Na presente tese utiliza-se o método dedutivo-comparativo para desenvolver um estudo do factoring, principalmente no Brasil e na Argentina, e uma análise da Convenção de Ottawa do UNIDROIT, que dispõe sobre o contrato de factoring internacional. Este estudo inicia-se com uma breve análise histórica do factoring e suas características gerais na Europa, nos Estados Unidos e na América Latina, sendo investigada ainda a etimologia da palavra factoring, o seu enquadramento como instituto e a sua estrutura e função. Em seguida, passa-se a analisar o factoring no Brasil em seus mais variados aspectos, tais como o processo histórico, a terminologia adotada, a legislação interna, enfatizando-se o contrato internacional e as figuras contratuais afins, como também abordando as sociedades de factoring e os seus volumes de operações. Por envolver um estudo comparativo, a pesquisa volta-se, em seguida, à análise desses variados aspectos do factoring em relação à Argentina. Analisa-se, também, a referida Convenção de Ottawa do UNIDROIT, as suas características, a influência de outras convenções internacionais, a participação do Brasil e da Argentina e, especialmente, o que dispõem os seus artigos. Em seguida são identificados os aspectos do contrato de factoring internacional que seriam harmonizados se o Brasil e a Argentina adotassem essa convenção, especialmente os seguintes: (a) adoção do termo factoring em vez de qualquer outro em língua portuguesa ou espanhola; (b) reconhecimento mútuo e expresso de que o factoring é importante para o desenvolvimento do comércio internacional; (c) adoção de uma moldura legal mínima dos direitos e obrigações das partes envolvidas na relação contratual, já que esses dois Estados não possuem lei específica regulamentando o contrato de factoring internacional; (d) consolidação das duas principais atividades do factoring internacional (cessão de créditos e prestação de serviços diversos); (e) consolidação do entendimento de que a cláusula pro soluto (sem direito de regresso contra o cliente faturizado) no contrato de factoring internacional é facultativa e não obrigatória; (f) flexibilização das formalidades do ato de notificação ao devedor impostas pelos artigos dos Códigos Civis brasileiro e argentino, que tratam da cessão de direitos; (g) indubitabilidade quanto à internacionalidade do contrato de factoring; (h) reconhecimento da cláusula de cessão global de créditos futuros no contrato de factoring internacional; (i) proibição da cláusula de não cessão (pactum de no cedendo); (j) consolidação do sistema de dois agentes (two factors system) no factoring internacional. Ao final, é demonstrado que se mostra necessário que Brasil e Argentina adiram à Convenção de Ottawa do UNIDROIT, como forma de se ter um direito uniforme aplicável ao contrato de factoring internacional e, por conseqüência, maior segurança jurídica na relação contratual, que poderá incentivar os pequenos e microempresários a se utilizarem desse instrumento para fomentar suas exportações. / In this thesis, it is used the deductive-comparative method to develop a study of factoring, mainly in Brazil and Argentina, and an analysis of the Ottawa Convention of UNIDROIT, that regulates the contract of international factoring. This study begins with a brief historical analysis of factoring and its general characteristics in Europe, the United States and Latin America, and even an investigation of the etymology of the word factoring, its framework as the institute and its structure and function. Then, factoring in Brazil in its most varied aspects, such as its historic process, the terminology adopted, the law are examined, emphasizing to the contract and international figures related contract, but also addressing companies, factoring and their volumes of transactions. By involving a comparative study, the search then back up the analysis of various aspects of factoring in reaction to Argentina. It is also analyzed the referred Ottawa Convention of UNIDROIT, its characteristics, the influence of other international conventions, the participation of Brazil and Argentina and, especially, their articles. Then aspects of the contract of international factoring that would be harmonized if Brazil and Argentina adopt this convention are identified, especially the following: (a) adoption of the term factoring instead any other in Portuguese or Spanish languages; (b) mutual recognition and expression that factoring is important for the development of international trade; (c) adoption of a minimum legal framework of rights and obligations of the parties involved in the contractual relationship since the two states have no specific law regulating the contract of international factoring; (d) consolidation of the two main activities of international factoring (assignment of receivables and provision of other services); (e) consolidation of understanding that the clause pro soluto (without right of recourse against the customer faturizado) in the international factoring is voluntary and not mandatory; (f) easing the formalities of the act of notification to the debtor imposed by the articles of the Brazilian and Argentinean Civil Codes, which deal with the assignment of rights; (g) leaving no doubts about the internationality of the factoring; (h) recognition of the clause of global assignment of future receivables in the international factoring; (i) ban of the non-assignment clause (pactum de no cedendo); (j) consolidation of the system of two agents (two factors system) in international factoring . In the end, it is shown that it is necessary the accession of Brazil and Argentina to the Ottawa Convention of UNIDROIT, as a way of having a uniform law applicable to the contract for international factoring and, consequently, greater legal security in the contractual relationship, which could encourage small and microentrepreneurs to use this instrument to promote their exports.

