The submitted thesis is concerned with the research of individual distinctions of sociability of pupils through analysis of their social relations. The theoretical part deals with findings on general range of the concept of sociability, defines interindividual relations as a theoretical and empirical resource of the sociability research, characterizes the developmental period of early adolescence. The further part of the thesis briefly describes sociability of pupils from the view of basic psychical components. It is connected to socialization and social relations at school. The empirical part represents quantitative research, where first of all "corelation" (relationship) between individual distinctions of sociability of pupils and extraversion was found out. Futher, it describes to what extent the ability of sociability varies in relation to gender, how social characteristics between genders are different.

La présente thèse se compose de trois études en lien avec le développement du langage chez les enfants sourds profonds porteurs d’un implant cochléaire. La première étude a pu mettre en lumière le développement des échanges conversationnels chez un groupe de 28 enfants implantés sur une période de deux ans suivant l’implantation. La tendancerelevée est un développement des habilités conversationnelles vers un profil plus autonome et actif ; en particulier, nous notons que les enfants implantés ne se distinguent plus significativement des enfants entendants du même âge en ce qui concerne les initiatives deux ans après l’implantation. La deuxième étude se proposait, quant à elle, d’explorer la question des différences interindividuelles. C’est chez un groupe de 21 enfants sourds profonds, implantés depuis en moyenne 6 ans 1 mois, que l’origine des différences interindividuelles au niveau du lexique (réception et production) a été mise enquestion. Il ressort que les facteurs « âge à l’implantation » et « timidité de l’enfant » jouent un rôle dans ces différences : une implantation précoce et un faible niveau de timidité chez l’enfant apparaissent en effet favoriser le développement dulexique. Enfin, la troisième étude s’intéressait à l’ajustement mutuel, variable fondamentale lorsqu’on s’intéresse au développement du langage dans une perspective socio‐constructiviste. Il s’agissait, à l’aide d’une méthodologie originale inspirée de la théorie des systèmes dynamiques, d’analyser l’évolution de l’ajustement mutuel chez 23 dyades enfantimplanté/mère entendante au cours d’un suivi longitudinal de deux années. Nos résultats confirment l’influence positive de l’implant cochléaire dans la mise en place d’échanges harmonieux entre les enfants implantés et leur mère, traduisantl’acquisition d’habilités conversationnelles importantes pour le développement ultérieur de la langue de l’enfant / The present thesis is made up of three studies in relation with the language development of deaf children who are cochlear implant users. The first study highlights the development of conversational language abilities of a group of 28 children during the first 2 years postimplantation. Results showed a development of their conversational skills towards a moreautonomous and active profile. In particular, initiatives taken by implanted children, two years after implantation, were very similar to that of hearing children of the same age. The second study explores the question of inter‐individual differences. The origin of inter‐individual differences regarding lexicon development (reception and production) was studied in a group of 21 profoundly hearing impaired children, implanted on average, at 6 years and 1 month. It seems that the factors « age atimplantation » and « timidity of the child » play a role in this difference. A cochlear implantation early in life and a low level of timidity appear to improve the level of lexicon development. Finally, the third study looked into the mutual adjustment factor which is a fundamental variable in the study of language development in a socio‐constructivist perspective. The evolutionof mutual adjustment was studied with an original methodology inspired by the theory of the dynamic systems in 23 implanted children / hearing mother dyads. Our results underline that the use of cochlear implant seems favorable to aharmonious mutual adjustment development. In turn, the latter allows for the acquisition of important conversational skills in subsequent language development of the child

