Atualmente, no cenário competitivo global, a maioria das nações tem procurado estimular suas empresas a empreenderem atividades de internacionalização de seus negócios como medida importante para a atração de divisas. Obviamente, esta não é uma tarefa das mais fáceis e gera um desgaste elevado tanto aos gestores quanto à própria estrutura organizacional, quando há que se decidir em manter-se atendendo somente ao mercado interno ou abrir novos negócios no exterior. Para ser competitivo no mercado internacional há um elenco de aspectos a serem considerados, especialmente no que diz respeito ao uso intensivo do conhecimento de marketing por meio de suas atividades essenciais, tais como: organização de marketing, segmentação e posicionamento de mercado, sistema de informações de marketing e planejamento de marketing. Desta forma, o presente estudo tem como foco essencial avaliar o grau de utilização das atividades de marketing descritas anteriormente junto ao processo de internacionalização das empresas do norte do estado Paraná por meio da exportação de seus produtos. O estudo também levanta informações importantes sobre elementos que têm se constituído em barreiras ao processo de expansão das atividades de internacionalização, bem como demais particularidades inerentes à decisão de ir para o exterior. O estudo conta com um levantamento na forma de revisão da literatura que aborda os seguintes temas: contexto exportador do Brasil e do estado do Paraná, conceito de internacionalização, marketing global, decisões estratégicas em marketing global, competitividade, estratégias competitivas e colaborativas e o conceito e as implicações das atividades de marketing no contexto global. Para complementar o estudo, conduziu-se uma pesquisa de campo com o objetivo de verificação dos objetivos discutidos. Quanto à metodologia, a pesquisa de campo se classificou como quantitativa e exploratória, sendo a amostragem sistemática com base no cadastro de empresas exportadoras da FIEP (Federação das Indústrias do Estado do Paraná). Os dados coletados foram tratados por meio de testes estatísticos paramétricos (Anova) e não-paramétricos (Qui-quadrado), bem como técnicas multivariadas, como a análise fatorial e demais análises descritivas. Embora a pesquisa tenha sido conduzida na região norte do estado do Paraná, foram revelados dados importantes com respeito ao desenvolvimento das atividades exportadoras, se observada a utilização das atividades de marketing neste sentido. Cabe destacar ainda que generalizações a outros estados e setores podem apresentar certas restrições, porém certamente haverá enriquecimento em torno da análise propiciada pelas informações levantadas, sobretudo diante da dinâmica competitiva das empresas que atuam no mercado global e demandam ferramentas eficazes para obtenção de sucesso. Como contribuição final, o pesquisador apresenta um modelo na forma de roteiro de decisões que em muito poderá contribuir para as empresas que pensam se devem ou não ingressar no mercado internacional. / Now, in the global competitive scenery, most of the nations have been trying to stimulate its companies they undertake it activities of internationalization of its business as important measure for the attraction of exchange value. Obviously, this is not a task of the easiest and it generates a high waste so much to the managers with relationship to the own structure organizational, when there is to decide in to stay only assisting to the internal market or to open new business in the exterior. To be competitive in the international market they don't have enough only attractive costs. There is a cast of aspects they be she considered, especially in what it says respect to the intensive use of the marketing knowledge by means of its essential activities, such as: marketing organization, segmentation and market positioning, system of marketing information and marketing planning. This way, the present study has as essential focus to evaluate the degree of use of the marketing activities described the process of internationalization of the companies of the north of the state previously close to Paraná by means of the export of its products. The study also lifts important information on elements that they have constituted in barriers to the process of expansion of the internationalization activities, as well as other inherent particularities to the decision of going for the exterior. The study bill with a rising in the form of revision of the literature that approaches the following themes: context exporter from Brazil and of the state of Paraná, internationalization concept, global marketing, strategic decisions in global marketing, competitiveness, competitive and associative strategies and the concept and the implications of the marketing activities in the global context. To complement the study, it behaved a field research with the objective of verification of the discussed objectives. With relationship to the methodology, the field research was classified as quantitative and exploratory, being the systematic sampling with base in the companies’ exporters' of FIEP cadastres (Federation of the Industries of the State of Paraná). The collected data were treated by means of parametric statistical tests (ANOVA) and no-parametric (Chi-square), as well as technical multivariate, as the factorial analysis and other descriptive analyses. Although the research has been driven in the north area of the state of Paraná, important data were revealed with regard to the activities exporters' development, if observed the use of the marketing activities in this sense. It fits to highlight although generalizations the other states and sections can present certain restrictions, even so certainly it will have won around the analysis propitiated by the lifted up information, above all before the competitive dynamics of the companies that you/they act in the global market and they demand effective tools for success obtaining. As final contribution, the researcher presents a model in the form of route of decisions that in a lot it can contribute to the companies that think he/she/it owes or not to enter in the international market.