Na presente tese utiliza-se o método dedutivo-comparativo para desenvolver um estudo do factoring, principalmente no Brasil e na Argentina, e uma análise da Convenção de Ottawa do UNIDROIT, que dispõe sobre o contrato de factoring internacional. Este estudo inicia-se com uma breve análise histórica do factoring e suas características gerais na Europa, nos Estados Unidos e na América Latina, sendo investigada ainda a etimologia da palavra factoring, o seu enquadramento como instituto e a sua estrutura e função. Em seguida, passa-se a analisar o factoring no Brasil em seus mais variados aspectos, tais como o processo histórico, a terminologia adotada, a legislação interna, enfatizando-se o contrato internacional e as figuras contratuais afins, como também abordando as sociedades de factoring e os seus volumes de operações. Por envolver um estudo comparativo, a pesquisa volta-se, em seguida, à análise desses variados aspectos do factoring em relação à Argentina. Analisa-se, também, a referida Convenção de Ottawa do UNIDROIT, as suas características, a influência de outras convenções internacionais, a participação do Brasil e da Argentina e, especialmente, o que dispõem os seus artigos. Em seguida são identificados os aspectos do contrato de factoring internacional que seriam harmonizados se o Brasil e a Argentina adotassem essa convenção, especialmente os seguintes: (a) adoção do termo factoring em vez de qualquer outro em língua portuguesa ou espanhola; (b) reconhecimento mútuo e expresso de que o factoring é importante para o desenvolvimento do comércio internacional; (c) adoção de uma moldura legal mínima dos direitos e obrigações das partes envolvidas na relação contratual, já que esses dois Estados não possuem lei específica regulamentando o contrato de factoring internacional; (d) consolidação das duas principais atividades do factoring internacional (cessão de créditos e prestação de serviços diversos); (e) consolidação do entendimento de que a cláusula pro soluto (sem direito de regresso contra o cliente faturizado) no contrato de factoring internacional é facultativa e não obrigatória; (f) flexibilização das formalidades do ato de notificação ao devedor impostas pelos artigos dos Códigos Civis brasileiro e argentino, que tratam da cessão de direitos; (g) indubitabilidade quanto à internacionalidade do contrato de factoring; (h) reconhecimento da cláusula de cessão global de créditos futuros no contrato de factoring internacional; (i) proibição da cláusula de não cessão (pactum de no cedendo); (j) consolidação do sistema de dois agentes (two factors system) no factoring internacional. Ao final, é demonstrado que se mostra necessário que Brasil e Argentina adiram à Convenção de Ottawa do UNIDROIT, como forma de se ter um direito uniforme aplicável ao contrato de factoring internacional e, por conseqüência, maior segurança jurídica na relação contratual, que poderá incentivar os pequenos e microempresários a se utilizarem desse instrumento para fomentar suas exportações. / In this thesis, it is used the deductive-comparative method to develop a study of factoring, mainly in Brazil and Argentina, and an analysis of the Ottawa Convention of UNIDROIT, that regulates the contract of international factoring. This study begins with a brief historical analysis of factoring and its general characteristics in Europe, the United States and Latin America, and even an investigation of the etymology of the word factoring, its framework as the institute and its structure and function. Then, factoring in Brazil in its most varied aspects, such as its historic process, the terminology adopted, the law are examined, emphasizing to the contract and international figures related contract, but also addressing companies, factoring and their volumes of transactions. By involving a comparative study, the search then back up the analysis of various aspects of factoring in reaction to Argentina. It is also analyzed the referred Ottawa Convention of UNIDROIT, its characteristics, the influence of other international conventions, the participation of Brazil and Argentina and, especially, their articles. Then aspects of the contract of international factoring that would be harmonized if Brazil and Argentina adopt this convention are identified, especially the following: (a) adoption of the term factoring instead any other in Portuguese or Spanish languages; (b) mutual recognition and expression that factoring is important for the development of international trade; (c) adoption of a minimum legal framework of rights and obligations of the parties involved in the contractual relationship since the two states have no specific law regulating the contract of international factoring; (d) consolidation of the two main activities of international factoring (assignment of receivables and provision of other services); (e) consolidation of understanding that the clause pro soluto (without right of recourse against the customer faturizado) in the international factoring is voluntary and not mandatory; (f) easing the formalities of the act of notification to the debtor imposed by the articles of the Brazilian and Argentinean Civil Codes, which deal with the assignment of rights; (g) leaving no doubts about the internationality of the factoring; (h) recognition of the clause of global assignment of future receivables in the international factoring; (i) ban of the non-assignment clause (pactum de no cedendo); (j) consolidation of the system of two agents (two factors system) in international factoring . In the end, it is shown that it is necessary the accession of Brazil and Argentina to the Ottawa Convention of UNIDROIT, as a way of having a uniform law applicable to the contract for international factoring and, consequently, greater legal security in the contractual relationship, which could encourage small and microentrepreneurs to use this instrument to promote their exports.

