Submitted by Márcio Ropke (ropke13marcio@gmail.com) on 2017-02-10T12:16:47Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) anelita.dissertacao.final.2013.12.04a.pdf: 2072554 bytes, checksum: e3cf58b92127a94864f0503af16ab9ff (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-02-16T20:09:34Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 anelita.dissertacao.final.2013.12.04a.pdf: 2072554 bytes, checksum: e3cf58b92127a94864f0503af16ab9ff (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Aline Batista (alinehb.ufpel@gmail.com) on 2017-02-16T20:14:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 anelita.dissertacao.final.2013.12.04a.pdf: 2072554 bytes, checksum: e3cf58b92127a94864f0503af16ab9ff (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-16T20:15:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 anelita.dissertacao.final.2013.12.04a.pdf: 2072554 bytes, checksum: e3cf58b92127a94864f0503af16ab9ff (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30 / Sem bolsa / Introdução: Na prescrição do treinamento intervalado de alta intensidade (HIIT) o tempo de recuperação entre esforços é aspecto relevante. No entanto, o tipo de recuperação tem se mostrado como determinante do desempenho subsequente, e a maioria dos estudos tem indicado que a recuperação ativa (RA) tende a ser superior à passiva (RP). Especificamente quanto à RA, ela pode ser com o mesmo grupo muscular exercitado, com segmento corporal oposto ou com região do tronco. No entanto, esta última estratégia tem sido pouco investigada. Objetivo: Investigar os efeitos de dois tipos de RA nas respostas fisiológicas e no desempenho físico subsequente a treino intervalado de alta intensidade, considerando dois diferentes níveis de aptidão aeróbia. Materiais e métodos: O estudo foi desenvolvido com 25 homens, entre 18 e 35 anos, os quais foram alocados em um destes dois grupos: Alta Aptidão (AACR),Baixa Aptidão (BACR). Os envolvidos realizaram três dias de atividades. Na primeira visita foram mensurados: massa corporal, estatura, dobras cutâneas, frequência cardíaca, lactato sanguíneo e pressão sanguínea em repouso, além da realização de teste de potência máxima (Pmax) em cicloergômetro e teste de tempo limite (TLim a 120% da Pmax), quinze minutos após. A classificação em AACR ou BACR decorreu da Pmax obtida no teste progressivo em cicloergômetro, e alocação de acordo com a mediana. Nas vistas dois e três os sujeitos realizaram: i) aquecimento padronizado, ii) HIIT com dois blocos com quatro estímulos supramáximos cada (30 s a 60 rpm e com carga de 120% da Pmax, 30 s de recuperação passiva) e iii) TLim após o HIIT. Após aquecimento, entre os blocos do HIIT e antes do TLim, os envolvidos executaram um dos dois modos de recuperação ativa: recuperação ativa na bicicleta (bike) e recuperação ativa com exercícios estabilizadores do tronco (core). Na recuperação bike, pedalava-se a 30% da Pmax durante 3 min e na core, realizavamse três exercícios, com duração de 50 s cada um. Para análise dos dados, contou-se com estatística descritiva e os dados foram analisados com análise de variância de dois caminhos (nível de aptidão aeróbia e tipo de recuperação) com medidas repetidas. Assumiu-se p<0,05 como nível de significância. Resultados: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significante considerando nível de aptidão e tipo de recuperação para o TLim. Para recuperação core, BACR e AACR atingiram, respectivamente, 118±25 s e 142±62 s. Na recuperação bike, os valores foram de 110±24 s e 134±72 s. A recuperação bike proporcionou valores inferiores de lactato sanguíneo, mas apenas antes da segunda série de esforços (BACR: 3,62±0,76mmol para core e 2,99±0,90mmol para bike; AACR: 3,23±0,52mmol para core e 2,83±0,66mmol para bike, F=6,38, p=0,01). A9 recuperação core, por sua vez, diminui