœur de bitume et d’une écorce de silice ont été synthétisées à partir de deux types d’émulsions, les émulsions de Pickering ainsi que les émulsions dites « classiques »stabilisées par des tensioactifs et minéralisées par deux précurseurs de silice, un amorceur moléculaire pur, le TEOS, et une solution de silicate de sodium. Ce nouveau bitume, facilement manipulable, peut être stocké dans des conditions sévères de pression et de température et libère son cœur de bitume par association d’une action thermique et mécanique afin d’assurer ses fonctions d’enrobage. De plus, une étude du comportement interfacial bitume-phase aqueuse a été réalisée afin de proposer des hypothèses pour expliquer la stabilité fragile des émulsions de bitume que nous avons pu observer. / Bitumen, the heaviest fraction of crude oil plays the role of aggregate binder in road manufacturing. This complex material is very difficult to handle and transport due to its very high viscosity at room temperature. The aim of this PhD thesis was to elaborate a new class of material, bitumen powder, by coupling emulsion science and sol-gel chemistry. Indeed organo-mineral capsules made of a bitumen core anda silica shell have been synthesized from two types of emulsions: Pickering emulsions and "classical" emulsions i.e. surfactant-stabilized emulsions and using two silica precursors: the TEOS molecular initiator and sodium silicate solution. This new bitumen is easy to handle, can be stored in drastic pressure and temperature conditions while releasing the bitumen core under combination of heat and mechanical stirring to ensure aggregate coating. In addition a bitumen-water interface study has been performed in order to propose some hypotheses to explain the observed fragile stability of bitumen emulsions.

Le relargage contrôlé est un enjeu industriel auquel l'encapsulation peut répondre. Une méthode prometteuse pour fabriquer des micro-capsules consiste à déposer couche après couche des polymères à la surface de goutte d'huiles ou de bulles d'air. Cette thèse a pour objet ces assemblages en multicouches de polymères aux interfaces liquides. A partir d'expériences menées sur des interfaces modèles entre deux fluides non miscibles et leur modélisation, nous avons étudié l'effet des interactions à l'échelle des chaînes de polymère sur les propriétés rhéologiques de l'interface. Dans un premier temps nous avons utilisé la géométrie modèle qu'est la goutte pendante pour étudier indépendamment les différents phénomènes impliqués dans l'assemblage des multicouches et dans leur déformation. Nous avons revisité différents modèles classique pour décrire l'adsorption de nos polymères à l'interface, puis nous avons mesuré les modules interfaciaux de différents systèmes de polymères. Pour cela, à l'aide de mesures complémentaires, nous avons établi un cadre pour les mesures de modules élastiques en goutte pendante. Dans un second temps, nous avons utilisé la microfluidique pour fabriquer différents types de micro-capsules et pour mesurer leurs propriétés mécaniques. Celles-ci résultent des différents phénomènes étudiés dans la première partie de cette thèse. Nous avons établi un modèle et effectué des simulations numériques qui nous permettent d'extraire les principales propriétés interfaciales de nos capsules à partir de la mesure de leur déformation dans les canaux microfluidiques. / In order to improve control over the delivery of chemicals, industries seek a way to encapsulate them. A promising method to produce artificial micro-capsules consists in assembling several layers of polymer at the interface of an oil droplet or an air bubble. This thesis focuses on these multilayer assemblies of polymers at liquid interfaces. Through experimental observations on model interfaces and modeling, we studied the effect of the molecular interactions of polymer chains at an interface between two immiscible fluids on the rheological behaviour of this interface. In a first part, we used the model macroscopic geometry of the pendant drop to study independently the different phenomena taking place during the assembly and the deformation of the multilayers. We revisited classical models to describe the adsorption dynamics of our polymers, and we measured the interfacial dilational modulus of various systems. To this aim, by performing independent measurements, we delimited the range of validity of the pendant-drop apparatus. In the second part, we used microfluidics to create micro-capsules of different kinds and to probe their mechanical properties resulting from all the phenomena studied in the first part. We developed a model and we performed numerical simulations to extract the main interfacial properties of our capsules from the measurement of their deformation in the channels.

No description available.

Este trabalho descreve um método para expandir a aplicabilidade do sistema FreeFlow-2D para problemas de escoamentos de fluidos multifásicos. Este método permite a simulação de escoamento de fluido multifásico, incompressível e com superfície livre. Um número arbitrário de fases com propriedades diferentes pode ser utilizado. Tensões superficial e interfacial são também consideradas. A técnica numérica utilizada baseia-se no GENSMAC (Generalized-Simplified-Marker-and-Cell) e consideram-se propriedades variáveis de acordo com a posição da interface durante o escoamento. O campo de velocidade é computado utilizando-se às equações de Navier-Stokes discretizadas por esquema de diferença finita numa malha deslocada. O método foi implementado em três módulos: Modelador, Simulador e Visualizador. A validação foi efetuada comparando-se os resultados numéricos com resultados analíticos e experimentais. O método mostrou-se robusto e computacionalmente eficiente para os problemas considerados. / This work describes a method to expand the applicability of the system FreeFlow-2D in multi-phase flows problems. This method allows the simulation of incompressible free surface multi-phase flows. An arbitrary number of phases having different properties can be used. Surface and interface tension effects are also considered. The numerical technique is based on the GENSMAC (Generalized-Simplified-Marker-and-Cell) and it considers the properties varying according to the position of the interfaces in the flow. The velocity field is computed using the Navier-Stokes equations discretized by finite-difference on stagered grid. The method was implemented in three modules: the modeling module, the simulation module, and the visualization module. The validation was effected by comparing numerical results with analytical and experimental results. The method shown to be robust and computationally efficient in the problems considered.