The purpose of this thesis is to establish whether the domestic legislation of Sweden is in tune with the OECD December 2006 report on the attribution of profits to permanent es-tablishments (December 2006 report) and if not how Sweden ought to conform. How to attribute business profits to a permanent establishment (PE) is laid down in Article 7 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital. In December 2006 the OECD released a report on how profits (losses) are to be attributed to PEs. The report lays down the current approach on how Contracting States should interpret Article 7 and is referred to as the authorised OECD approach. The purpose of the December 2006 Report is to re-vise Article 7 in order ensure a common interpretation on the Article. The aim is to apply the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines (TP Guidelines), otherwise applicable on transac-tions between a parent company and a subsidiary, by analogy to PE situations. The profits attributable to a PE are to be decided by using a two-step analysis. Under the first step a PE is to be hypothesised as a distinct and separate enterprise. The functions performed, assets used and risks assumed are to be determined and attributed to the rele-vant parts of the enterprise. In order to do this the economic ownership of assets is to be regarded. According to the OECD the functions performed by the people working within a PE, the significant people functions (SPF), are decisive when attributing assets and risks. To support the use of assets and the assumption of risks a PE is to be provided with a proper amount of “free” capital. Under the second step of the analysis a fair share of the entire enterprise’s profit is to be attributed to the PE. The actual amount of profit is to be established by performing a comparability analysis and by thereafter applying different transaction methods, using the method that best expresses an arm’s length price to the dealing at hand. To calculate a proper profit a PE shall be allowed to deduct interest. Sweden does not have much legislation concerning transfer pricing and there is hardly any legislation concerning PEs. There are no specific provisions in Swedish law on how to at-tribute profits between a head office and a PE. Furthermore, there are only a few judge-ments and no official guidelines regarding the attribution of profits to PEs. According to the domestic legislation of Sweden the amount of attributed profit shall be determined on the basis of separate accounts. The existing guidance in Swedish case law is not in tune with the authorised OECD approach. Swedish courts have ruled contrary to the authorised OECD approach when it comes to attributing “free” capital to a PE, allowing for deduc-tions of internal royalty payments and for recognising internal interest dealings. Further-more, a transfer of assets from a Swedish head office to a foreign PE has under certain cir-cumstances not been considered a taxable event. Since Sweden has not officially imple-mented any new legislation and the courts have not Stated any new principles regarding the attribution of profits to PEs it is unlikely that new concepts as the authorised OECD ap-proach will be adhered to at present time. In order to comply with the authorised OECD approach Sweden would need to introduce some new legislation. We suggest that Sweden implement a Section in its domestic legislation based on the authorised OECD approach. If Sweden adopts our proposed Section it would provide for a more unitary and consistent international approach and a needed certainty for enterprises on the treatment of PEs for tax purposes. / Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda huruvida Sveriges lagstiftning är i linje med OECDs decem-ber 2006 rapport och huruvida eventuell anpassning av gällande lagstiftning bör företas. Hur vinster skall fördelas till fasta driftställen bestäms av artikel 7 i OECDs Modellavtal för beskattning av inkomst och kapital. I december 2006 presenterade OECD en rapport om hur vinster (förluster) bör fördelas till fasta driftställen. Rapporten beskriver hur medlems-Staterna bör tolka artikel 7 och är refererad till som den godkända OECDtolkningen. Syftet med december 2006 rapporten är att revidera artikel 7 för att få till stånd en enhetlig tolk-ning av artikeln. Målet är att OECD TP Guidelines, annars tillämpliga på transaktioner mellan moder- och dotterbolag, skulle tillämpas analogt på situationer gällande fasta drift-ställen. Vinster hänförliga till ett fast driftställe skall bestämmas genom användning av en två stegs analys. Under det första steget i en sådan analys antas det fasta driftstället utgöra ett särskilt och separat bolag. De funktioner som utförs, tillgångar som används och risker som kan tänkas uppkomma i det fasta driftstället bestäms. För att kunna göra detta skall den eko-nomiska äganderätten av tillgången bestämmas. Funktioner som