We investigated the relationship between glucose tolerance and birth weight in a group of 7-year-old black South Africans on whom longitudinal anthropometric data were available. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT’s) were carried out on 152 subjects and inverse correlations were found between birth weight and the total amount of insulin secreted during the first 30 minutes (r= -0.19, p=0.04) and the last 90 minutes (r= -0.19, p=0.04) of the oral glucose tolerance test and also between birth weight and the 30 minute glucose concentrations (r= -0.20, p=0.02). Children born with low birth weights but who had high weights at 7 years, had higher insulin concentrations and indices of obesity compared with those with low birth weights and low weights at 7 years of age. There were also positive correlations between weight velocity and BMI (r=0.24, p=0.02) and weight velocity and postprandial insulin levels (r=0.31, p=0.001). Thus low birth weight in conjunction with rapid childhood gains in weight especially as subcutaneous fat, produces poor glucose tolerance in 7-year-old children and may make them susceptible to the development of Type II diabetes later in life.

A nutritional method commonly used to deliver feedings to premature infants is the use of a gavage tube. To measure for any undigested breastmilk or formula, a gastric aspirate is checked prior to the next feeding. There is a gap in practice as to what to do if these aspirates signify feeding intolerance. The project question centered on identifying evidence-based guidelines in the literature that would help to define best practices related to feeding intolerance of gavage-fed infants. The Johns Hopkins Nursing Evidence-Based Practice model and the Appraisal of Guidelines Research and Evaluation provided the frameworks for gathering and evaluating evidence as well as the process used in forming the practice guideline. The primary methods employed were a team approach that included a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) Project Team and NICU expert opinion along with a literature review conducted by the doctor of nursing practice student. The NICU Project Team collected the NICU experts' input via surveys they developed and distributed as well as e-mails to authors identified from the literature review. The surveys yielded a 76% response rate from the registered nurses and a 59% response rate from the medical providers. All data collected were shared and descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the data. One of the central research findings was that gastric aspirates should no longer be routinely obtained on stable infants and, if used in evaluating feeding intolerance, they must be used in combination with other indicators. An enteral feeding guideline was developed to reflect this finding that can be shared with other NICUs and nurseries in the United States and globally to decrease the morbidity and mortality of neonates.

Persons with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) often complain of an inability to maintain activity levels and experience a variety of orthostatic symptoms such as dizziness, trembling, nausea, postural hypotension with bradycardia or tachycardia, sweating, palpitations, paleness, and syncope. Orthostatic intolerance (OI) may be defined as an inability to maintain systolic blood pressure (SBP) within 20 mmHg of resting level upon moving from a supine to upright posture. The primary objective of this study is to determine whether men and women with CFS are more susceptible to OI during a 3-stage head-up tilt (HUT) than non CFS, sedentary subjects matched by age, sex, and ethnicity. The secondary objective is to examine whether possible underlying mechanisms may be predictively associated with OI susceptibility in CFS. Possible causes of OI include autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction and altered hematological profile. Thus, specific aims included within this objective are: 1) to determine whether there are differences in resting cardiovascular function {i.e., blood pressure [BP], heart rate [HR], stroke volume [SV], cardiac output [CO], total peripheral resistance [TPR], and contractility [i.e., ejection fraction (EF), fractional shortening (FS), and the velocity of circumferential shortening corrected by HR (VCFc)]}, ANS function {i.e., beta1-, beta2-, and alpha-receptor sensitivities, baroreceptor sensitivity [BRS], and vagal function [i.e., respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), RSA envelope (RSAE), high frequency (HF) spectral component, and HR range]}, and hematological profile [i.e., red blood cell volume (RBCV), plasma volume (PBV), and total blood volume (TBV)] between CFS and non-CFS groups; and 2) to determine whether cardiovascular, ANS, and hematological measures differentially predicted OI during HUT. The results indicate that OI susceptibility does not occur with greater prevalence in persons with CFS than non-CFS sedentary persons. However, power analyses revealed that with a much larger sample size group differences in OI susceptibility would be found. The CFS group was distinguished from the control group only by differences in blood volume measures. There appears to be no substantive group differences in a range of cardiovascular and ANS measures; moreover, none of these measures, including the blood volume measures, accounted for differences in OI susceptibility. Compensatory mechanisms may be present in CFS for the diminished blood volume that could explain the lack of group differences in OI susceptibility. In addition, future research may find some clues relevant to CFS pathophysiology in the assessment of hemodynamic responses during orthostatic challenge in the present subjects.

Abstract Primary lactose intolerance has been associated with a single nucleotide polymorphism located upstream of the lactase gene. The most common diagnostic tests for lactose intolerance are time-consuming and the patient is not allowed to eat and drink for 12 hours before the test is carried out. A method that can establish the genotype would be an easier way of diagnosing lactose intolerance compared to fenotypic lactose intolerance tests. Optimization and validation of a previously published method was performed with real-time polymerase chain reaction. We used whole blood from de-identified blood donors. During the optimization and validation we used a positive control, genotype C/T from Laboratoriemedicin Västernorrland, Sundsvall. The whole-blood was extracted using the MagNa Pure LC instrument. The reagent used was KAPA PROBE FAST qPCR Master Mix. The optimized program for real-time PCR was established to be 95°C 3min [95°C x 3sec, 55°C x 20sec, detection, 72°C x 15sec] x 50 cycles. Optimal probe concentration was found to be 0.2µM and primer concentration will be 0.5µM. This genotyping method is a good first-stage screening test for lactoseintolerance. Before it can be used as a routine method further validation will be necessary in order to ensure that the evaluation of the results can be done in an easy and secure way.