O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar se os níveis de estabilização alcançados no final do processo de aquisição e nos canais de desempenho modificam a probabilidade de um dos dois processos envolvidos no aumento de complexidade em aprendizagem motora - modularização e adaptação - ocorrer, quando novos componentes são inseridos na tarefa já aprendida, e sua influência na aprendizagem da tarefa com novos componentes. Cento e cinquenta e três sujeitos de ambos os sexos, entre 10 e 13 anos de idade, realizaram uma tarefa seriada de rastreamento de sinais luminosos. O experimento constou de duas fases: estabilização e adaptação. Três grupos foram formados de acordo com critérios de desempenho a ser alcançados na estabilização: três séries consecutivas de respostas corretas, uma série de respostas antecipatórias e três séries de respostas antecipatórias, numa tarefa seriada composta de cinco estímulos. A fase de adaptação, igual para todos os grupos, ocorreu até o alcance de uma série de respostas antecipatórias numa tarefa com seis estímulos. Os resultados mostraram a ocorrência de ambos os processos: adaptativo e modularização, em 84% e 16% dos sujeitos, respectivamente. Os sujeitos do que alcançaram respostas antecipatórias foram posteriormente divididos em subgrupos com base na estabilidade interindividual da mudança intra-individual nos canais de desempenho ao longo da fase de estabilização. Foram definidos 4 subgrupos: estável no canal superior; estável no canal inferior; com tendência a mudança ascendente; e com oscilação. Os resultados da análise de regressão logística permitiram inferir que o subgrupo estável no canal superior da consistência do desempenho da sequência em respostas antecipatórias tem quatro vezes mais probabilidade de utilizar o processo de modularização do que o subgrupo estável no canal inferior, quando novos componentes são inseridos na tarefa já aprendida. Além disso, foi possível identificar que os sujeitos que utilizaram o processo de modularização necessitaram de uma menor quantidade de tentativas para a aprendizagem da nova tarefa / The purpose of this study was to investigate whether levels of stabilization achieved by the end of the acquisition process and performance channels modify the probability of occurrence of one of the two processes involved in the increase of complexity in motor learning - modularization and adaptation - when new components are inserted into the task already learned, and their influence on the learning of the task with new components. One hundred and fifty-three subjects of both sexes, between 10 and 13 years of age, performed a serial tracking task of luminous stimuli. The experiment consisted of two phases: stabilization and adaptation. Three groups were formed according to performance criteria to be achieved in the stabilization phase: three consecutive series of correct responses (group G_3C), a series of antecipatory responses (G_1A group) and three series of anticipatory responses (group G_3A) in a task with five stimuli. The adaptation phase, the same for all groups, took place until the achievement of a series of anticipatory responses in a task with six stimuli. The results showed the occurrence of both processes: adaptive and modularization, in 84% and 16% of the subjects, respectively. The subjects of G_1A and G_3A were afterwards divided into subgroups based on the interindividual stability of intra-individual change in the performance channels during the stabilization phase. Four groups were established: stable in the upper channel, stable in the lower channel, upward moving tendency, and oscillation groups. Based on the results of binary logistic regression analysis it was observed that the stable upper channel subgroup in consistency of the sequence in anticipatory responses is four times more likely to use the process of modularization in relation to the stable lower channel subgroup, when new components are inserted into the task already learned. It was also possible to identify that the subjects who used the process of modularization needed fewer attempts to learn the new task

Tout individu extrait de ses informations sensorielles des invariants directionnels lui permettant de percevoir sa propre situation spatiale ainsi que celle des objets qui l'entourent. Dans les situations habituelles, les traitements relatifs à l'orientation spatiale s'effectuent à partir de référentiels relativement redondants. Cette redondance autorise à la fois la mise en place d'une sensibilité individuelle préférentielle à l'égard d'un de ces référentiels ainsi qu'une large flexibilité dans le choix du référentiel. Lors de ce travail nous avons voulu tester deux hypothèses principales. La 1ère est que les différences interindividuelles observées lors de tâches de perception d'orientation spatiales dépendent du choix du référentiel. La 2nd hypothèse est que l'un des facteurs explicatifs de la variabilité interindividuelle lors de tâches de perception d'orientation spatiale se situe au niveau des règles d'intégration multisensorielle utilisées par les individus. Les résultats montrent que l'ensemble des cadres de références semblent pris en compte par les individus rejetant ainsi la 1ère hypothèse selon laquelle les différences interindividuelles s'expliqueraient par la capacité de certains sujets à exploiter le "bon" cadre de référence. Les résultats montrent que l'un des facteurs explicatifs des différences interindividuelles se situe dans la manière dont le système nerveux central combinerait les différentes informations, certains sujets (DC) semblant incapables de minimiser l'influence des "mauvais" cadre de référence (les moins appropriés, les plus biaisés) en diminuant leur poids respectifs. / Each person extract from sensory information directional invariant which allow him to perceive his spatial situation as well as those of objects surround him. In usual situations, processing relative to spatial orientation is carried out from relatively redundant reference. This redundancy allows both the setting up of preferential individual sensibility regarding those reference and important flexibility in choice of reference. Durant this work, we tested two main hypotheses. The first one is that observed interindividual differences during spatial orientation perception task depend on reference choice. The second one is that one of explanatory factors of interindividual differences during spatial orientation perception task be set in multisensory integration rules level used by the person. Results show that all frame of reference seem to consider by the people rejecting the first hypothesis according to which interindividual differences be explained by the ability of some subjects to exploit the "good" frame of reference. Results show that one of explanatory factors of interindividual differences is set in the way of central nervous system combine several information, some subjects (DC) seems unable to minimize "wrong" frame of reference influence (the least appropriate, the most biased) by reducing respective weight.

