Offshore petroleum exploration and production (E&P) activities are faced with both technical and environmental challenges. In spite of these challenges, offshore petroleum E&P are on the increase globally. These operations have not been accident free even with improved technology. Recent incidents like Montara blowout and Deepwater Horizon fire have more than ever before raised serious concerns about the safety of offshore oil and gas E&P. Key issues are the prevention of major hazards, emergency response and civil liability, and payment of compensation. These issues have greater implication when the impact is transboundary. There is a general consensus on the need to ensure safety of these operations globally. However, the international legal framework needed to achieve the objective is unresolved. Looking at the extant international instruments relating to marine pollution from offshore oil and gas activities, there is a clear absence of global treaty on safety of offshore operations, civil liability and compensation. While there is general consensus on the need for safety of offshore oil and gas operations globally, opinions are divided on the necessity for global treaties. This thesis looks at the extant international legal framework at both global and regional levels with a view to identifying gaps in provisions on safety, civil liability and compensation. The thesis finds that even in the post-Macondo era, there are no global treaties in relation to safety of offshore petroleum E&P to prevent accidental pollution, and to deal with issues of civil liability and compensation. Furthermore, most regional regimes have no specific provisions on accidental pollution from offshore operations and liability issues arising therefrom. The absence of provisions for civil liability, especially in cases of transboundary harm from offshore accidental pollution has created difficulty for affected nations and nationals. This thesis proffers suggestion for international regulation of offshore petroleum operations to prevent accidental pollution, improve emergency response and guarantee prompt settlement of liabilities and payment of compensation. Accordingly, an international legal framework involving three levels of legal regimes is recommended as an effective way of preventing accidental pollution from offshore petroleum operations to protect marine environment and also ensuring that liabilities that may arise in the event of a major hazard are adequately addressed.

Dans le contexte de la crise financière des subprimes, les chefs d’État et de gouvernement du G-20 ont entrepris en 2008 une réforme de l'architecture financière internationale. Cette initiative politique a conduit à une refonte du corpus normatif applicable au secteur financier. Les standards financiers internationaux ont pour objectif d'harmoniser les droits étatiques en proposant des normes de référence à destination des professionnels du secteur et de leurs autorités nationales de régulation. Ces instruments de soft law au champ d'application universel se distinguent des techniques traditionnellement utilisées par le droit international public pour encadrer la matière économique. Les standards apparaissent comme le produit normatif d'une coopération singulière qui prend corps entre une pluralité d'acteurs à la fois privés et publics évoluant au sein des sphères nationale, internationale et transnationale. Ils traduisent une évolution certaine de l'action publique internationale expliquant par ailleurs que la doctrine contemporaine s'interroge sur la portée de ce phénomène normatif. Dans cette perspective se pose la question de l'incidence des standards financiers sur l'architecture du droit international public fondée traditionnellement sur l'interétatisme. L'analyse proposée envisage d'étudier leur élaboration et leur mise en œuvre afin de mettre en évidence le caractère hégémonique de la régulation financière internationale et sa distanciation du modèle interétatique classique. / Amidst the last financial global crisis, the leaders of the G-20 have undertaken a review of the international financial architecture. This political initiative has led to a substantial reform of the international norms applicable to the financial sector. The aim of international financial standards is to harmonize the national regulations by formulating common benchmarks to the professionals and the regulators. These soft law instruments have a universal scope of application and are to be distinguished from the traditional techniques that public international law resorts to in the economic field. Financial standards are the result of an atypical cooperation between a range of both private and public actors operating at different levels, national, international and transnational. They reflect an undisputed evolution of the international public authority which could explain the current interest of the doctrine for this normative phenomenon. ln this line of thoughts, the question is to appreciate the impact of the financial standards on the structure of public international law which is rooted on States. The analysis carries out a comprehensive study of the elaboration and implementation of financial standards, painting out the hegemony of the international regulation as a reconsideration of the classical interstate paradigm.