Magister Artium (Psychology) - MA(Psych) / Knowledge-based competition within a globalising economy is prompting a fresh consideration of the role of higher education in development and growth. Previously, it was often viewed as an expensive and inefficient public service that largely benefited the wealthy and privileged. It is now understood to make a necessary contribution to the success of national efforts to boost productivity, competitiveness and economic growth. Several governments see universities as engines for change and expansion of prosperity. There is also an increasing recognition that Higher Education has become dominated by a market-driven, consumerist service ethic and that this may have an impact on the style of research output and research supervision that academics adopt for a new knowledge economy. Research education or training, as it is often termed, is attracting greater scrutiny as research itself is seen of greater importance in the global knowledge economy. Students in post-graduation degree programmes across the world conduct research projects as a requirement to complete degrees A thesis or dissertation develops the ability to work independently and critically, the ability to develop arguments, and awareness and use of advanced methodological designs that pertain to the student's discipline of study. Thus such learning is argued to be facilitated in the context of research advisement or supervision. Through this process the student might adopt or internalise values and attitudes of the supervisor regarding research. This process is referred to as internalisation of the research supervisor, thereby contributing to the development of the student researchers. The theoretical framework chosen for this study was social constructionism. The aim of this present study was to explore the perceptions and experiences of students in relation to the internalisation of the supervisor that may take place during research supervision. The study utilised in-depth semi-structured interviews to collect data. Eleven participants from various supervisors consented to be part of the study. These were recruited using purposive sampling. The ethics considerations of the study adhered to the guidelines stipulated by Ethics committee of the University. Data was transcribed, and analysed using thematic analysis. The findings of this study indicate factors contributing to internalisation vary depending on aspects such as personalities of both the supervisor and the student, perceived quality of supervision and the supervision process itself. Findings also suggest that internalisation, whether positive or negative, of the research supervisor took place among the participants.

Orientador: Pedro Jose Winterstein / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Fisica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T23:14:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rocha_Braulio_M.pdf: 557671 bytes, checksum: 5c8cc6c2ce846d13350c9de42895dca3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Esta pesquisa participante, embasada pela teoria histórico-cultural de Vigotski (1993; 1999; 2000; 2003) e pelas concepções abertas de ensino nas visões de Hildebrandt (1994) e Hildebrandt e Laging (1986) -quanto a maneira de conduzir as atividades -visou analisar as diversas formas de interações sociais que ocorrem durante a prática de jogos infantis. As observações foram feitas durante aulas de educação física ministradas pelo pesquisador para crianças entre nove e onze anos. As interações sociais que foram categorizadas ocorreram durante o processo de prática e formulação de jogos, que eram previamente conhecidos dos alunos, e a proposta de modificar suas regras serviu como motivador para a interação entre eles. Com base na assertiva de que o conflito em ambiente coletivo fomenta a aceitação da crítica e a formulação da autocrítica, ambas estimuladas pela co-decisão e co-responsabilidade, o processo de ensino/aprendizagem proposto nesta pesquisa seguiu as concepções abertas de ensino. Tal concepção possibilita a construção de um ambiente de respeito mútuo e cooperação, no qual os próprios alunos discutem e encontram as regras que consideram justas e viáveis. O que torna mais significativo as experiências internalizadas pelos alunos durante as atividades. As aulas foram filmadas, com o consentimento dos pais e alunos, para possibilitar o registro e posterior análise das manifestações verbais e gestuais. Para análise do material audiovisual, utilizamos o método de agrupamento de ocorrências em categorias, que permitiu identificar unidades de ação dos indivíduos posteriormente agrupadas em categorias de interação entre eles, tornando possível a investigação acerca das interações sociais que ocorrem durante aulas de educação física. Emergiram das análises do material estudado 21 categorias de interação social, que podem ser re-arranjadas em 3 diferentes esferas situacionais, a saber: Participação, Atividade e Relacionamento / Abstract: The participant research presented in this paper is based on Vigotski's (1993; 1999; 2000; 2003) historic-cultural theory and also on the open classes theory supported by Hildebrnadt (1994) and Hildebrandt and Laging (1986). The research analyzes the social interactions observed while children play games. These observations were recorded while the researcher administered physical education classes to children as young as nine and as old as eleven. The social interactions cataloged in this research were observed while the children agreed on the rules and played a number of games that were previously known to them. The idea of proposing changes to the rules of the games was introduced to increase