a frequência cardíaca de modo mais pronunciado antes da primeira e da segunda série do HIIT, bem como antes do TLim(F≥33,8, p<0,001). Conclusão: Considerando-se dois tipos de recuperação ativa e dois níveis de aptidão física aeróbia, não se observaram diferenças significantes no tempo limite após exercício intervalado de alta intensidade. A recuperação com uso de bicicleta apresentou maior remoção de lactato após a segunda série de esforço e a recuperação com exercícios do core exibiu maior contribuição na diminuição da frequência cardíaca durante os períodos de recuperação entre os dois blocos de esforços. / Introduction: In the prescription of high intensity interval training (HIIT) the recovery time between efforts is relevant aspect. However, the type of recovery has been shown to be a determinant of subsequent performance, and most studies have indicated that active recovery (RA) tends to be superior to passive (PR) recovery. Specifically regarding RA, it can be with the same muscle group exercised, with opposite body segment or with trunk region. At the However, the latter strategy has been little investigated. Objective: To investigate the effects of two types of RA on physiological responses and physical performance subsequent to high intensity interval training, considering two different levels of aerobic fitness. Materials and methods: The study was developed with 25 men, aged between 18 and 35 years, who were allocated in one of two groups: High Aptitude (AACR), Low Aptitude (BACR). Those involved had three days of activities. At the first visit, body mass, height, skinfolds, heart rate, blood lactate and resting blood pressure were measured, Of maximum power test (Pmax) on cycle ergometer and time-out test (TLim to 120% of Pmax), fifteen minutes after. The classification in AACR or BACR was from the Pmax obtained in the progressive test in cycle ergometer, and allocation according to the median. In the two and three views the subjects performed: i) standardized heating, ii) HIIT with two blocks with four supramaximal stimuli each (30 s at 60 rpm and with 120% load of Pmax, 30 s of passive recovery) and iii) TLim after Or HIIT. After heating, between the HIIT blocks and before the TLim, participants performed one of two modes of active recovery: active bike recovery and active recovery with core stabilization exercises. In the bike recovery, 30% of the Pmax was cycled for 3 min and in the core, three exercises were performed, each lasting 50 s. To analyze the data, we counted With descriptive statistics and data were analyzed with two-way analysis of variance (aerobic fitness level and recovery type) with repeated measurements. We assumed p <0.05 as a level of significance. Results: There was no statistically significant difference considering the level of fitness and type of recovery for TLim. For core recovery, BACR and AACR reached, respectively, 118 ± 25 s and 142 ± 62 s. In bike recovery, the values ​​were 110 ± 24 s and 134 ± 72 s. The bike recovery provided lower values ​​of blood lactate, but only before the second series of efforts (BACR: 3.62 ± 0.76mmol for core and 2.99 ± 0.90mmol for bike; AACR: 3.23 ± 0.52mmol for core and 2.83 ± 0.66mmol for bike, F = 6.38 , P = 0.01). A9 core recovery, in turn, decreases heart rate more pronouncedly before the first and second series of HIIT, as well as before TLim (F≥33.8, p <0.001). Conclusion: Considering two types of active recovery and two levels of aerobic physical fitness, no significant differences were observed in the time limit after high intensity interval exercise. Recovery with bicycle showed greater lactate removal after the second effort series and recovery with core exercises showed a greater contribution in decreasing heart rate during the recovery periods between the two blocks of effort.