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o potencial de conflito entre normas internacionais aplicáveis ao comércio transfronteiriço de alimentos transgênicos, tendo como foco as tensões entre o Protocolo de Cartagena sobre Segurança Biológica e os acordos da OMC relevantes (SPS, TBT, GATT-94 e TRIPs), assim como as fórmulas existentes para seu encaminhamento no âmbito desses acordos e da Convenção de Viena sobre Direito dos Tratados. A fim de demonstrar a complexidade do marco regulatório internacional aplicável a OGMs, são analisadas as determinações do painel da OMC na disputa relativa à moratória européia na aprovação de novos produtos biotecnológicos, com relação aos seguintes pontos: (a) aplicabilidade da Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica, do Protocolo de Cartagena e do princípio da precaução na interpretação dos acordos abrangidos; (b) aplicação concorrente dos Acordos SPS e TBT à disputa; (c) aplicação de dispositivos excludentes do SPS. Da análise dessas determinações, pode-se depreender que o potencial de conflito entre normas internacionais aplicáveis a produtos GMs não se limita às tensões entre o Protocolo de Cartagena e os acordos da OMC, estando presente também entre esses acordos. A fim de ilustrar o paralelismo de desafios na frente multilateral e doméstica em relação à regulamentação de OGMs, parte do trabalho foi dedicada à análise de um conjunto de ações perante o Judiciário brasileiro envolvendo conflitos entre normas nacionais de distintos níveis hierárquicos aplicáveis a produtos transgênicos. Essas ações envolveram desde divergências quanto ao dispositivo constitucional aplicável para determinar a esfera de competência da União e dos Estados para legislar sobre distintos aspectos da regulamentação de OGMs até questionamentos à constitucionalidade e à legalidade de determinados diplomas legais infra-constitucionais. A crescente judicialização no Brasil dos conflitos de normas que disciplinam a liberação de produtos transgênicos ilustra as limitações do marco regulatório nacional, também presentes na frente multilateral, para acomodar satisfatoriamente os objetivos de proteção da biodiversidade e da saúde humana de um lado, e da livre comercialização de alimentos geneticamente modificados, de outro. / The main goal of this work is to analyse the potencial of conflict among international norms applicable to the transboundary trade of GMOs, taking into account the tensions between the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the relevant WTO agreements (SPS, TBT, GATT-94 and TRIPs). An analysis of the conflict clauses in these agreements, as well as in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is also made. In order to demonstrate the complexity of the international GMO legal framework, this work examines the determinations of the WTO panel on the biotech case involving the delay of European regulatory authorities to approve new biotechnological products. In this analysis special attention is given to the following points: (a) applicability of the Convention on Biological Diversity, of the Cartagena Protocol and of the precautionary principle in the interpretation of the covered agreements; (b) simultaneous application of the SPS and the TBT to the dispute; (c) application of provisions of the SPS which are mutually exclusive. From the analysis of these determinations one can infer that the potential of conflict among international norms applicable to GMO products is not limited to existing tensions between the Protocol and WTO agreements, but is also present among the latter agreements. In order to demonstrate the coincidence of challenges involved in the regulation of GMOs at the multilateral as well as at the domestic level, part of this work was dedicated to the analysis of a set of claims before the Brazilian courts involving conflicts of norms of different hierarchical status applicable to GMOs. These claims comprised divergent opinions regarding which constitutional provision should be applicable in order to define Federal and State Government´s respective competence to legislate on different aspects of GMOs regulation. These claims also involved direct attacks on the constitutionality and legality of some infra-constitutional norms. The growing judicialization of conflicts of norms that govern the release of genetically modified products illustrates some of the shortcomings of Brazil´s domestic legal framework - that also exist at the multilateral level - that doesn´t allow a mutually satisfactory accomodation between the goals of protection of biodiversity and human health on the hand and the free trade of GMOs on the other hand.