the chances of social interaction amongst the students. The teaching methodology proposed in this research paper was based on the open classes theory because it is believed that conflict incites the critic and self-critic, which are both stimulated by co-decision and co-responibility. This conception of teaching intends to provide to the students an environment where they can discourse experiencing in a mutual respect and cooperation atmosphere. The lessons were recorded with the parents and students authorizations. The tapes registered students? speeches and movements that could be later analyzed by the researcher. The social interactions founded on the tapes were grouped together in social interactions categories, according to the similarity between students? action and intention. The study raised 21 categories in social interaction which were reorganized in three different situational spheres: Participation, Activity and Relationshi / Mestrado / Educação Fisica e Sociedade / Mestre em Educação Física

La protéine SHP2 est une tyrosine phosphatase cytosolique impliquée dans la régulation des phénomènes de prolifération, migration et survie cellulaire. Elle contrôle l'état d'activation des voies de signalisation des récepteurs à tyrosine kinase faisant intervenir en particulier les protéines kinases MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT. Des mutations germinales et somatiques de SHP2 sont à l'origine de syndromes et de néoplasies. Au cours de ce travail, nous avons mis en évidence une nouveau partenaire pour SHP2: la protéine CDCP1. CDCP1 est une protéine transmembranaire dont la surexpression et la tyrosine phosphorylation par les kinases de la famille de SRC dans de nombreux carcinomes permet une augmentation des propriétés métastatiques des cellules. Nous avons de plus mis en évidence la régulation de la phosphorylation de CDCP1 et sa présence à la membrane cellulaire par SHP2. Dans une seconde partie de ce travail de thèse, notre attention s'est portée sur la protéine adaptatrice GAB2, partenaire et substrat principal de SHP2, dont la surexpression dans les mélanomes primaires et métastatiques commence à être décrite. Nous mettons en évidence la présence d'une boucle de régulation entre GAB2, dont l'expression est régulée par le facteur de transcription MITF et le récepteur KIT, dont l'activation, dépendante de l'expression de GAB2 régule l'activation de MITF et la motilité des cellules de mélanome.L'ensemble de ce travail met ainsi en évidence la présence d'un nouvel interacteur de SHP2, et d'une nouvelle boucle de régulation dans les cellules de mélanome. / SHP2 is a protein tyrosine phosphtase which regulates cell proliferation, mirgration and survival. It controls MAPK/AKT and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways activated by tyrosine kinase receptors. Germinal and somatic mutations in SHP2 lead to syndromes and neoplasia. We show a novel interaction between SHP2 and the protéine CDCP1. CDCP1 is a transmembrane protein which overexpression and tyrosine phosphorylation by SRC family kinases in carcinomas lead to an increase of the tumor cells metastatic properties. We also demonstrated that SHP2 regulates CDCP1 tyrosine phosphorylation level and its presence at the cell membrane.In a second part of this work, we focused on GAB2 anchor protein, which is one of the most important partner and substrate for SHP2. GAB2 is overexpressed in primary and metastatic melanoma. We show the presence of a regulation loop, involving GAB2 regulation by the transcription factor MITF, KIT receptor and its activation depending on GAB2, which controls MITF activation and melanoma cell motility.This thesis work demonstrate the presence of a novel partner for the protein SHP2 and of a new regulation pathway in melanoma cells.

L’utilisation des opioïdes est à l’origine de phénomènes de tolérance et d’hyperalgésie induite (HIO) aussi bien chez l’animal qu’en utilisation clinique. Ces phénomènes surviennent avec tous les opioïdes de manière dose-dépendante. Les mécanismes qui les sous-tendent sont complexes et imparfaitement connus. Le rémifentanil et le sufentanil sont les opioïdes les plus utilisés en France en anesthésie-réanimation. Leur utilisation s’accompagne d’une HIO qui majore la douleur postopératoire et peut être responsable de la persistance de la douleur à long terme. La perception des stimuli nociceptifs chez un patient sous anesthésie générale n’est pas aisée et repose encore sur des signes cliniques indirects d’activation du système sympathique. Ces signes peu sensibles et peu spécifiques conduisent à sous doser ou sur-doser les patients en opioïdes. Récemment, un nouvel outil de monitorage de la nociception est apparu, l’analgesia nociception index (ANI). L’ANI reflète le tonus parasympathique et de ce fait permettrait aux anesthésistes de mieux adapter le dosage des opioïdes. Dans cette thèse, nous avons d’abord évalué la sensibilité et la spécificité de l’ANI à détecter les stimuli nociceptifs, puis montré qu’elles étaient supérieures à celles des signes cliniques, et supérieures à d’autres indices de monitorage proposés. Ensuite nous avons validé la capacité de l’ANI à guider l’analgésie peropératoire du rémifentanil dans différentes situations.Sur le plan expérimental, nous avons exploré, après une exposition courte ou prolongée à différentes doses de rémifentanil et de sufentanil, les mécanismes associés à l’hyperalgésie thermique in vivo, chez la souris, et ex vivo, sur la voie des MAP kinases ERK1/2 et sur le trafic membranaire des récepteurs opioïdes de type µ (MOR) dans différentes cultures cellulaires. Chez la souris, nous avons mis en évidence une hyperalgésie précoce au