är av speciellt värde och som utförs av personal som arbetar vid det fasta driftstället, så kallade betydelsefulla perso-ners funktioner, är avgörande vid en fördelning av tillgångar och risker. För att stödja an-vändningen av tillgångar och antagandet av risker skall en skälig del av företagets fria kapi-tal tilldelas det fasta driftstället. Det andra steget i analysen skall bestämma hur mycket av bolagets vinst som skall tilldelas det fasta driftstället. Den vinst som skall fördelas bestäms utifrån en jämförbarhetsanalys och genom att tillämpa olika internprissättningsmetoder. Den metod som bäst ger uttryck för ett armslängdspris skall tillämpas på den gällande ”transaktionen”. För att beräkna en skälig vinst skall det fasta driftstället få göra ränteav-drag. Generellt sett har Sverige inte mycket lagstiftning gällande internprissättning och det finns knappt någon lagstiftning gällande fasta driftställen. Svensk lagstiftning innehåller inga spe-cifika regler om hur vinster skall fördelas mellan ett huvudkontor och dess fasta driftsälle. Vidare finns endast ett fåtal rättsfall och ingen officiell vägledning av vinsters fördelning till fasta driftställen. Enligt gällande svensk lagstiftning skall summan av den vinst som skall fördelas bestämmas genom tillämpning av separata konton. Den vägledning som ges ur svensk rättspraxis är inte i linje med den godkända OECDtolkningen. Svenska domstolar har dömt i motsats till den godkända OECDtolkningen vad gäller fördelning av fritt kapital till ett utländskt fast driftställe och vad gäller tillåtenheten göra avdrag för interna royalty- och räntebetalningar. Vidare har det under vissa omständigheter inte ansetts vara en be-skattningsbar händelse då en tillgång flyttas mellan ett huvudkontor och ett fast driftställe. Då Sverige inte implementerat någon ny lagstiftning och domstolarna inte slagit fast någon ny rättspraxis gällande fördelning av vinster till fasta driftställen är det inte sannolikt att nya koncept som framgår av den godkända OECDtolkningen kommer att bli åhörda i Sverige för närvarande. För att vara i linje med den godkända OECDtolkningen skulle Sverige be-höva introducera ny lagstiftning på området. Vi rekommenderar att Sverige implementerar ny lagstiftning baserad på den godkända OECDtolkningen. Om Sverige skulle välja att implementera vårt föreslagna tillägg i lag-stiftningen skulle det bidra till en mer konsekvent behandling av fasta driftställen och en nödvändig säkerhet för bolag avseende beskattningen av fasta driftställen.

<p>The purpose of this thesis is to establish whether the domestic legislation of Sweden is in tune with the OECD December 2006 report on the attribution of profits to permanent es-tablishments (December 2006 report) and if not how Sweden ought to conform. How to attribute business profits to a permanent establishment (PE) is laid down in Article 7 of the OECD Model Tax Convention on Income and on Capital. In December 2006 the OECD released a report on how profits (losses) are to be attributed to PEs. The report lays down the current approach on how Contracting States should interpret Article 7 and is referred to as the authorised OECD approach. The purpose of the December 2006 Report is to re-vise Article 7 in order ensure a common interpretation on the Article. The aim is to apply the OECD Transfer Pricing Guidelines (TP Guidelines), otherwise applicable on transac-tions between a parent company and a subsidiary, by analogy to PE situations.</p><p>The profits attributable to a PE are to be decided by using a two-step analysis. Under the first step a PE is to be hypothesised as a distinct and separate enterprise. The functions performed, assets used and risks assumed are to be determined and attributed to the rele-vant parts of the enterprise. In order to do this the economic ownership of assets is to be regarded. According to the OECD the functions performed by the people working within a PE, the significant people functions (SPF), are decisive when attributing assets and risks. To support the use of assets and the assumption of risks a PE is to be provided with a proper amount of “free” capital. Under the second step of the analysis a fair share of the entire enterprise’s profit is to be attributed to the PE. The actual amount of profit is to be established by performing a comparability analysis and by thereafter applying different transaction methods, using the method that best expresses an arm’s length price to the dealing at hand. To calculate a proper profit a PE shall be allowed to deduct interest.