VESCOVI, Thaiz. Hidrocarbonetos como patrimônio comum da humanidade e a obrigatoriedade de pagamento de royalties de acordo com a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar de 1982. 2015. 133f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2015. O trabalho busca verificar os aspectos de regulação internacional do petróleo, mais precisamente àqueles previstos na Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o direito do mar de 1982 no que tangem à obrigatoriedade do pagamento de royalties advindos da exploração dos hidrocarbonetos nas plataformas estendidas pelo estado brasileiro às Nações Unidas. Utiliza o método dedutivo e o tipo de pesquisa exploratório e comparativo. Na introdução, apresenta a problemática e sua importância e propõe uma divisão do trabalho em seis capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, discorre sobre os institutos jurídicos do direito internacionais do mar, salienta a origem, conceitos, os traços e as características marcantes do direito internacional do mar por meio de princípios e fontes, traçando as premissas do trabalho. No segundo capítulo, discorre sobre a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o direito do Mar de 1982, apontando quais são as partes legítimas, os requisitos e fundamentos para pagamento dos royalties, as características das plataformas continentais geológicas e sua classificação, o pagamento como mecanismo de garantia dos direitos humanos, fundamentais, sociais, bem como sua destinação, analisando os órgãos criados pela Convenção: a Comissão de limites da Plataforma Continental, a Autoridade de Fundos Marinhos, e o Tribunal do Mar. O terceiro capítulo cuida do cenário atual estadunidense no que diz respeito à exploração de recursos da plataforma ampla, tratando dos aspectos históricos e jurídicos, o posicionamento do Poder Executivo versus Poder Legislativo e dos casos concretos de exploração petrolífera no Ártico e no Golfo do México. O quarto capítulo, por sua vez, trata do caso brasileiro, abordando os aspectos históricos e jurídicos, a legislação interna e internacional sobre o direito de exploração dos recursos naturais, além de questões diplomáticas. O quinto capítulo traz uma abordagem comparativa imparcial sobre o posicionamento escolhido pelos dois países e analisa os possíveis cenários futuros. Feita a análise, a tese conclui que são dois caminhos que podem ser seguidos no que diz respeito ao tema: no primeiro cenário, o país permaneceria Estado-parte da CNUDM, podendo obter a extensão e exploração de sua Plataforma Continental, exercendo seus direitos de exploração da Área, podendo, todavia, insidir no pagamento dos royalties futuramente. Em um segundo cenário, o país não Estado-parte da CNUDM, atuaria em cooperação com os países fronteiriços signatários da Convenção, para explorar sua Plataforma Continental estendida, todavia, sem existir a possibilidade de requerer a extensão e legitimidade para exploração da Área pelas regras da Convenção. / The present work searchs to verify the aspects of international regulation of oil, more specifically those contained in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982 that refer to the obligation to pay royalties arising from the exploitation of hydrocarbons in the extended platforms by the Brazilian government to the United Nations. The deductive method and the type of exploratory and comparative research were used. In the introduction it was presented problematic, its importance and the division of the work in five chapters. The second chapter discoursed the aspects of legal institutions of the international law of the sea, stresses the origin, concepts, traits and salient features of the international law of the sea through principles and sources, tracing the work premises. The third chapter discusses the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982, pointing out what are the legitimate parties, requirements and grounds for the payment of royalties, the characteristics of the geological continental shelves and their classification, and the payment as a mechanism of human rights protection, fundamental, social and heritage of humanity, as well as its destination, bringing aspects of the Commission on the Continental Shelf limits, the Seabed Authority and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. The fourth chapter deals with the US current situation with regard to the exploitation of resources of the broad platform, dealing with historical and legal aspects, the position of the executive power versus legislative power and of individual cases of oil exploration in the Arctic and the Gulf of Mexico. The fifth chapter does the same analysis described above, now related to the breach of the Convention and its legal consequences, addressing the historical and legal aspects, the domestic and international law on the right of exploitation of natural resources, and diplomatic issues. Finally, the sixth chapter provides an unbiased comparative approach to the positioning chosen by the two countries and analyzes the possible future scenarios. After this analysis, the thesis concludes that there are two paths that can be followed with regard to the issue: the first scenario, the country would remain state party to the UNCLOS and can get the extension and exploitation of their continental shelf, exercising their rights exploration of the \"Area\", although they may have to cover the payment of royalties in the future. In a second scenario, the country there is not state party to the UNCLOS would act in cooperation with the signatory countries bordering the Convention, to explore its extended Continental Shelf, however, there would not be possibility to request the extension and legitimacy to exploitation of the \"Area\" by the rules of the Convention.