saut sur plaque chaude, après exposition aux doses les plus élevées de rémifentanil, mais pas avec le sufentanil. De plus, nous n’avons pas observé d’HIO sur le léchage des pattes.Sur les cultures cellulaires, le rémifentanil comme le sufentanil activent la voie des MAPK ERK1/2 lors d’une exposition courte, avec apparition d’une désensibilisation lorsque l’exposition se prolonge. Le rémifentanil comme le sufentanil induisent une internalisation précoce et progressive des récepteurs MOR. / The use of opioids is associated with tolerance and induced hyperalgesia (OIH). Tolerance and OIH occur with all opioids and have been demonstrated both, in animals and in humans and are likely to be dose-dependent. The underlying mechanisms are complex and partially known. Remifentanil and sufentanil are the most used opioids in France in anesthesia and intensive care. Their use is associated with OIH that increases postoperative pain and may be responsible for persistent pain. In anesthetized patients, nociceptive stimuli are still detected according to clinical signs of sympathetic activation. These signs lack sensitivity and specificity and lead to underdosing or overdosing opioids. Recently, the analgesia nociception index (ANI), has been proposed as surrogate marker of nociception. The ANI reflects the parasympathetic tone and thus may allow anesthetists to better adapt the opioid dosage. In this thesis, we first evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of ANI to detect nociceptive stimuli, and showed that it better detects them than do clinical signs or than other currently available monitoring tools. Subsequently, we validated the ability of the ANI to adequately guide the intraoperative dosing of remifentanil in different clinical setting.After acute and sustained exposure to different doses of remifentanil and sufentanil we investigated, in vivo, the mechanisms associated with thermal hyperalgesia in mice, and ex vivo, the effect on the MAP kinase ERK1/2 pathway and the μ-type opioid receptor (MOR) membrane trafficking in human neuroblastoma and embryonic kidney cell cultures. In mice, high-dose remifentanil induced early hyperalgesia assessed by the jumping latency in a hot-plate test, but not the sufentanil. We did not observe OIH for the hind paw licking test. On cell cultures, after short exposure, both remifentanil and sufentanil produced activation of the MAP kinase ERK1/2 pathway, and rapid desensitization and internalization of the MOR.

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Research on bilingualism in a number of social science disciplines has reported an association between bilingualism, ethnic identity, and ethnic attitudes - causality has often been attributed to bilingualism. This research has been criticized on methodological grounds. There is a dearth of information concerning the relationship between bilingualism, ethnic identity, and ethnic attitudes in specific communities, regions, or societies since there have been very few studies of the social psychological aspects of bilingualism based on survey research methods. Yet another critique of previous research is that the theoretical framework in which reported findings have been couched has remained untested or that they have remained implicit. These theoretical underpinnings are explored and assessed. The data for the thesis came from a sample survey of greater Montreal conducted in 1973, from a survey of the Ottawa Census Metropolitan Area conducted by the York Survey Research Center in late 1974 and early 1975, and from a secondary analysis of the Ethnic Relations Study, carried out for the Royal Commission on Bilingualism and Biculturalism in 1965. The analytic methods used are crosstabulation and partial correlation. It was found in the analysis of all three surveys, which were carried out at different points in time and which used slightly different measures of the independent and dependent variable, that the association between bilingualism and ethnic identity is not strong, and that it varies from one mother tongue group to the other. This indicates that causality cannot be attributed to bilingualism. The analysis of the Ethnic Relations Study revealed that with intergroup contact and demographic context held constant, the relationship between bilingualism and ethnic identity is extremely weak. Bilinguals, it emerged, tend to identify with both language groups mainly where they are in contact with the other group and in contexts where the other group constitutes the demographic majority. With regard to the relationship between bilingualism and ethnic attitudes, it was found that there were weak associations between bilingualism and social distance, and bilingualism and ethnic prejudice. However, these all but disappeared when intergroup contact and demographic context were controlled. The theoretical debate, which has continued over the past several decades, concerning whether or not causality of these relationships can be attributed to bilingualism may still continue; however, the evidence presented in the dissertation indicates that' causality cannot be attributed to bilingualism. Further, unicausal social psychological theories attributing such findings to the effects of the internalization of a second linguistic system would seem to be manifestly inadequate. Future theoretical efforts in this area of research ought to be of the kind which span disciplinary boundaries, assume multicausality, and lend themselves to operationalization. It ·is suggested that group membership theory may provide a fruitful point of departure. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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