The aim of this thesis is to analyse conditions under which a chosen company enters a foreign market, to undertake research of forms of co-operation of the company in foreign countries and to propose possibilities for development and co-operation with business partners. For this thesis I have chosen the company FMP Lignum, a firm specialising in production and sale of block boards and furniture, the registered seat of which is in Humpolec. For the time being their prevailing business activities are on the Czech market, but co-operation with foreign companies is gradually thriving.

The aim of this thesis was to analyze the current export support in the Czech Republic. It has been given various export promotion instruments and organizations that are part of the Czech Republic, pro-export strategy. Gain insight was subsequently the basis for the practical part, in which individual instruments were applied to a specific enterprise environments. Pursued by the firm belongs to the category of SMEs. Sub-goal of the thesis was then assess whether the export promotion in the Czech Republic is also suitable for small and medium-sized enterprises and on the basis of situational analysis, make recommendations for the observed enterprise, the export promotion instruments might in their export activities to use. In the survey were contacted by companies that operate in the same area as the company pursued whether their export activities to utilize any form of support for exports

The aim of this thesis was to prove that availing services of the CzechTrade agency is a convinient investment for enterprisers and that the selected company do not have problems which are connected with the current economic crisis thanks to the possibilities of the state export assistance. The knowledge acquired in the theoretical part of the thesis was consequently the base for the practical part in which individual services were applied to the concrete company. This company affects so-called niche market which is characterized by certain specifics. The partial aim was to evaluate if availing services connected with the export assistance of the CzechTrade agency is beneficial for the company, and to decide if it is advantageous for the company to invest in its services in such way. The aim was also to point out which services worth availing and to find out if the company has preconditions for the extension of its influence on the foreign markets. The conclusion of the questionnaire investigation helped to find out how similar companies behave in this sphere and if these companies are interested in such an export assistance in general.

This paper analyzes the effects of the liberalization and/or exclusion of the agricultural sector in the integration processes in which are immersed the Latin American Countries from the comparison of four different ways from liberalization. The central objective consists of determining if it is necessary that this sector receives a special treatment in comparison with the rest of economic sectors, or if the complete liberalization is more/less favorable than the exclusion of the agriculture in the integration processes. We used a static CGE model, multisectorial, multicountry of short and long term that has a predominantly agricultural aggregation. Between the main results we found that although the four types of liberalization generate positive results in the Latin American economies; for Peru, Venezuela, Ecuador-Bolivia, Argentina and Uruguay the multilateral strategy that excludes the agricultural sector generates greater benefits than the net tariff liberalization. Despite if we compare the tariff liberalization versus the total liberalization (one that includes export subsidies elimination and band of prices), all the countries with exception of Peru and Venezuela register greater benefits with the total liberalization. / El presente documento analiza los efectos de la liberalización y/o exclusión del sector agrícola en los procesos de integración en los que se encuentran inmersos los países latinoamericanos a partir de la comparación de cuatro diferentes modos de liberalización. El objetivo central consiste en determinar si es o no necesario que este sector reciba un tratamiento especial en comparación con el resto de sectores económicos, o si es más favorable la liberalización completa o la exclusión del agro en los procesos de integración. Para ello, empleamos como herramienta un modelo EGC estático, multipaís y multisectorial de corto y largo plazo, el cual cuenta con una desagregación predominantemente agrícola. Entre los principales resultados encontramos que si bien los cuatro tipos de liberalización generan resultados positivos en las economías latinoamericanas, para el Perú, Venezuela, Ecuador-Bolivia, Argentina y Uruguay la estrategia multilateral que excluye al sector agrícola genera mayores beneficios que la liberalización netamente arancelaria. No obstante, si se compara la liberalización netamente arancelaria versus la total (que incluye eliminación de los subsidios a la exportación y franja de precios), todos los países, con excepción de Perú y Venezuela, registran mayores beneficios con la liberalización total.