<p>The general aim of the thesis is to answer questions on general and differential aspects of perceived exertion and on the measurement of its intensity variation. Overall perceived exertion is commonly treated as a unidemensional construct. This thesis also explores its multidimensional character. Four empirical studies are summarized (Study I-IV). Psychophysical power functions of perceived exertion obtained with the new improved Borg CR100 (centiMax) scale were found to be consistent with results obtained with absolute magnitude estimation, and with the classical Borg CR10 and RPE scales. Women gave significantly higher perceived exertion scale values than men for the same levels of workload on a bicycle ergometer. This agrees with the fact that they were physically less strong than men. With regard to the measurement of “absolute” levels of intensity, RPE- and CR-scale values were validated by physiological measurements of heart rate and blood lactate. Predicted values of maximal individual performance obtained from psychophysical functions agreed well with actual maximal performance on the bicycle ergometer. This confirms the validity of the RPE and CR scales for measuring perceptual intensity and their value for interindividual comparisons. To study the multidimensional character of perceived exertion, 18 symptoms were measured with a CR scale: in a questionnaire, and in bicycle ergometer work tests. Five factors were extracted for the questionnaire: (1) Muscles and joints; (2) Perceived exertion; (3) Annoyance/lack of motivation; (4) Head/stomach symptoms; and (5) Cardiopulmonary symptoms. Four factors were extracted for the bicycle max test: (1) Physical distress; (2) Central perceived exertion; (3) Annoyance/lack of motivation; (4) Local perceived exertion. The questionnaire is suggested for clinical use to let patients express a variety of symptoms. The thesis also resulted in improvements of the Borg CR100 scale. An extended use of the scale is recommended.</p>

The general aim of the thesis is to answer questions on general and differential aspects of perceived exertion and on the measurement of its intensity variation. Overall perceived exertion is commonly treated as a unidemensional construct. This thesis also explores its multidimensional character. Four empirical studies are summarized (Study I-IV). Psychophysical power functions of perceived exertion obtained with the new improved Borg CR100 (centiMax) scale were found to be consistent with results obtained with absolute magnitude estimation, and with the classical Borg CR10 and RPE scales. Women gave significantly higher perceived exertion scale values than men for the same levels of workload on a bicycle ergometer. This agrees with the fact that they were physically less strong than men. With regard to the measurement of “absolute” levels of intensity, RPE- and CR-scale values were validated by physiological measurements of heart rate and blood lactate. Predicted values of maximal individual performance obtained from psychophysical functions agreed well with actual maximal performance on the bicycle ergometer. This confirms the validity of the RPE and CR scales for measuring perceptual intensity and their value for interindividual comparisons. To study the multidimensional character of perceived exertion, 18 symptoms were measured with a CR scale: in a questionnaire, and in bicycle ergometer work tests. Five factors were extracted for the questionnaire: (1) Muscles and joints; (2) Perceived exertion; (3) Annoyance/lack of motivation; (4) Head/stomach symptoms; and (5) Cardiopulmonary symptoms. Four factors were extracted for the bicycle max test: (1) Physical distress; (2) Central perceived exertion; (3) Annoyance/lack of motivation; (4) Local perceived exertion. The questionnaire is suggested for clinical use to let patients express a variety of symptoms. The thesis also resulted in improvements of the Borg CR100 scale. An extended use of the scale is recommended.

Recent retrospectives of classic psychology articles by Meehl (1978) and Wachtel (1980), concerning problems with psychology’s research paradigm, have been viewed by commentators, on the whole, as germane as when first published. However, no similar examination of Lykken’s (1991) classic criticisms of psychology’s dominant research tradition has been undertaken. Twenty years on, this thesis investigates whether Lykken’s criticisms and conclusions are still valid via an exposition of three contentious issues in psychological science: the measurement problem, null hypothesis significance testing, and the granularity of research methods. Though finding that little progress has been made, Observation Oriented Modelling is advanced as a promising methodological solution for improving psychological research.

