published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Comparative Literature / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

M.A. / In terms of the new Constitution (Act 108 of 1996) South Africa has 11 official languages (RSA, 1996: 4). Because of past political imperatives, this de facto and constitutional multilingualism makes South Africa one of many countries experiencing language problems. Difficulties in the realm of language policy are therefore not unique to South Africa. To South Africans language is an emotional issue. Many believe that English, being a universally understandable language, should be the exclusive medium for communication. There is a great need to study language requirements and difficulties in multilingual hospitals (especially hospitals catering for the needs of people speaking African languages). The aim of this thesis is to study shortcomings and needs that may exist and to make recommendations for appropriate RDP intervention. The principle of multilingualism and of advancing the use of all official languages in South Africa is supported in this thesis. The main area of focus is therefore the identification of difficulties and the suggestion of remedies for these problems. To be able to make suggestions, it is necessary to identify the problems in health care. Because language planning is concerned with solutions to language-related problems, this study should be regarded as a language planning activity. To this end, the principles of language planning are discussed, with the focus on definitions of language planning, the types of language planning, the steps of language planning (mainly step 1, data accumulation), the responsibilities of the language planner and language planning already done in South Africa. An analysis of language needs will show that communication between physician and patient is unsuccessful in multilingual hospitals, because the parties involved do not understand each other's languages. To solve the problem, hospital staff and other individuals are being used as interpreters. However, this causes a multitude of difficulties, which are highlighted in the empirical study in chapter 4. The biggest problem in respect of interpreting is that the people who perform this function are not trained as interpreters. This leads to further problems, like misinterpreting as well as resistance to the fact that these people have to perform this function without remuneration. The opinions of hospital staff are reflected in the answers given to the questionnaires which they completed. These opinions are discussed in detail along with the problems referred to earlier as well as other problems identified. Because translation and interpreting are so closely related and because interpreting is the main focus of this thesis, a distinction between the two concepts is made. Criteria which interpreters must meet, as well as a literary overview concerning problems in health care with regard to interpreting, are addressed. From the information accumulated, suggestions are made in chapter 5 as to how these language problems might be solved. The most important suggestion to solve these problems in the field of interpreting is to make use of well-trained interpreters. A wide spectrum of aspects surrounding the training of interpreters is discussed and recommendations are made in chapter 5.

A research report submitted before the Faculty of Arts at the University of the Witwatersrand for partial fulfilment of the degree of Master of Arts in Translation / The factors which ought to be taken into account in screen translation are considered, in terms of describing the constraints and norms governing one particular translation. The German company ZDF has commissioned a South African studio to dub the television programme, "SOKO 5113: Wenn der Tod zweimal klingelt", into English for various overseas markets. The translation of this programme is analysed, in terms of both those elements which make dubbing the same as 'ordinary' translation, and those which distinguish the two. These include such things as extratextual factors, context, synchronisation and shifts in meaning. The analysis of the translation is based on Descriotive Translation Studies, in that the reasons for certain decisions made during the translation process are considered, as opposed to criticising the final translation product. The analysis is preceded by an introduction to the context of this translation, with a brief discussion of the different types of screen translation and television dubbing in South Africa. The ultimate conclusion is that dubbing does present slightly different challenges to the translator, but it should not be excluded as a branch of the field of translation. / Andrew Chakane 2018

University of Macau / Faculty of Arts and Humanities. / Department of Portuguese

by Vivien Fong. / Thesis (M.A.Ed.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1988. / Bibliography: leaves 270-281.