abstract: Unrestricted Mexican exports of sugar into the U.S. is considered the most pressing issue facing the U.S. sugar industry. The goal of this dissertation is to analyze the trade of sugar between Mexico and the U.S. as well as analyze additional primary issues confronting the U.S. sugar industry. Chapters 1 and 2 provide an introduction to the U.S. sugar industry. Chapters 3 through 6 develop trade models which analyze sugar trade between Mexico and the U.S. The trade models estimate how NAFTA, USDA sugar forecast errors and Mexican ownership of twenty percent of the Mexican sugar industry each impact U.S. producer surplus and Mexican welfare. Results validate that U.S. producer surplus and in some instances Mexican welfare were decreased by full implementation of NAFTA. U.S. producer surplus and Mexican welfare were decreased due to USDA sugar production forecasting errors. U.S. producer surplus would be increased if the Mexican government did not own twenty percent of Mexican sugar production. Using an online choice experiment, Chapter 7 assesses U.S. consumers' preferences and willingness to pay (WTP) for imported and genetically modified (GM) labeled sugar and sugar in soft drinks. Results indicate that consumers prefer bags of sugar and soft drinks labeled as "Not GM". Furthermore, consumers prefer sugar from Canada and the U.S. over sugar from Mexico, Brazil and the Philippines. Evidence is also provided that participants are more likely to choose actual products in the choice set rather than the "none of these" options when controlling for hypothetical bias by using consequentiality techniques. A non-hypothetical experimental auction was used in Chapter 8 to determine consumers' WTP for soft drinks labeled with sweetener and calorie information and analyzed the role of taste panels in an experimental auction. Results indicate that sugar is consumers' most preferred sweetener and calorie labeling is ineffective at influencing consumers to choose healthier soft drinks. Including taste in an experimental auction caused significant reductions in consumers' WTP for all soft drinks. Chapter 9 concludes by summarizing the results of this dissertation and discussing the future challenges facing the U.S. sugar industry. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Business Administration 2014

O fenômeno do desenvolvimento é percebido neste trabalho a partir do objetivo de realização do ser humano. O tratamento dispensado a Estados em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento frente às regras multilaterais de comércio adquire importante papel na conformação do comércio internacional frente aos desafios do desenvolvimento. Os estudos havidos no âmbito da Comissão Econômica para América Latina e Caribe (CEPAL) são essenciais para fundamentar a necessidade de um tratamento especial e diferenciado, assim como uma diferenciação clara dos graus de desenvolvimento dos Estados participantes do sistema multilateral de comércio. A presente tese busca demonstrar a necessidade de revisão dos instrumentos de tratamento especial e diferenciado atualmente aplicados aos membros do sistema multilateral de comércio, tendo como base uma metodologia de diferenciação que identifique de forma mais clara as reais necessidades de desenvolvimento dos membros do sistema multilateral de comércio, o que pode ser evidenciado a partir de uma análise mais detida do modelo latino-americano de padrões de desenvolvimento. / The phenomenon of development has as premise the aim of promotion of human being. The treatment of the different stages of development facing multilateral trade rules takes important role in shaping the international trade challenge of development. Studies held in the framework of the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) are essential to substantiate the need for special and differential treatment and a clear differentiation of degrees of development of the participants of the multilateral trading system. This thesis seeks to demonstrate the need for revision of the instruments of special and differential treatment currently applied to members of the multilateral trading system based on a method of differentiation to identify more clearly the real development needs of members of the multilateral trading system, which can be evidenced from an analysis of the model held on Latin American patterns of development.