VESCOVI, Thaiz. Hidrocarbonetos como patrimônio comum da humanidade e a obrigatoriedade de pagamento de royalties de acordo com a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o Direito do Mar de 1982. 2015. 133f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2015. O trabalho busca verificar os aspectos de regulação internacional do petróleo, mais precisamente àqueles previstos na Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o direito do mar de 1982 no que tangem à obrigatoriedade do pagamento de royalties advindos da exploração dos hidrocarbonetos nas plataformas estendidas pelo estado brasileiro às Nações Unidas. Utiliza o método dedutivo e o tipo de pesquisa exploratório e comparativo. Na introdução, apresenta a problemática e sua importância e propõe uma divisão do trabalho em seis capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, discorre sobre os institutos jurídicos do direito internacionais do mar, salienta a origem, conceitos, os traços e as características marcantes do direito internacional do mar por meio de princípios e fontes, traçando as premissas do trabalho. No segundo capítulo, discorre sobre a Convenção das Nações Unidas sobre o direito do Mar de 1982, apontando quais são as partes legítimas, os requisitos e fundamentos para pagamento dos royalties, as características das plataformas continentais geológicas e sua classificação, o pagamento como mecanismo de garantia dos direitos humanos, fundamentais, sociais, bem como sua destinação, analisando os órgãos criados pela Convenção: a Comissão de limites da Plataforma Continental, a Autoridade de Fundos Marinhos, e o Tribunal do Mar. O terceiro capítulo cuida do cenário atual estadunidense no que diz respeito à exploração de recursos da plataforma ampla, tratando dos aspectos históricos e jurídicos, o posicionamento do Poder Executivo versus Poder Legislativo e dos casos concretos de exploração petrolífera no Ártico e no Golfo do México. O quarto capítulo, por sua vez, trata do caso brasileiro, abordando os aspectos históricos e jurídicos, a legislação interna e internacional sobre o direito de exploração dos recursos naturais, além de questões diplomáticas. O quinto capítulo traz uma abordagem comparativa imparcial sobre o posicionamento escolhido pelos dois países e analisa os possíveis cenários futuros. Feita a análise, a tese conclui que são dois caminhos que podem ser seguidos no que diz respeito ao tema: no primeiro cenário, o país permaneceria Estado-parte da CNUDM, podendo obter a extensão e exploração de sua Plataforma Continental, exercendo seus direitos de exploração da Área, podendo, todavia, insidir no pagamento dos royalties futuramente. Em um segundo cenário, o país não Estado-parte da CNUDM, atuaria em cooperação com os países fronteiriços signatários da Convenção, para explorar sua Plataforma Continental estendida, todavia, sem existir a possibilidade de requerer a extensão e legitimidade para exploração da Área pelas regras da Convenção. / The present work searchs to verify the aspects of international regulation of oil, more specifically those contained in the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea in 1982 that refer to the obligation to pay royalties arising from the exploitation of hydrocarbons in the extended platforms by the Brazilian government to the United Nations. The deductive method and the type of exploratory and comparative research were used. In the introduction it was presented problematic, its importance and the division of the work in five chapters. The second chapter discoursed the aspects of legal institutions of the international law of the sea, stresses the origin, concepts, traits and salient features of the international law of the sea through principles and sources, tracing the work premises. The third chapter discusses the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea of 1982, pointing out what are the legitimate parties, requirements and grounds for the payment of royalties, the characteristics of the geological continental shelves and their classification, and the payment as a mechanism of human rights protection, fundamental, social and heritage of humanity, as well as its destination, bringing aspects of the Commission on the Continental Shelf limits, the Seabed Authority and the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea. The fourth chapter deals with the US current situation with regard to the exploitation of resources of the broad platform, dealing with historical and legal aspects, the position of the executive power versus legislative power and of individual cases of oil exploration in the Arctic and the Gulf of Mexico. The fifth chapter does the same analysis described above, now related to the breach of the Convention and its legal consequences, addressing the historical and legal aspects, the domestic and international law on the right of exploitation of natural resources, and diplomatic issues. Finally, the sixth chapter provides an unbiased comparative approach to the positioning chosen by the two countries and analyzes the possible future scenarios. After this analysis, the thesis concludes that there are two paths that can be followed with regard to the issue: the first scenario, the country would remain state party to the UNCLOS and can get the extension and exploitation of their continental shelf, exercising their rights exploration of the \"Area\", although they may have to cover the payment of royalties in the future. In a second scenario, the country there is not state party to the UNCLOS would act in cooperation with the signatory countries bordering the Convention, to explore its extended Continental Shelf, however, there would not be possibility to request the extension and legitimacy to exploitation of the \"Area\" by the rules of the Convention.