</p><p>Sweden does not have much legislation concerning transfer pricing and there is hardly any legislation concerning PEs. There are no specific provisions in Swedish law on how to at-tribute profits between a head office and a PE. Furthermore, there are only a few judge-ments and no official guidelines regarding the attribution of profits to PEs. According to the domestic legislation of Sweden the amount of attributed profit shall be determined on the basis of separate accounts. The existing guidance in Swedish case law is not in tune with the authorised OECD approach. Swedish courts have ruled contrary to the authorised OECD approach when it comes to attributing “free” capital to a PE, allowing for deduc-tions of internal royalty payments and for recognising internal interest dealings. Further-more, a transfer of assets from a Swedish head office to a foreign PE has under certain cir-cumstances not been considered a taxable event. Since Sweden has not officially imple-mented any new legislation and the courts have not Stated any new principles regarding the attribution of profits to PEs it is unlikely that new concepts as the authorised OECD ap-proach will be adhered to at present time. In order to comply with the authorised OECD approach Sweden would need to introduce some new legislation.</p><p>We suggest that Sweden implement a Section in its domestic legislation based on the authorised OECD approach. If Sweden adopts our proposed Section it would provide for a more unitary and consistent international approach and a needed certainty for enterprises on the treatment of PEs for tax purposes.</p> / <p>Uppsatsens syfte är att utreda huruvida Sveriges lagstiftning är i linje med OECDs decem-ber 2006 rapport och huruvida eventuell anpassning av gällande lagstiftning bör företas. Hur vinster skall fördelas till fasta driftställen bestäms av artikel 7 i OECDs Modellavtal för beskattning av inkomst och kapital. I december 2006 presenterade OECD en rapport om hur vinster (förluster) bör fördelas till fasta driftställen. Rapporten beskriver hur medlems-Staterna bör tolka artikel 7 och är refererad till som den godkända OECDtolkningen. Syftet med december 2006 rapporten är att revidera artikel 7 för att få till stånd en enhetlig tolk-ning av artikeln. Målet är att OECD TP Guidelines, annars tillämpliga på transaktioner mellan moder- och dotterbolag, skulle tillämpas analogt på situationer gällande fasta drift-ställen.</p><p>Vinster hänförliga till ett fast driftställe skall bestämmas genom användning av en två stegs analys. Under det första steget i en sådan analys antas det fasta driftstället utgöra ett särskilt och separat bolag. De funktioner som utförs, tillgångar som används och risker som kan tänkas uppkomma i det fasta driftstället bestäms. För att kunna göra detta skall den eko-nomiska äganderätten av tillgången bestämmas. Funktioner som är av speciellt värde och som utförs av personal som arbetar vid det fasta driftstället, så kallade betydelsefulla perso-ners funktioner, är avgörande vid en fördelning av tillgångar och risker. För att stödja an-vändningen av tillgångar och antagandet av risker skall en skälig del av företagets fria kapi-tal tilldelas det fasta driftstället. Det andra steget i analysen skall bestämma hur mycket av bolagets vinst som skall tilldelas det fasta driftstället. Den vinst som skall fördelas bestäms utifrån en jämförbarhetsanalys och genom att tillämpa olika internprissättningsmetoder. Den metod som bäst ger uttryck för ett armslängdspris skall tillämpas på den gällande ”transaktionen”. För att beräkna en skälig vinst skall det fasta driftstället få göra ränteav-drag.</p><p>Generellt sett har Sverige inte mycket lagstiftning gällande internprissättning och det finns knappt någon lagstiftning gällande fasta driftställen. Svensk lagstiftning innehåller inga spe-cifika regler om hur vinster skall fördelas mellan ett huvudkontor och dess fasta driftsälle. Vidare finns endast ett fåtal rättsfall och ingen officiell vägledning av vinsters fördelning till fasta driftställen. Enligt gällande svensk lagstiftning skall summan av den vinst som skall fördelas bestämmas genom tillämpning av separata konton. Den vägledning som ges ur svensk rättspraxis är inte i linje med den godkända OECDtolkningen. Svenska domstolar har dömt i motsats till den godkända OECDtolkningen vad gäller fördelning av fritt kapital till ett utländskt fast driftställe och vad gäller tillåtenheten göra avdrag för interna royalty- och räntebetalningar. Vidare har det under vissa omständigheter inte ansetts vara en be-skattningsbar händelse då en tillgång flyttas mellan ett huvudkontor och ett fast driftställe. Då Sverige inte implementerat någon ny lagstiftning och domstolarna inte slagit fast någon ny rättspraxis gällande fördelning av vinster till fasta driftställen är det inte sannolikt att nya koncept som framgår av den godkända OECDtolkningen kommer att bli åhörda i Sverige för närvarande. För att vara i linje med den godkända OECDtolkningen skulle Sverige be-höva introducera ny lagstiftning på området.</p><p>Vi rekommenderar att Sverige implementerar ny lagstiftning baserad på den godkända OECDtolkningen. Om Sverige skulle välja att implementera vårt föreslagna tillägg i lag-stiftningen skulle det bidra till en mer konsekvent behandling av fasta driftställen och en nödvändig säkerhet för bolag avseende beskattningen av fasta driftställen.</p>