The work deals with the type of short-term financing used especially by the small and middle companies - factoring. The theoretical part deals with its history and developement, its legal framework, types of factoring, its costs, that can be compared with the other types of short-term financing mentioned in the diploma work. I tried to sum up for and against of factoring. Especially negatives are not mentioned very often. The particular example of factoring costs is solved in the practical part. The same example is booked together with the offset with the customer. Then there are suggested other possibilities of booking the factoring, that are suitable to be used.

本論文共分八章.第一章緒論,包括研究動機、研究方法與限制，以及本論文之結構。第二章應收帳款管理業務概論,所談為應收帳款管理業務之定義、沿革、種類、及功能。由於風土民情及業務運作上的差異，各國的學者對應收帳款管理業務的性質看法尚未趨於一致，第三章即就英.美學者與實務見解加以整理,並指出應收帳款業務當事人間的權義關係。首先介紹銷貨人對管理人所負之移轉債權、通知購貨人之義務和其他附隨之義務。談到移轉債權，型態上，由實務運作，可分為多次讓與及一次讓與兩種，而一次讓與尚涉及將來發生之債權是否具讓與性，學者於此爭論紛紛；此外債權由銷貨人手上移轉到管理人處，其法律上性質如何，亦有不同說法，本文於此作一整理。依本國民法，通知購貨人債權已移轉的義務，雖並不一定是由銷貨人負擔，但本文參考外國立法例，認為由銷貨人單方負擔最能減少購貨人受詐欺而蒙二次清償風險的狀況，所以視通知為銷貨人之義務，於此也討論通知的性質及時間。最後談及管理人對銷貨人所負之給付對價、承擔風險的義務及其他附隨義務，例如提供管理帳款、會計之服務、以其在特定業界之長年經驗，對銷貨商提供業務諮詢。第四章之主題為銷貨人與購貨人間的權利義務銷貨人與購貨人間最主要的當然是原商業交易之關係，但本章重點在討論：如銷貨人與購貨人間契約中有一禁止讓與特約，則會對應收帳款管理業務產生什麼影響？本文將由禁止讓與特約之效力、檢討及迴避三點切入此問題。第五章討論管理人與契約外第三人間的法律關係所謂管理人與契約外第三人間的法律關係，包括管理人與購貨人間的權利義務、以及管理人與購貨人以外第三人間的法律關係。管理人與購貨人間的權利義務，始於銷貨人將債權讓與管理人時，內容包括購貨人對管理人的清償、以及抗辯的援用與割斷，對此本文將以比較法的方式作一介紹。管理人與購貨人以外第三人，最常發生關係的時候就是銷貨人就同一債權多次讓與。例如，面臨財務窘境的銷貨人將已賣與管理人而尚未交付之債權，再設定質權以獲資金之暫時舒緩，如果調度得當，銷貨人於管理人向購貨人要求清償之前就已清償質借債款，則尚不致引起太大爭執，然一旦周轉不靈，就會發生在同一債權多次讓與時誰才能取得優先受讓權的問題。關於優先權誰屬的問題，各國態度不一，本文仍以比較法的方式，對德、日，英美及我國法作一論述，最末並提出淺見做結。延續上一章管理人與購貨人以外第三人間所發生的同一債權多次讓與的問題。實務上,銷貨人與供應其銷貨來源之上游，我們稱之供貨人( supplier )，二者間常有「所有權保留」 ( reservaton of title ) 之約定，其意義為在銷貨人將貨款付清與供貨人之前，供貨人仍保有貨品之所有權，稱之「單純的所有權保留約款」。如果當事人間所約定者，除了「單純的所有權保留約款」，還包括有延長的所有權保留約款中的「預行轉讓約款」（Vorausabtretungsklausel），則若銷貨人不清償貨款，在銷貨人將貨品移轉與購貨人前，供貨人可以取回其貨品，而在銷貨人將貨品移轉與購貨人後，供貨人便可基於購貨人之新債權人的身分，對銷貨人之銷售所得主張受讓，於後者情形，就可能與管理人的權利產生衝突。基於「所有權保留約款」所生之權利競合問題，即第六章所欲探討的主題。本章首先討論保留所有權約定的法律效果，包括對購貨人和對管理人的效力；接著，要探討應收帳款管理契約遇上保留所有權約定的效力，由於應收帳款管理業務在我國尚屬方興未艾，還沒發生這種問題，故本文還是以比較法的態度，藉德、英學界、實務界之作法來介紹此課題。自七十年代起，在國際私法統一研究所( The International Institute for the Unification of Private Law )的主導及多國的協商之下，產生了國際應收帳款管理公約( Unidroit Convention on International Factoring )。第七章旨在討論公約之適用範圍、以及其關於法律關係之規定的介紹，同時也要站在一批判的角度，指出公約之缺失與貢獻。第八章是結論 目　　　　錄 第一章 緒論*****...*******************...1 第一節 研究動機***...******************...1 第二節 研究方法與限制****...**************...4 第三節 本文架構********...*************...4 第一章 應收帳款管理業務概論**********...******...8 第一節 定義與沿革****************...****...8 第一項 定義******************...