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo analisar o potencial de conflito entre normas internacionais aplicáveis ao comércio transfronteiriço de alimentos transgênicos, tendo como foco as tensões entre o Protocolo de Cartagena sobre Segurança Biológica e os acordos da OMC relevantes (SPS, TBT, GATT-94 e TRIPs), assim como as fórmulas existentes para seu encaminhamento no âmbito desses acordos e da Convenção de Viena sobre Direito dos Tratados. A fim de demonstrar a complexidade do marco regulatório internacional aplicável a OGMs, são analisadas as determinações do painel da OMC na disputa relativa à moratória européia na aprovação de novos produtos biotecnológicos, com relação aos seguintes pontos: (a) aplicabilidade da Convenção sobre Diversidade Biológica, do Protocolo de Cartagena e do princípio da precaução na interpretação dos acordos abrangidos; (b) aplicação concorrente dos Acordos SPS e TBT à disputa; (c) aplicação de dispositivos excludentes do SPS. Da análise dessas determinações, pode-se depreender que o potencial de conflito entre normas internacionais aplicáveis a produtos GMs não se limita às tensões entre o Protocolo de Cartagena e os acordos da OMC, estando presente também entre esses acordos. A fim de ilustrar o paralelismo de desafios na frente multilateral e doméstica em relação à regulamentação de OGMs, parte do trabalho foi dedicada à análise de um conjunto de ações perante o Judiciário brasileiro envolvendo conflitos entre normas nacionais de distintos níveis hierárquicos aplicáveis a produtos transgênicos. Essas ações envolveram desde divergências quanto ao dispositivo constitucional aplicável para determinar a esfera de competência da União e dos Estados para legislar sobre distintos aspectos da regulamentação de OGMs até questionamentos à constitucionalidade e à legalidade de determinados diplomas legais infra-constitucionais. A crescente judicialização no Brasil dos conflitos de normas que disciplinam a liberação de produtos transgênicos ilustra as limitações do marco regulatório nacional, também presentes na frente multilateral, para acomodar satisfatoriamente os objetivos de proteção da biodiversidade e da saúde humana de um lado, e da livre comercialização de alimentos geneticamente modificados, de outro. / The main goal of this work is to analyse the potencial of conflict among international norms applicable to the transboundary trade of GMOs, taking into account the tensions between the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the relevant WTO agreements (SPS, TBT, GATT-94 and TRIPs). An analysis of the conflict clauses in these agreements, as well as in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties is also made. In order to demonstrate the complexity of the international GMO legal framework, this work examines the determinations of the WTO panel on the biotech case involving the delay of European regulatory authorities to approve new biotechnological products. In this analysis special attention is given to the following points: (a) applicability of the Convention on Biological Diversity, of the Cartagena Protocol and of the precautionary principle in the interpretation of the covered agreements; (b) simultaneous application of the SPS and the TBT to the dispute; (c) application of provisions of the SPS which are mutually exclusive. From the analysis of these determinations one can infer that the potential of conflict among international norms applicable to GMO products is not limited to existing tensions between the Protocol and WTO agreements, but is also present among the latter agreements. In order to demonstrate the coincidence of challenges involved in the regulation of GMOs at the multilateral as well as at the domestic level, part of this work was dedicated to the analysis of a set of claims before the Brazilian courts involving conflicts of norms of different hierarchical status applicable to GMOs. These claims comprised divergent opinions regarding which constitutional provision should be applicable in order to define Federal and State Government´s respective competence to legislate on different aspects of GMOs regulation. These claims also involved direct attacks on the constitutionality and legality of some infra-constitutional norms. The growing judicialization of conflicts of norms that govern the release of genetically modified products illustrates some of the shortcomings of Brazil´s domestic legal framework - that also exist at the multilateral level - that doesn´t allow a mutually satisfactory accomodation between the goals of protection of biodiversity and human health on the hand and the free trade of GMOs on the other hand.

This thesis researches the world coffee and tea trade, especially their flows and trends in consumption and production and trade regulations that affect these flows. This paper is divided into three chapters. The first chapter focuses on the world coffee and tea production, the economic benefits of these commodities for producing countries and the outlook for these markets. Another chapter deals with the coffee and tea market, the development of demand, supply and price is examined. This chapter is also dedicated to the concept of Fair Trade and to the forms of trading on examined markets. It is explained how the commodity exchange, tea auctions and trading on the basis of financial derivatives work. The last chapter investigates the forms of international regulations that have been requested by the global coffee and tea trade.

1 Abstract and keywords in the English language Comparison of Czech and Slovak legal regulation of leave Abstract The dissertation contains an overview of labor law legislation, especially the regulation of holidays, in the territory of historical Bohemia, Moravia and Silesia on the one hand and in the territory of today's Slovakia on the other hand. For a better understanding of the issue, an overview of the development of working conditions and labor protection in a given time context in both cultural areas is also provided. I believe that the presented comparison of legal regulations in both territories is an interesting excursion not only in terms of labor law itself, but also in the field of legal history. I believe that in the presented summary of the work it provides important and interesting expanding knowledge in the field of labor law and social security law. In my opinion, similar work was lacking in our market, and therefore it can be assumed that in this direction it will contribute to its enrichment if it is possible to realize its book edition, which is under negotiation. An overview of the material described above is given in twelve chapters since the beginning of the 14th century, when labor relations developed in the Czech lands, about which written reports already exist. In the case of...

科学研究費補助金 研究種目:基盤研究(A)(1) 課題番号:07303015 研究代表者:山田 鋭夫 研究期間:1995-1997年度