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趙欣. / "2009年10月". / "2009 nian 10 yue". / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 186-193). / Abstracts and table of contents in Chinese and English. / Zhao Xin. / 中文摘要 --- p.i / 英文摘要 --- p.ii / 前言 --- p.iv / 目錄 --- p.v / Chapter 第一章 --- 導論 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- 硏宄目的 --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- 語料選取 --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- 原文簡介 --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- 譯文簡介 --- p.5 / Chapter 1.3 --- 研宄方法 --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- 翻譯中的重譯現象 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.1 --- “重譯´ح的概念 --- p.10 / Chapter 1.4.2 --- 已有的重譯現象 --- p.19 / Chapter 1.5 --- 小結 --- p.27 / Chapter 第二章 --- 分析框架 --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1 --- 文本處理過程的五個層面 --- p.30 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- 語音層 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- 詞語層 --- p.31 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- 句法層 --- p.32 / Chapter 2.1.4 --- 語義層 --- p.38 / Chapter 2.1.5 --- 概念整合層 --- p.40 / Chapter 2.2 --- 重譯本之間的共性與多元性 --- p.41 / Chapter 2.3 --- 重譯本之間的本土化與外族化傾向 --- p.42 / Chapter 2.4 --- 重譯本的相對質量評估 --- p.45 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- 豪斯（House 1977)的模式 --- p.46 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- 萊斯（Reiss 1971 / 2000)的模式 --- p.50 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- 國内的一些模式 --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- 翻譯過程與譯文質量評估 --- p.52 / Chapter 2.5 --- 小結 --- p.55 / Chapter 第三章 --- 雙語語料平行数據集 --- p.57 / Chapter 3.1 --- 基本概念 --- p.57 / Chapter 3.2 --- 文本切分單位 --- p.61 / Chapter 3.3 --- 建立方法 --- p.65 / Chapter 3.4 --- 数據集中文本句的對照關係 --- p.72 / Chapter 3.5 --- 小結 --- p.79 / Chapter 第四章 --- 重譯本翻譯策略的共性與多元性 --- p.81 / Chapter 4.1 --- 朱譯本 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- 語音層 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.1.1 --- 人名 --- p.82 / Chapter 4.1.1.2 --- 地名 --- p.84 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- 詞語層 --- p.85 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- 句法層 --- p.86 / Chapter 4.1.4 --- 語義層 --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.4.1 --- 詞義 --- p.91 / Chapter 4.1.4.2 --- 句義 --- p.93 / Chapter 4.1.4.3 --- 篇章義 --- p.96 / Chapter 4.1.5 --- 概念整合層 --- p.98 / Chapter 4.2 --- 尤譯本 --- p.100 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- 語音層 --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.1.1 --- 人名 --- p.101 / Chapter 4.2.1.2 --- 地名 --- p.102 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- 詞語層 --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- 成語 --- p.104 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- 方言詞 --- p.105 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- 句法層 --- p.106 / Chapter 4.2.4 --- 語義層 --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.4.1 --- 詞義 --- p.111 / Chapter 4.2.4.2 --- 句義 --- p.114 / Chapter 4.2.4.3 --- 篇章義 --- p.116 / Chapter 4.2.5 --- 概念整合層 --- p.117 / Chapter 4.3 --- 重譯本翻譯策略的共性與多元性 --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- 數據對比 --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.1.1 --- 語音層 --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- 詞語層 --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.1.3 --- 句法層 --- p.123 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- 語義層 --- p.125 / Chapter 4.3.1.2 --- 概念整合層 --- p.129 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 共性體現 --- p.130 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- 多元性體現 --- p.134 / Chapter 4.4 --- 小結 --- p.138 / Chapter 第五章 --- 重譯本的本土化與外族化傾向和質量評估 --- p.142 / Chapter 5.1 --- 重譯本的本土化與外族化傾向 --- p.143 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- 詞語層 --- p.143 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- 句法層 --- p.145 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- 概念整合層 --- p.146 / Chapter 5.2 --- 重譯本的相對質量評估 --- p.150 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- 語音層 --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2.1.1 --- 人名 --- p.151 / Chapter 5.2.1.2 --- 地名 --- p.153 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- 詞語層 --- p.156 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- 句法層 --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.4 --- 語義層 --- p.158 / Chapter 5.2.5 --- 概念整合層 --- p.162 / Chapter 5.2.6 --- 譯文質量比較結果 --- p.164 / Chapter 5.3 --- 小結 --- p.165 / Chapter 第六章 --- 結論 --- p.167 / Chapter 6.1 --- 重譯本翻譯策略的共性與多元性 --- p.167 / Chapter 6.2 --- 重譯本的本土化與外族化傾向 --- p.170 / Chapter 6.3 --- 重譯本的相對質量評估 --- p.170 / Chapter 6.4 --- 翻譯的認知過程 --- p.172 / Chapter 6.5 --- 小結 --- p.178 / 英文目錄 --- p.181 / 參考文獻 --- p.186 / 附錄(及說明） --- p.194

Thesis (MA (Hons))--Macquarie University, School of English and Linguistics, 1981. / Bibliography: leaves 245-255.

The component processes specific to simultaneous interpreting and common to interpreting and listening were investigated. Experienced conference interpreters and inexperienced bilinguals performed aural-to-oral simultaneous interpreting of a narrative and a procedure from English into French and then gave a free recall of each immediately afterwards. A comparison group of bilinguals performed a simple listening task with the same materials. The texts were on an unfamiliar topic (positron emission tomography) and differed only with respect to frame type. / Experience showed a main effect on interpreting measures, (experienced interpreters performed more accurately), and interacted with text-structure variables that indexed proposition generation, but did not affect recall. Task did not have a main effect on recall and interacted weakly with text-structure variables. Text and Text-structure variables had very strong effects both for the interpreting and the recall measures. / The results were viewed as evidence that interpreting involves the same component processes as normal listening comprehension rather than constituting a specialized comprehension skill. Analyses of text-structure variables provided evidence for influence of high-level conceptual processing and other component processes both on line and off line. Since there was no evidence that interpreting interfered with comprehension, the qualitative on-line measures possible in the interpreting task appear to be generalizable to comprehension under more usual circumstances.

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