A importância das indústrias têxtil e de vestuário é fundamentada nas suas elevadas capacidades de geração de empregos e renda, dada a sua característica de reduzida possibilidade de automatização dos seus processos produtivos, fato que ocorre principalmente na cadeia do vestuário. Além disso, os setores são responsáveis por uma parcela importante dos empregos menos qualificados em países desenvolvidos. Diante disso, as indústrias conseguiram receber um tratamento diferenciado, relativamente aos demais bens manufaturados, nas regras de liberalização comercial definidas no Acordo Geral de Tarifas e Comércio - GATT. O Acordo de Têxteis e Vestuário (Agreement on Textiles and Clothing - ATC) da Organização Mundial do Comércio, com vigência a partir de 1995, pôs início à eliminação gradual de quotas bilaterais de exportação existentes até a referida data durante um prazo de dez anos. Após 1º de janeiro de 2005, portanto, tal acordo completou seus objetivos, devendo o comércio internacional de produtos têxteis e de vestuário estar sob as demais regras de manufaturados do GATT 1994. Com a eliminação das barreiras quantitativas, os custos de exportação e, conseqüentemente, os seus preços de exportação, tiveram uma redução. Contudo, o fim do ATC pôs início a novas medidas protecionistas pelos setores, que passaram a sofrer concorrência direta com países cujos preços de exportação são significativamente menores, tal como a China. Sendo assim, este trabalho analisou os efeitos do fim do ATC para a produção, emprego e desempenho comercial dos setores têxtil e de vestuário no Brasil, com o objetivo de avaliar a necessidade de tais indústrias receberem novas medidas de proteção comercial. Para avaliar tais impactos, utilizou-se uma simulação em um modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Computável global adotando hipóteses de comportamento de médio prazo da economia, onde as restrições quantitativas foram transformadas em tarifas em equivalente ad valorem dos preços de exportação. Os resultados do modelo indicam um aumento da produção e do emprego de fatores produtivos nas indústrias referidas e nas diretamente relacionadas às atividades produtivas no Brasil, tal como o setor de fibras naturais e serviços. Também se verificou uma realocação dos fornecedores de insumos importados e destinos das exportações de bens finais no Brasil, com desempenho positivo do saldo comercial, o que se refletiu em valorização real do câmbio e aumento relativo dos preços dos produtos domésticos sobre os importados. As conclusões foram que a eliminação completa de barreiras quantitativas devem ter efeitos diferenciados dentro diferentes segmentos das indústrias, como exemplo os de fibras naturais e sintéticas, sendo seu impacto agregado positivo para os setores analisados e para a economia brasileira. / The importance of the textile and clothing industry is based on its high capacities to generate employment and income, provided its basic characteristic of reduced ability to automate the production processes. Besides that, these sectors are responsible for an important share of the low qualified jobs in the developed countries. Therefore, the industries achieved a different treatment, compared to the other manufactured goods, in the liberalization rules defined in the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade - GATT. The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing - ATC of the World Trade Organization, in vigor since 1995, started a process of gradual elimination of the bilateral export quotas existent from the mentioned data during a period of ten years. After January 1st, 2005, therefore, the agreement completed its objectives, with the international trade of textiles and clothing under the same rules for manufactures of the GATT 1994. With the elimination of the quantitative barriers, the exportation costs and, consequently, the exports prices, got a reduction. However, the end of the ATC marked a beginning of new protectionist measures by the industries, which faced the direct competition whit countries whose export prices are quite smaller, such as China. In this context, this work analyzed the effects of the end of the ATC on production, employment and trade performance of the textiles and clothing sectors in Brazil, with the objective of measuring the necessity of these industries to receive new forms protectionism. To assess these impacts, a global General Equilibrium Model was utilized adopting medium term hypothesis about the economy´s behavior, where the quantitative restrictions were transformed in ad valorem tariff equivalent of the export prices. The results of the model indicate an increase in the production and employment of the primary factors in the two mentioned industries and on the directly related activities in Brazil, such as the natural fibers and services. It was also verified a reallocation of the imported input suppliers and destinations of the exports of goods in Brazil, with a positive performance of the net trade, what reflected in a real valorization of exchange rate and a relative increase of the domestic prices over the imported. The conclusions are that the complete elimination of the quantitative barriers must have different effects in diverse segments of the industries, for instance the natural and synthetic fibers, with a positive aggregated impact to the analyzed sectors and to the Brazilian economy.