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This Thesis studies a new and evolving area of international tax law, namely, the international tax law of Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa, the 'BRICS', and concludes that the thrust of their divergences from the developed world's international tax law evolves from the necessity to counter the significant illicit outflow of funds while not disturbing inbound FDI or, in recent times, their outbound FDI while ensuring profits are taxed where created. The design of the divergences reflects more on the initial limited manpower capacity of their emerging tax authorities to deal with the complex international tax law issues and politically encouraged policy cooperation amongst the BRICS than it does of actual tax authority cooperation although not wishing to underestimate the importance of that cooperation. Relevant to my conclusions are the published positions of international governance organisations and financing institutions, BRICS tax administrations, scholars and precedent, and I have used that information, both for and against, to arrive at the most rational conclusions. While economic theories may be relevant, they are not relevant to this study. My research questions include what is the basis of the BRICS approach to core international tax law, in what way has their approach to defining evasion and avoidance been driven by the magnitude of profits shifted offshore and particularly to tax havens and whether their divergences from the developed world's approach to countering thin capitalisation, transfer pricing and controlled foreign companies have been fashioned by the necessity for countering the elevated level of abuse. My conclusions also reflect my research on whether the divergences have been designed to counter treaty abuse affiliated with the transactions implemented by MNEs intending to shift the profits offshore or the accumulation of passive income in tax havens and, on whether were the BRICS to localise the BEPS recommendations, would their capacity to counter this abuse be improved. My research also considers whether resolving the disputation arising from the increasing level of tax authority cross border audits and investigations can be facilitated through the adoption of alternative dispute resolution procedures. I also study whether the BRICS' response to the world's growing information exchanging architecture reflects their elevated necessity for gathering information to be used to stem illicit flows, countering international evasion and avoidance and ensuring profits are taxed where created. I conclude the study with recommendations for the BRICS Heads of Revenue to include in a Communique for updating their tax law and procedures which counter the abuse and assist in dispute resolution.

学位プログラム名: 京都大学大学院思修館 / 京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(総合学術) / 甲第23344号 / 総総博第17号 / 新制||総総||3(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院総合生存学館総合生存学専攻 / (主査)教授 池田 裕一, 特定教授 武田 英俊, 教授 諸富 徹 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy / Kyoto University / DFAM

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:23:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Guilherme Andrade Lucci.pdf: 393864 bytes, checksum: 41baac140236a87786a7e9e0a7fa7136 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-09-01 / This work purposes to analyze the role of Brazilian Jurisdiction in the implementation of tax laws included in international treaties that Brazil is a signatory, at the national level, as well as the realization of the right to freedom to international tax planning undertaken baser on these international treaties. Examines the duties of the Brazilian magistrate, especially the Brazilian federal judge, as political agent guarantor of effectiveness of the right to tax freedom established in international tax treaties, as well honoring international commitments assumed by the Republic / Este estudo tem por objeto analisar o papel da Jurisdição brasileira na concretização, no plano nacional, de normas tributárias contempladas em tratados internacionais de que o Brasil seja signatário, bem assim na concretização do direito do contribuinte à liberdade ao planejamento tributário internacional realizado com fundamento nesses tratados internacionais. Examina a atribuição do magistrado brasileiro, especialmente do juiz federal brasileiro, como agente político garantidor tanto da efetividade, no caso concreto, do direito à liberdade fiscal estabelecido em tratados tributários internacionais, quanto da concretização dos compromissos assumidos internacionalmente pela República. Palavras-chave: Direito Tributário Internacional. Jurisdição federal