****...8 第二項 沿革******************...****...9 第一節 種類與功能******************...**.10 第一項 種類**********************...10 第一款 以有無償還請求權為區別************...10 第一目 無償還請求權之預付**************10 第二目 有償還請求權之應收帳款管理業務********13 第二款 以有無預付為區別***************...15 第一目 預付應收帳款管理業務*************15 第二目 到期應收帳款管理業務*************16 第三款 以有無讓與通知為區別*************...17 第一目 通知型應收帳款管理業務*****.******...17 第二目 不通知型應收帳款管理業務***********17 第四款 國內業務與國際業務之區別***********...20 第五款 有銀行參與之應收帳款管理業務*********...22 第二項 功能*************..*********.23 第一款 信用擔保功能******************.23 第二款 業務代行之功能*****************.24 第三款 提供融資之功能****************.*25 第一節 應收帳款管理業務與應收票據買賣業務之比較******26 第一項 概說******************...****.26 第二項 應收帳款管理業務與應收票據買賣業務之比較...****.27 第一章 應收帳款管理業務當事人間之法律關係**...*******.30 第一節 應收帳款管理契約之基本內容*************30 第二節 銷貨人方面*********************33 第一項 移轉債權之義務******************33 第一款 債權讓與之基礎原因關係*************33 第一目 前言*********************33 第二目 德國*********************35 第三目 英國*********************37 第四目 美國*********************39 第五目 管見*********************40 第二款 債權讓與之方式****************...42 第一目 個別讓與*******************43 第二目 概括讓與*******************45 第二項 通知購貨人之義務****************...54 第一款 概說*********************...54 第二款 通知的性質*******************.56 第三款 通知的時間******************...60 第三項 其他義務********************...61 第三節 管理人方面********************...66 第一項 給付對價的義務*****************...66 第二項 風險的承擔*******************...67 第一款 對購貨人之授信風險***************.67 第二款 對銷貨人之授信風險**************...67 第三項 其他義務********************...68 第四章 銷貨人與購貨人間的法律關係*************..69 第一節 原商業交易之關係*****************...69 第二節 禁止讓與特約*******************...69 第一項 禁止讓與特約之效力***************...69 第二項 禁止讓與特約之檢討***************...72 第三項 禁止讓與特約之迴避***************...75 第一款 行紀關係的利用****************...75 第二款 債務保證制度的利用***************78 第五章 管理人與契約外第三人間的法律關係**********..81 第一節 緒言***********************..81 第二節 管理人與購貨人間的法律關係************..81 第一項 購貨人對管理人的清償**************..82 第二項 抗辯的援用與割斷****************..86 第一節 管理人與購貨人以外第三人間的法律關係********91 第一項 德國**********************...92 第二項 日本**********************...93 第三項 英美**********************...96 第四項 我國**********************...98 第五項 結論**********************.101 第六章 應收帳款管理業務與所有權保留約款之競合*******102 第一節 緒論***********************.102 第二節 所有權保留約款對購貨人的影響***********.103 第三節 應收帳款管理業務與所有權保留約款之競合******.103 第一項 前言**********************.105 第二項 德國**********************.106 第一款 問題背景*******************.106 第二款 學說爭議*******************.108 第一目 供貨人優先保護說**************..108 第一目 管理人權利優先說**************..111 第三目 折衷說*******************..112 第三項 英國**********************.114 第一款 概說*********************.114 第二款 所有權保留約款之成立要件**********.....114 第三款 銷貨人與供貨人間法律關係之性質*******.....116 第四款 管理人權利之優越性**************.117 