Après avoir été contre-indiquée, l’activité physique prend une place de plus en plus importante dans la prise en charge de la sclérose en plaques (SEP). L’entraînement à intensité faible ou modérée est largement documenté, contrairement à la haute intensité. Ce travail s’est intéressé aux effets de l’entraînement en intervalle à haute intensité combiné au renforcement musculaire durant 12 semaines chez 26 patients atteints de SEP. Nos résultats indiquent que la consommation pic d’oxygène, la puissance maximale tolérée, la force isocinétique des quadriceps et ischio-jambiers, ainsi que la qualité de vie sont améliorées. Les femmes présentent des améliorations plus importantes et plus nombreuses que les hommes, cependant le niveau de handicap ne semble pas limiter les améliorations. Notre travail a permis de démontrer que l’entraînement en intervalle à haute intensité combiné au renforcement musculaire est bien toléré et permet des améliorations des capacités physiques et de la qualité de vie. / After being contraindicated, physical activity take an increasingly important place in the management of multiple sclerosis (MS). The training at mild to moderate intensity is widely documented, contrary to the high intensity training. This work has focused on the effects of high intensity interval training combined with resistance training during 12 weeks in 26 MS patients. Our results show that peak oxygen consumption, maximum tolerated power, isokinetic muscle strength in both quadriceps and hamstrings and quality of life are improved. Women show more important and more numerous improvements than men, however, the disability level does not seem to limit improvements. Our work has demonstrated that high intensity interval training combined with resistance training is well tolerated and allows physical capacities and quality of life improvements.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar comparativamente os efeitos dos treinamentos físicos aeróbico contínuo (TC) e aeróbico intervalado (TI) na tolerância ao esforço e na resposta vasomotora, analisando as vias de produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (EROs) e a biodisponibilidade de óxido nítrico (NO), em aorta torácica isolada de ratos infartados pós-ligadura da coronária esquerda (IM). As sessões de treino de ambos TC e TI foram equalizados pelo gasto calórico total, distância total percorrida e intensidade média do VO2pico. Após 48 h da última sessão de treino, os ratos foram sacrificados e feita a retirada da aorta torácica para as analises funcionais e bioquímicas. Resultados: o IM promoveu disfunção endotelial aórtica, evidenciada por um menor relaxamento à ACh e maior constrição à NE. O grupo IM-SED apresentou menor capacidade funcional (menor tolerância ao esforço e menor VO2pico). Por outro lado, ambos os grupos IM-TC e IM-TI aumentaram a vasodilatação à ACh e diminuíram a vasoconstrição à NE. Além disso, ambos os TC e TI foram eficientes em aumentar a tolerância ao esforço e VO2pico nos grupos IM. Estes efeitos benéficos do TC e TI na função endotelial aórtica estavam associados ao aumento da via de produção de NO (ativação da eNOS por maior expressão da Akt total e fosforilada) e diminuição da produção de superóxido (redução da NOX- 1), acarretando em maior biodisponibilidade de NO. Deste modo, podemos concluir que ambos os TC e TI foram igualmente efetivos em atenuar o estresse oxidativo, restaurar a função endotelial aórtica e aumentar a capacidade funcional de ratos infartados / The aim of this study was to evaluate comparatively the effects of continuous aerobic physical training (CT) and aerobic interval training (IT) on exercise tolerance and vasomotor response, analyzing the process of production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability in thoracic aorta isolated from postinfarcted rats induced by left coronary artery ligation (MI). The training sessions of both CT and IT were equalized by total caloric expenditure, total distance running and average intensity of VO2peak. 48 h after the last training session, rats were sacrificed and the thoracic aorta was removed for the functional and biochemical analysis. Results: MI caused aortic endothelial dysfunction, evidenced by a lower relaxation to ACh and increased constriction to NE. The IM-SED group had lower functional capacity (lower exercise tolerance and lower VO2peak). Moreover, both groups CT and IT increased vasodilation to ACh and reduced vasoconstriction to NE. Furthermore, both CT and IT were effective in increasing exercise tolerance and VO2peak in IM groups. These beneficial effects of CT and IT on aortic endothelial function were associated with increased NO production pathway (activation of eNOS by increased expression of total and phosphorylated Akt), and decreased superoxide production (reduction of NOX-1), resulting in increased bioavailability of NO. Thus, we conclude that both IC and IT were equally effective in attenuating oxidative stress, restore aortic endothelial function and increase the functional capacity of infarcted rats

High-intensity interval training (HIIT) consists of short intervals of exercise at high intensity intermitted by intervals of lower intensity and is associated with improvement of body composition and metabolic health in adults. Studies in overweight adolescents are scarce. We conducted a randomized controlled trial in overweight adolescents to compare acceptance and attendance of HIIT with or without weekly motivational encouragement through text messages and access to a study website. HIIT was offered for six months (including summer vacation) twice a week (60 min/session). Participation rates were continuously assessed and acceptance was measured. Clinical parameters were assessed at baseline and after six months. Twenty-eight adolescents participated in this study (age 15.5 +/- 1.4; 54% female). The standard deviation score for body mass index over all participants was 2.33 at baseline and decreased by 0.026 (95% CI - 0.048 to 0.10) units, p = 0.49. Waist to height ratio was 0.596 at baseline and decreased by 0.013 (95% CI 0.0025 to 0.024), p = 0.023. Participation within the first two months ranged from 65% to 75%, but fell to 15% within the last three months. Attendance in the intervention group was 14% (95% CI - 8 to 37), p = 0.18, higher than the control group. Overall program content was rated as \"good\" by participants, although high drop-out rates were observed. Summer months constitute a serious problem regarding attendance. The use of media support has to be assessed further in appropriately powered trials.