A busca pelo desenvolvimento nacional, como um processo de expansão das liberdades substantivas das pessoas, é um ideal que permeia o texto constitucional brasileiro e obriga o Estado a atuar para sua concretização. No entanto a atuação estatal deve considerar as repercussões internacionais que podem anular os esforços de promoção do desenvolvimento. O oferecimento de incentivos fiscais para atrair ou manter IED possui uma relação direta com o objetivo de promover o desenvolvimento nacional. Tais incentivos, no atual mundo globalizado, podem ensejar o surgimento de uma situação de competição tributária internacional que precisa ter sua aceitabilidade internacional compreendida, segundo uma análise estruturada pela proporcionalidade tendo como finalidade o aumento dos níveis de desenvolvimento. É preciso que existam mecanismos nos tratados internacionais para evitar a bitributação que preservem os efeitos indutores das normas nacionais as quais buscam promover o desenvolvimento nacional. As cláusulas de tax sparing e matching credit exercem tal função de garantir que a manifestação da soberania fiscal de um país, ao conceder o incentivo fiscal, seja respeitada numa relação bilateral. A neutralidade no fluxo internacional de investimentos, até há poucos anos, era tratada somente em termos de CEN, CIN e NN. Atualmente, surgem novas idéias que questionam a CEN como alternativa mais defensável para a eficiência na alocação do investimento, inserindo nas discussões a neutralidade de propriedade do capital. As obrigações internacionais, assumidas no sistema multilateral do comércio, podem funcionar como obstáculo para as medidas incentivadoras do desenvolvimento. Entretanto é possível para o Brasil como PED estabelecer subsídio específico, não proibido e não recorrível, que resulte em atração ou manutenção de IED o qual contribua para a promoção do desenvolvimento. A cooperação na área de tributação contribui para a configuração de uma tributação internacional mais justa, sendo que qualquer iniciativa de buscar o desenvolvimento sustentável encontra, na cooperação tributária internacional, um aspecto crucial. A despeito da existência de alguns fóruns e organizações internacionais que cuidam da cooperação tributária, a médio e longo prazo, países que ainda têm muito a fazer em prol de seu desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, teriam numa organização mundial de tributação a oportunidade de discutir alguns assuntos que, nas modalidades de cooperação tributária já praticadas, estão afastados. / The pursuit of national development as a process of expansion of substantive liberties of the people is an ideal which is present in the constitutional Brazilian text and forces the State to act as for its realization. Nevertheless, the action of the State has to consider the international effects which can make void the efforts to promote its development. Offering tax incentives to attract or maintain foreign direct investments (FDI) has a direct relationship with the purpose of promoting national development. The tax incentives, in a nowadays globalized world, may cause some situation of international tax competition which need its international acceptance comprehended as an analysis structured by proportionality having its purpose towards the increasing levels of development. It is necessary that mechanisms exist in international treaties so as to avoid double taxation that protect the inductive effects of the national laws which look for to promote national development. The tax sparing and matching credit clauses function so as to guarantee the manifestation of fiscal sovereignty of a country granting a fiscal incentive may be respected in a bilateral relationship. The neutrality in the international investments flow till some years ago was treated only based on CEN, CIN and NN. Now new ideas are coming up that bring discussion about CEN as being the best alternative as for the effectiveness to place the investment, introducing in the debates the neutrality of capital ownership. International obligations undertaken in the multilateral trade business system may work as an obstacle as for the incentive measures of development. Nevertheless, Brazil as a developing country may establish a specific subsidy, which is not prohibited or which may not suffer any penalty that would bring or maintain foreign direct investment (FDI) contributing to promote development. Cooperation in tax sector contributes to confirm a more fair international taxation scenario, and any step undertaken looking for sustainable development finds in international tax cooperation a fundamental aspect. Despite the existence of some international forums and international organizations dealing with tax cooperation, in medium and long run, countries which have a lot to accomplish in favor of their development, as Brazil, would have in a world tax organization the opportunity to discuss some subjects that in tax cooperation forms are already used but this does not happen.