第四節 小結**********************.....118 第七章 國際應收帳款管理公約之適用*************120 第一節 緒言***********************.120 第一節 公約之適用範圍******************.120 第一項 前言**********************.122 第二項 定義**********************.123 第一款 應收帳款管理契約之定義************.123 第二款 國際應收帳款管理契約之定義**********.127 第三項 公約之適用範圍*****************.128 第一款 直接適用*******************.128 第一款 間接適用*******************.132 第一目 準據法之選定****************..132 第二目 法院逛尋******************..136 第三節 關係人間之權利與義務***************.137 第一項 前言**********************.137 第二項 管理人與銷貨人之權義**************.138 第一款 前言*********************.138 第二款 債權移轉之形式****************.139 第三款 其他權利之移轉*************..**...140 第三項 購貨人之權義******************.141 第一款 禁止債權讓與特約之效力************.141 第二款 清償與抗辯******************.143 第一目 購貨人之清償****************..143 第一目 購貨人之抗辯****************..145 第四節 公約之評議********************.148 第一項 關於適用範圍之規定***************.148 第二項 關於法律關係之規定***************.149 第一款 管理人與銷貨人之其他債權人的請求權競合方面**.149 第二款 應收帳款管理契約方面****. ********...150 第三款 禁止債權讓與特約方面****. ****..****.150 第三項 小結**********************.152 第八章 結論************************153 第一節 利用應收帳款管理業務之效益************.153 第二節 應配合之措施*******************.155 第三節 結語***********************.157 附件一****************************158 附件二****************************167 參考書目***************************177 / This dissertation is about factoring. Two main roles of the factoring agreement are the factor and the client who sells goods to his custom. Because the client is not good at managing his receviables, the client assigns(or sells) the receviables to the factor to conduct, then he may concentrate his energy in making his bussiness better. For the receviables assigned from the client to the factor are between the client and the custom at first, after they are assigned , the relative rights of the receviables are also assigned to the factor, and the custome becomesthe debtor of the factor. That means because of factoring, there will be a complex triangel relationship among the factor, the client and the customer. Besides, The relationship is often not so narrow, 'cause the client may borrow money from others such as banks, we call them the third party, on the security of the receviables assigned to the factor, if the client can't get the receviables back from banks by giving back money to the banks, the factor will face the problems that he may lose those rights of the receviables. The author tries to make relationships among the factor,the client, the customer and the third party clear in this dissertation. Because factroing is getting more and more important now, Unidroit Convention on International Factoring is also introdeced.