Physical activity results in various types of stress in skeletal muscle including energetic, oxidative, and heat stress. Acute exposure to stress impairs skeletal muscle mitochondrial function. In contrast, chronic intermittent exposure to mild stress through exercise training results in increased mitochondrial content and respiratory capacity. While oxidative and energetic stress have received much attention regarding their long-term effect on skeletal muscle mitochondria, heat stress is not well understood. The purpose of this work was to investigate the effects of localized heat therapy on human skeletal muscle mitochondria, and to compare these effects to those of high-intensity interval exercise training. To accomplish this purpose, 35 subjects were assigned to receive 6 weeks of sham therapy, heat therapy, or exercise training; all localized to the quadriceps muscles of the right leg. Two-hour sessions of short-wave diathermy were used for the heat therapy, and identical sessions were used for sham therapy, but the diathermy units were not activated. Forty-minute sessions of single-leg extension, high-intensity interval training were used for the exercise intervention. All interventions took place three times per week. Muscle biopsies were performed at baseline, and after three and six weeks of intervention. Muscle fiber bundles were isolated and permeabilized for measurement of oxygen consumption via high-resolution respirometry. The primary finding of this work was that heat therapy improves mitochondrial respiratory capacity by 24.8 ± 6.2% compared to a 27.9 ± 8.7% improvement following exercise training. Both heat and exercise significantly increased mitochondrial respiration compared to baseline measures (p<0.05). Fatty acid oxidation and citrate synthase activity were also increased following exercise training by 29.5 ± 6.8% and 19.0 ± 7.4%, respectively (p<0.05). However, contrary to our hypothesis, heat therapy did not increase fatty acid oxidation or citrate synthase activity. Neither heat nor exercise training increased mitochondrial respiratory protein content. Overall these results suggest that heat therapy significantly improves mitochondrial function, but not to the same degree as exercise training.

The obesity epidemic is an important global health concern. Obesity is associated with a number of diseases including type 2 diabetes, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), cardiovascular disease, and some cancers. Insulin resistance, a precursor to type 2 diabetes, is defined as an unresponsiveness of metabolic tissues to insulin, leading to long-term hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia. The fatty acid-induced model of insulin resistance indicates that an accumulation of lipid intermediates interferes with insulin signal transduction leading to insulin resistance. It is, therefore, important to examine means by which these lipid intermediates can be reduced to alleviate interferences in insulin signaling in the treatment of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Exercise and metformin are two common interventions in patients with type 2 diabetes and obesity. They both commonly activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). AMPK contributes to a number of metabolic processes including increased glucose and fatty acid oxidation. However, the effects of AMPK activation on insulin sensitivity are currently not fully understood. This compilation of studies examined the insulin sensitizing effects of AMPK activation via metformin, exercise, and novel AMPK activator R419 in obese mice. In Chapter 2 we show that metformin increases AMPK phosphorylation of acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) 1 Ser79 and ACC2 Ser212, resulting in increased fatty acid oxidation, decreased lipid content and improvements in hepatic insulin sensitivity. In Chapter 3 we show that exercise-induced improvements in insulin sensitivity occur independent of AMPK phosphorylation of ACC phosphorylation sites and independent of lipid content in the liver. Finally, in Chapter 4 we show that R419 improves skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity independent of AMPK and lipid content but improves exercise capacity via a skeletal muscle AMPK-dependent pathway in obese mice. These findings suggest that future studies examining the effects of AMPK activation in obesity will aid in our understanding of the mechanisms of insulin resistance and introduce methods of prevention and treatment of obesity and type 2 diabetes. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Objectif. L’activité physique a des bénéfices sur la santé mentale des personnes vivant avec des troubles psychotiques. L’effort aérobie de type continue étant l’intervention la plus populaire dans la littérature, certaines études ont également étudié le type d’effort de haute intensité par intervalles, mais n’ont pas observé ses effets à long terme. La présente étude vise premièrement à observer le maintien des bénéfices auprès de personnes ayant des troubles psychotiques, après une intervention de six mois de haute intensité par intervalles. Deuxièmement, elle vise à déterminer les prédicteurs de participation à la pratique d’activité physique. Méthodes. Soixante-six sujets (37.9% de femmes, 30.73 ± 7.23 ans) diagnostiqués avec un trouble psychotique selon le DSM-5 ont participé à une intervention supervisée de haute intensité par intervalles de course sur tapis, durant six mois, à raison de deux séances de 30 minutes par semaine. Après cette intervention, il a été offert aux sujets un accès gratuit aux installations ou se sont déroulées les séances pendant à nouveau six mois, sans supervision. Les sujets ont été évalués avant et après l’intervention, puis six mois après l’arrêt de la supervision, soit 12 mois après le premier temps de mesure. La symptomatologie (PANSS), le fonctionnement global (GAF) et social (SOFAS) ont été évalués. Les scores des questionnaires mentionnés ci-dessus ont été analysées statistiquement par des modèles mixtes linéaires et des ANOVA à une voie. Résultats. Les résultats ont montré un maintien de l’impact positif de l’intervention sur les symptômes négatifs (p = 0,004) et globaux (p = 0,01). Les facteurs prédicteurs de la participation aux séances d’activité physique ont montré que les individus ayant participé à moins de 64% des séances sont ceux ayant un moins bon fonctionnement global (GAF : p = 0,02) et social (SOFAS : p ˂ 0,001) et des symptômes plus sévères (PANSS : négatifs : p = 0,02 ; positifs : p = 0,01 ; globaux : p = 0,04). Conclusion. Le maintien des bénéfices n’a été observé qu’au niveau des symptômes négatifs, ce qui implique des stratégies supplémentaires dans l’élaboration de l’intervention et ses modalités. De plus, nos analyses prédictives révèlent qu'une amélioration du fonctionnement social et global, ainsi qu'une réduction de la sévérité des symptômes, sont associées à une participation accrue à l'activité physique chez nos participants. / Aims. Physical activity has mental health benefits for people with psychotic disorders. Continuous aerobic exercise being the most popular intervention in the literature, some studies have also investigated high-intensity interval training but have not investigated its long-term effects. This study had two aims. First, to observe whether the benefits of a six-month high intensity interval training intervention could be maintained among people with psychotic disorders. Second, to determine the predictors of participation in physical activity participation. Methods. Sixty-six subjects (37.9% women, 30.73 ± 7.23 years old) diagnosed with psychotic disorder according to DSM-5 participated in a supervised six-month high-intensity interval treadmill running intervention : twice per week, 30 minutes per session. After the intervention, subjects were offered free access to the facilities where the sessions were held for another six months without supervision. The subjects were evaluated before and after the intervention, and six months after the end of supervision, which was 12 months after the first measurement. Symptomatology (PANSS), global (GAF) and social (SOFAS) functioning were evaluated. The scores of the above-mentioned questionnaires were statistically analyzed using linear mixed models and one-way ANOVA. Results. The results showed a maintenance of the positive impact of the intervention on negative (p = 0.004) and global (p = 0.01) symptoms only. Predictors of participation in physical activity sessions showed that individuals who participated in less than 64% of the sessions had poorer global functioning (GAF: p = 0.02) and social functioning (SOFAS : p ˂ 0,001) and more severe symptoms (PANSS: negative: p = 0.02; positive: p = 0.01; global: p = 0.04). Conclusion. The maintenance of benefits was only observed in terms of negative symptoms, which implies the need for additional strategies in the development and implementation of the intervention. In addition, the prediction analyses of participation in physical activity demonstrated that individuals with better global and social functioning and less severe symptoms are more likely to practice physical activity.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.