A busca pelo desenvolvimento nacional, como um processo de expansão das liberdades substantivas das pessoas, é um ideal que permeia o texto constitucional brasileiro e obriga o Estado a atuar para sua concretização. No entanto a atuação estatal deve considerar as repercussões internacionais que podem anular os esforços de promoção do desenvolvimento. O oferecimento de incentivos fiscais para atrair ou manter IED possui uma relação direta com o objetivo de promover o desenvolvimento nacional. Tais incentivos, no atual mundo globalizado, podem ensejar o surgimento de uma situação de competição tributária internacional que precisa ter sua aceitabilidade internacional compreendida, segundo uma análise estruturada pela proporcionalidade tendo como finalidade o aumento dos níveis de desenvolvimento. É preciso que existam mecanismos nos tratados internacionais para evitar a bitributação que preservem os efeitos indutores das normas nacionais as quais buscam promover o desenvolvimento nacional. As cláusulas de tax sparing e matching credit exercem tal função de garantir que a manifestação da soberania fiscal de um país, ao conceder o incentivo fiscal, seja respeitada numa relação bilateral. A neutralidade no fluxo internacional de investimentos, até há poucos anos, era tratada somente em termos de CEN, CIN e NN. Atualmente, surgem novas idéias que questionam a CEN como alternativa mais defensável para a eficiência na alocação do investimento, inserindo nas discussões a neutralidade de propriedade do capital. As obrigações internacionais, assumidas no sistema multilateral do comércio, podem funcionar como obstáculo para as medidas incentivadoras do desenvolvimento. Entretanto é possível para o Brasil como PED estabelecer subsídio específico, não proibido e não recorrível, que resulte em atração ou manutenção de IED o qual contribua para a promoção do desenvolvimento. A cooperação na área de tributação contribui para a configuração de uma tributação internacional mais justa, sendo que qualquer iniciativa de buscar o desenvolvimento sustentável encontra, na cooperação tributária internacional, um aspecto crucial. A despeito da existência de alguns fóruns e organizações internacionais que cuidam da cooperação tributária, a médio e longo prazo, países que ainda têm muito a fazer em prol de seu desenvolvimento, como o Brasil, teriam numa organização mundial de tributação a oportunidade de discutir alguns assuntos que, nas modalidades de cooperação tributária já praticadas, estão afastados. / The pursuit of national development as a process of expansion of substantive liberties of the people is an ideal which is present in the constitutional Brazilian text and forces the State to act as for its realization. Nevertheless, the action of the State has to consider the international effects which can make void the efforts to promote its development. Offering tax incentives to attract or maintain foreign direct investments (FDI) has a direct relationship with the purpose of promoting national development. The tax incentives, in a nowadays globalized world, may cause some situation of international tax competition which need its international acceptance comprehended as an analysis structured by proportionality having its purpose towards the increasing levels of development. It is necessary that mechanisms exist in international treaties so as to avoid double taxation that protect the inductive effects of the national laws which look for to promote national development. The tax sparing and matching credit clauses function so as to guarantee the manifestation of fiscal sovereignty of a country granting a fiscal incentive may be respected in a bilateral relationship. The neutrality in the international investments flow till some years ago was treated only based on CEN, CIN and NN. Now new ideas are coming up that bring discussion about CEN as being the best alternative as for the effectiveness to place the investment, introducing in the debates the neutrality of capital ownership. International obligations undertaken in the multilateral trade business system may work as an obstacle as for the incentive measures of development. Nevertheless, Brazil as a developing country may establish a specific subsidy, which is not prohibited or which may not suffer any penalty that would bring or maintain foreign direct investment (FDI) contributing to promote development. Cooperation in tax sector contributes to confirm a more fair international taxation scenario, and any step undertaken looking for sustainable development finds in international tax cooperation a fundamental aspect. Despite the existence of some international forums and international organizations dealing with tax cooperation, in medium and long run, countries which have a lot to accomplish in favor of their development, as Brazil, would have in a world tax organization the opportunity to discuss some subjects that in tax cooperation forms are already used but this does not happen.

This thesis is focused on corporate structure designs with the use of offshore and onshore centers in the European Union for the optimization of tax on corporate income . The work is divided into theoretical and analytical sections as well as a section with proposals. The theoretical section describes the problems of international tax planning and international taxation, focusing on offshore and onshore financial centers. In the analytical section there are various offshore and onshore financial centers in the European Union identified and outlined with selected analyses in more detail, especially of the corporate taxation. The practical part describes a model of the corporate structure with the use of selected offshore and onshore centers in the European Union and the various options for resolving tax optimization.

博士（経済学） / 甲第410号 / iii, 165p / 一橋大学