本研究探討以記帳型態為貨物買賣付款方式下之應收帳款收買業 以應收 帳款收買業務本身所綜合具備的交易上之機能如出 保險、貨款收取等等 為出發， 與其它具有類似性質的工A 並以應收帳款收買交易的中心問題 ，即債權的轉讓問題暋D作一探討， 在最後並以 1990 年國際應收帳款收 買公i一步討論此一公約對於國際應收帳款收買業務的影響。

我國銀行業的經營環境在1992年產生了大變化，15家新銀行自1992年初陸續開行營業，由於每家新銀行均握有至少一百億台幣的資本，其可創造的槓桿及乘數效果，使放款市場頓時多出數兆元的潛在供給，為了搶奪客戶及快速建立規模經濟，新銀行的授信政策遠比老行庫積極進取，大量資金流向以股票或不動產為擔保品的放款市場。豈料股市及房市相繼反轉，許多銀行遭受嚴重損失，握有的股票、房地產擔保品難以脫手，及至1997、98年的亞洲金融風暴期間，我國的受創程度雖然不如南韓及東南亞諸國嚴重，但已足夠惕勵國內銀行業省思過去業務方向及授信政策的偏差，不再以取得實質擔保品為授信的唯一條件。 為了因應泡沫經濟的破滅，銀行業主動修正授信政策，積極尋求業務的創新，藉以增加收入來源，因而產生加強承作以實質交易為基礎（transaction based）的授信案件之思路，而我國廠商面對國內及國際貿易都有買方市場日益強化的趨勢，亟需解決交易習慣改變及貿易條件惡化所帶來的買方信用及資金週轉問題，適逢財政部在1997年開放銀行業申辦應收帳款承購業務（factoring），該業務的特性正好可以滿足銀行業及廠商雙方的需求，自1998年以來，我國已有30 家左右的銀行投入該業務的市場，該業務已成為銀行企業金融貿易融資業務中不可或缺的一環。 然而，筆者發現我國銀行業辦理該業務所遭遇的諸多實務問題，至今仍缺乏來自學術面的研究探討，國內現有的相關著作及論文，大多側重在該業務的發展史及基本功能的介紹與探討，較少觸及實務性及普遍性的探討，對實際從事該業務的資深金融業者而言，比較具有意義的，應該是針對該業務的法律架構及相關權利義務所作之研究，然而，純粹從法律角度研究該業務的論文，往往較為艱深，多數不具法律背景的從業人員恐難快速理解，因此，筆者希望藉由本次研究與論文寫作，將所認識之應收帳款承購業務及國內銀行業辦理該業務之實況與面臨之問題，以深入而廣泛（以涵蓋的銀行數目而言）、理論與實務兼顧的方式留下紀錄，提供銀行業者、主管機關及其他對該業務有興趣的研究者作為參考，並期待所提出的建議可以為該業務在我國的健全發展產生貢獻。 本文的研究主題為我國銀行業辦理應收帳款承購業務所面臨之問題，因此，研究的對象只限於在我國營業的銀行，包括外商銀行在我國之分行，研究的範圍是我國銀行業辦理該業務的歷程與現況，重點則在於銀行業辦理該業務所面臨的內外在限制與問題。 為了瞭解國內銀行業辦理應收帳款承購業務的實際運作情形，筆者根據10多年來從事該業務的親身經驗，設計了一份涵蓋範圍較廣且深入的問卷，透過抽樣的方式委請實際從事該業務的銀行人員予以填寫，並輔以人物訪談的方式來增加資料的正確性，然後將回收的問卷資料加以整理、分析，期能藉問卷調查的結果反映銀行業辦理該業務的實況。

客帳管理業務乃應運買方市場而生。本篇論文包含四個部份： 1.國際客 帳管理業務的基本概念：包括客帳管理業務的意義及特性、交易過程、業 務類型、對出進口商的功效；然後，介紹最普遍的 Two Factor System ；最後，再將國際客帳管理業務與其它融資方案作一比較。 2.國際客帳 管理業務的法律關係：包含客帳管理業務的法律基礎－應收帳款所有權的 移轉，客帳管理契約制定時客帳管理人的考慮要點。最後，論及美國統一 商法對客帳管理業務的規定。 3.國際客帳管理公約：先從起草經過、成 立的背景、成立本公約的一般考量作介紹，再進入本公約的重心，亦即本 公約的適用範圍及一般條款、當事人間的權利義務關係及帳款後續讓與的 規定。 4.國際客帳管理公約的評估：由買賣雙方所建立的買賣契約、供 應商（賣方）與客帳管理人所建立的客帳管理契約、經由帳款讓與所衍生 的債務人（買方）與客帳管理人的關係及客帳管理人與其他潛在債權人競 合帳款所有權的問題等四方面，評估此公約的良窳。