O presente trabalho analisa algumas obras de Prebisch, escritas entre o final da década de 40 e início da década de 60, do ponto de vista do comércio internacional e do desenvolvimento econômico da América Latina. Procura-se identificar em suas obras um componente crítico sobre essas questões, tendo em vista a conjuntura internacional no início do século XX, que deixa evidente a situação periférica latino-americana na divisão internacional do trabalho. Essa se expressa e ao mesmo tempo tem suas raízes em uma estrutura interna desigual e subdesenvolvida. Além disso, essa posição crítica do autor é vista como resultado de uma busca pela explicação para os problemas latino-americanos, cujas respostas não podiam ser encontradas no arcabouço teórico da corrente de pesquisa tradicional sobre comércio internacional. Ao tratar os países como tendo estruturas homogêneas, a teoria neoclássica faz simplificações que, na visão de Prebisch, deixa de lado uma questão essencial: as assimetrias no plano internacional. Para o autor a incorporação dessa questão na análise é importante devido ao impacto exercido sobre o desenvolvimento latino-americano, e pela forma como condiciona as perspectivas futuras da América Latina. E, mostra-se como essa forma de pensar e estruturar suas idéias levou a defesa de políticas a serem adotadas pela América Latina, que diferem das defendidas pela teoria neoclássica. Mas, analisam-se as obras de Prebisch, levando em consideração o próprio desenvolvimento intelectual do autor, através do qual há uma ampliação de sua análise e a formação de idéias integradas sobre a situação periférica. Neste trabalho é mostrado como o pensamento de Prebisch implica na incorporação de variáveis sociais e políticas para construir uma abordagem econômica que priorize a conciliação teórica com as circunstâncias históricas e com a realidade latino-americana. Conclui-se, através da análise dessas questões, que a observação sobre a especificidade latino-americana, e a ausência desta inclusão na teoria tradicional, levou Prebisch a formar uma nova abordagem para as questões sobre comércio internacional e desenvolvimento econômico, no qual o objetivo deveria ser sempre a busca por uma maior homogeneidade internacional. / The following work analyses some of Prebisch?s work, written between the end of the 40s and beginning of the 60s, from the point of view of international trade and development economics in Latin America. Its intention is to identify a critical component in regard to these issues, in light of the international conjuncture in the beginning of the XX century, which reveals the peripherical situation of Latin America in the international division of labor. This is expressed and at the same time has its roots in an unequal and underdeveloped internal structure. In addition to that, this critical position of the author is seen as a result of his search for an explanation for Latin America problems, for which the answers couldn?t be found in the theoretical framework of the traditional research school of international trade. By treating countries as having homogeneous structures, the neoclassical theory, has done simplifications that, in Prebisch?s view, do not take in consideration an essential question: the asymmetries in the international sphere. For the author the incorporation of this matter is important due to its impact over Latin Americas development, and also because of the way it affects Latin Americas future perspectives. And, this work shows how this way of thinking and of structuring his ideas led him to defend policies to be adopted by Latin America, that differ from the ones defended by the neoclassical theory. But, it analyses Prebisch?s works, taking in consideration his own intellectual development, through which his analysis gets wider and he builds integrated ideas in relation to the peripherical situation. In this work it?s showed how Prebisch?s ideas implies that social and political variables should be incorporated in order to build an economic approach that gives a priority to the conciliation of theory with the historical circumstances and with Latin America reality. The work concludes through the analyses of these questions, that the observation of Latin America specificities, and the lack of inclusion of it in the neoclassical theory, led Prebisch to establish a new approach to the questions about international trade and economic development, in which the main goal should be the search for a bigger international homogeneity.