This study determined the effects of gestational obesity on the long-term metabolic status of the mother and if obesity management during or after pregnancy could attenuate these effects. At 120 days prior to estrus, 8 ewes received 100 percent of NRC nutrient requirements (control group) and 24 ewes had free access to feed (obesity induction). Beginning on day 42 of gestation, 8 obese ewes were restricted to 65 percent of NRC nutrient requirements. Following parturition, controls and all but one group of obese ewes were fed 100 percent of NRC nutrient requirements. At postpartum days (PPD) 1 and 150, glucose tolerance tests were administered to ewes. At both PPD1 and PPD150, obesity resulted in insulin resistance, impairment of whole-body glucose utilization, increased levels of circulating leptin, and altered profiles of amino acids in plasma; however, these effects were diminished in ewes receiving obesity management during or after gestation. Additionally at PPD150, obesity increased the circulating levels of ammonia and urea in ewes, which was prevented by realimentation to 100 percent NRC requirements. These results indicate that weight reduction in obese dams during pregnancy or after parturition can beneficially ameliorate the adverse effects of gestational obesity on the mother.

No description available.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst. / Titel på diss.-titelbl.: Islet glucose metabolism and insulin secretion in two animal models of glucose intolerance. Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Toledo, 2007. / "In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Biomedical Sciences." Title from title page of PDF document. Bibliography: p. 59-68.

Excessive fructose consumption in Western diets correlates with increases in obesity, insulin resistance, kidney disease, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), collectively part of metabolic syndrome (MBS). Liver and kidneys metabolize 50-70% of ingested fructose, but the fate of remaining fructose remains poorly understood. Moreover, the correlation of fructose ingestion with MBS highlights the need for better understanding of whole-body fructose metabolism, in both health and disease. To that end, valid rodent models for fructose metabolism must reflect the same metabolism in humans. A serious autosomal recessive defect in fructose metabolism, called hereditary fructose intolerance (HFI), is caused by mutations in the aldolase B gene (ALDOB, human; Aldo2, mouse). With low levels of fructose exposure, HFI patients develop NAFLD and liver fibrosis, sharing pathologies with MBS. Targeting Aldo2 for deletion in mice (Aldo2-/-) provides a major step in validating that fructose metabolism in mice mimics that in humans. Like HFI patients, Aldo2-/- mice exposed to chronic, low-level dietary fructose show failure to thrive, liver dysfunction, and potential mortality. The fructose-induced symptoms of HFI and MBS result from flux through the ketohexokinase (KHK)-mediated pathway, and the metabolite Fru 1-P. Bioinformatic analysis reveals gene expression for this pathway is highest in liver, as expected; surprisingly, brain is predicted to have expression levels similar to kidney. This predicted gene expression is validated via RNA in situ hybridization, quantification of enzyme activities, presence of transport proteins, and measuring fructose oxidation rates in adult mice brains. Within the brain, regions of the cerebellum, hippocampus, cortex, and olfactory bulb show the highest population of cells expressing Fru-1-P pathway genes. In these regions, enzyme activities for both KHK and aldolase, and rates of fructolytic flux, are many times that seen in liver slices. Additionally, brains of mice on a high fructose diet show a three-fold increase in KHK activity. This suggests that not only are these regions of the brain capable of metabolizing fructose, but that they are also capable of responding to increases in dietary fructose. This work provides a foundation for research of long-term consequences of excessive fructose consumption in multiple organs. / 2017-06-21T00:00:00Z

O soro de leite é uma importante fonte de proteínas. Porém, no Brasil ainda há um grande número de laticínios que realizam o descarte deste subproduto da fabricação de queijos, gerando assim, desperdícios e um problema socioambiental. A busca por novas aplicações ao soro de leite pode aumentar o uso potencial deste subproduto como ingrediente lácteo em diversos alimentos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a hidrólise da lactose do concentrado proteico de soro de leite (CPS) para aplicação como ingrediente lácteo em iogurte cremoso para intolerantes à lactose. A metodologia de superfície de resposta foi utilizada para investigar o efeito de dois parâmetros (tempo e concentração de enzima) na hidrólise da lactose do CPS e do leite para produção de iogurte com redução de lactose. A experimentação teve como objetivo definir as faixas ótimas de operação para as variáveis do processo, visando à maximização da hidrólise da lactose. As condições ótimas para a hidrólise da lactose foram: para o CPS, concentração de enzima 0,22% por 1680 minutos e para o leite, 0,13% de enzima por 120 minutos. Depois de hidrolisado, o CPS foi submetido à secagem por atomização e apresentou os valores de lactose, glicose, galactose e proteínas iguais a 2,98; 19,41; 15,89 e 36,7g. 100 g-1 de amostra, respectivamente; 5,00% de umidade e 8,06% de cinzas. Após a hidrólise, as amostras de leite foram fortificadas com diferentes concentrações de CPS e leite em pó desnatado (LPD) para produção de iogurte cremoso. A amostra controle e as amostras fortificadas com 2 e 4% de CPS apresentaram os menores valores de lactose: 0,05; 0,09 e 0,13 g. 100 g-1 de iogurte, respectivamente. Foram realizadas análises microbiológicas e físico-químicas no CPS em pó e nas amostras de iogurtes, e ambos estavam dentro dos padrões da legislação vigente. A partir da pesquisa, verificou-se ser possível o uso potencial do CPS hidrolisado na produção de iogurte com baixo teor de lactose, beneficiando os intolerantes à lactose, à indústria e o meio ambiente.