Este trabalho é fundamentado na teoria piagetiana da cooperação e analisa como aconteceu o processo das trocas interindividuais realizadas por alunos e tutores de uma turma do curso de graduação em Administração, modalidade a distância, ofertado pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. A coleta de dados foi realizada em fóruns produzidos durante duas disciplinas do curso em uma turma do polo de Porto Alegre/RS. A análise dos dados foi construída com base em cinco categorias que representam os movimentos produzidos durante as trocas interindividuais. Os resultados apontam que a maioria dos alunos apresenta características egocêntricas, permanecendo prisioneiros de suas perspectivas. Com isso, poucos alunos foram capazes de coordenar as perspectivas apresentadas, situação que leva à cooperação. A partir desses resultados verifica-se que as trocas interindividuais quando realizadas em um processo evolutivo de reflexão à objetividade, propiciam condições para que ocorra a coordenação de pontos de vista e seja desenvolvida a cooperação. / This work is based on the theory piagetian of cooperation and analyze how the process happened interindividual exchanges performed by students and tutors of onde class undergraduate degree in Business Administration, the distance mode, offered by the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Data collection was conducted in foruns produced during the two disciplines in a class polo Porto Alegre/RS. Data analysis was constructed based on five categories representing the movements made during inter-exchange. The results show that most students shows egocentric characteristics, remaining prisoners of their prospects. With so, few students were able to coordinate the perspectives presented, a situation that leads to cooperation. From these results it appears that the interindividual exchanges when performed in an evolutionary process of reflection, provide conditions for the occurrence of coordination of views and to develop cooperation.

Este trabalho é fundamentado na teoria piagetiana da cooperação e analisa como aconteceu o processo das trocas interindividuais realizadas por alunos e tutores de uma turma do curso de graduação em Administração, modalidade a distância, ofertado pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. A coleta de dados foi realizada em fóruns produzidos durante duas disciplinas do curso em uma turma do polo de Porto Alegre/RS. A análise dos dados foi construída com base em cinco categorias que representam os movimentos produzidos durante as trocas interindividuais. Os resultados apontam que a maioria dos alunos apresenta características egocêntricas, permanecendo prisioneiros de suas perspectivas. Com isso, poucos alunos foram capazes de coordenar as perspectivas apresentadas, situação que leva à cooperação. A partir desses resultados verifica-se que as trocas interindividuais quando realizadas em um processo evolutivo de reflexão à objetividade, propiciam condições para que ocorra a coordenação de pontos de vista e seja desenvolvida a cooperação. / This work is based on the theory piagetian of cooperation and analyze how the process happened interindividual exchanges performed by students and tutors of onde class undergraduate degree in Business Administration, the distance mode, offered by the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Data collection was conducted in foruns produced during the two disciplines in a class polo Porto Alegre/RS. Data analysis was constructed based on five categories representing the movements made during inter-exchange. The results show that most students shows egocentric characteristics, remaining prisoners of their prospects. With so, few students were able to coordinate the perspectives presented, a situation that leads to cooperation. From these results it appears that the interindividual exchanges when performed in an evolutionary process of reflection, provide conditions for the occurrence of coordination of views and to develop cooperation.

Este trabalho é fundamentado na teoria piagetiana da cooperação e analisa como aconteceu o processo das trocas interindividuais realizadas por alunos e tutores de uma turma do curso de graduação em Administração, modalidade a distância, ofertado pela Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. A coleta de dados foi realizada em fóruns produzidos durante duas disciplinas do curso em uma turma do polo de Porto Alegre/RS. A análise dos dados foi construída com base em cinco categorias que representam os movimentos produzidos durante as trocas interindividuais. Os resultados apontam que a maioria dos alunos apresenta características egocêntricas, permanecendo prisioneiros de suas perspectivas. Com isso, poucos alunos foram capazes de coordenar as perspectivas apresentadas, situação que leva à cooperação. A partir desses resultados verifica-se que as trocas interindividuais quando realizadas em um processo evolutivo de reflexão à objetividade, propiciam condições para que ocorra a coordenação de pontos de vista e seja desenvolvida a cooperação. / This work is based on the theory piagetian of cooperation and analyze how the process happened interindividual exchanges performed by students and tutors of onde class undergraduate degree in Business Administration, the distance mode, offered by the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Data collection was conducted in foruns produced during the two disciplines in a class polo Porto Alegre/RS. Data analysis was constructed based on five categories representing the movements made during inter-exchange. The results show that most students shows egocentric characteristics, remaining prisoners of their prospects. With so, few students were able to coordinate the perspectives presented, a situation that leads to cooperation. From these results it appears that the interindividual exchanges when performed in an evolutionary process of reflection, provide conditions for the occurrence of coordination of views and to develop cooperation.