A pecuária bovina de corte é um dos setores mais importantes para o agronegócio brasileiro, representando 14% no PIB do Agronegócio em 2013. Após a estabilização da economia nacional, o setor de carne bovina passou a se desenvolver e a se tornar cada vez mais importante nos mercados doméstico e internacional de forma competitiva. Essa posição favorável do Brasil, porém, não tardou a gerar insatisfação de outros países que também eram importantes players no comércio mundial e as barreiras comerciais à carne brasileira aumentaram. Após a liberalização mundial do comércio, a imposição de barreiras tarifárias migrou para barreiras não tarifárias, especialmente relacionadas aos aspectos sanitários do rebanho nacional. Os principais questionamentos estavam relacionados ao controle de febre aftosa no país. A busca por mitigar o risco de eventuais fechamentos de importantes mercados à carne brasileira foi, portanto, um dos fatores que levou as empresas brasileiras exportadoras de carne bovina iniciarem seus processos de internacionalização a partir de 2005. De modo geral, as primeiras iniciativas foram aquisições de frigoríficos em países vizinhos por conta das condições semelhantes de produção, porém sem o mesmo nível de barreiras internacionais ao comércio. Ao longo dos anos, as empresas do setor de carne bovina do Brasil se concentraram e duas delas se internacionalizaram em maior grau: a JBS e o Marfrig. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar se o processo de internacionalização dessas empresas foi efetivo em transpor essas barreiras comerciais impostas à carne brasileira. Nos resultados, analisando apenas as barreiras comerciais impostas formalmente através da Organização Mundial do Comércio (OMC) desde 2005, concluiu-se que a internacionalização não contribuiu de forma considerável para que setor solucionasse o problema. Porém, favoreceu o acesso a mercados, a otimização logística em nível global e a aproximação do cliente para entender e atender melhor às necessidades deste. No geral, o processo de internacionalização dessas empresas foi rápido e aparentemente consistente no setor de carne bovina. As empresas JBS e Marfrig, no entanto, adotaram estratégias diferentes nesse processo. / The beef sector is one of the most important to Brazilian agribusiness, representing 14% of Agribusiness GDP in 2013. After the stabilization of Brazilian economy, beef sector started to develop and increased its importance in domestic and international markets in a competitive way. This favorable position of Brazil, however, didn\'t take long to arouse dissatisfaction among other important global players and trade barriers against Brazilian beef started to increase. After the liberalization of world trade, tariff barriers migrated to imposition of non-tariff barriers, especially regarding to sanitary aspects of national herd. One of the biggest concerns was related to Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) control. Mitigate risks of eventual trade barriers to Brazilian beef was, therefore, one of the reasons that led national meat packers started their internationalization process in 2005. In general, the first initiatives were buying plants in neighbor countries due to similar production conditions, but without the same level of international trade barriers. Over the years, Brazilian beef companies have concentrated and two of them internationalized in a greater degree: JBS and Marfrig. The aim of this research was to evaluate if this process of launching abroad was effective in transposing these trade barriers imposed to Brazilian beef. In the results, analyzing only formal barriers reported through OMC since 2005, the conclusion is internationalization did not contribute considerably to solve the problem. However, it favored market access, globally logistic optimization, and customer approach to understand and achieve their needs. In general, internationalization of Brazilian meatpackers was fast and seems to be consistent in beef sector. The companies, JBS and Marfrig, however, adopted different strategies in this process.

O comércio internacional tem adquirido crescente importância para a economia brasileira, em particular para o agronegócio. Deste modo, o entendimento de políticas públicas de outros países que afetem o comércio internacional e o impacto das mesmas em nosso país é de grande importância. A União Européia é um dos principais parceiros comerciais do Brasil e é conhecida pela profunda interferência que impõe ao seu setor agropecuário. Tal fato tem impacto em outros países, inclusive o Brasil, que tem despontado como competidor no mercado internacional de produtos que a UE subsidia. A expansão da União Européia em 2004 e a reforma de sua Política Agrícola Comum têm sido estudadas em diferentes regiões do mundo. Utilizando a modelagem de equilíbrio geral, este trabalho pretende analisar o impacto da expansão da União Européia no agronegócio brasileiro. Os resultados mostram que as diferentes políticas da UE impactam a produção e a exportação do agronegócio brasileiro. / International trade has acquired increasing importance for the Brazilian economy, especially for agribusiness. In this way, understanding other countries policies that affects international trade and its impacts in our country is equally important. The European Union is one of the most important Brazilian trade partners and it is known by its strong interference on its agricultural sector. This fact has an important impact on other countries, including Brazil. The recent European enlargement and its Common Agricultural Policy Reform has been studied at different regions of the World. This research project aims to assess the impacts of European Union Enlargement on Brazilian agribusiness using a General Equilibrium Model. It was found that the different EU agricultural policies affect the Brazilian agribusiness performance.