This thesis is a multilevel analysis of relationships between religion, intolerance towards ethnic out-groups and homophobia across 47 European countries based on European Values Study data (EVS 2010, wave 4). The analysis accounts for associations between the religiosity of individuals and their likelihood of being disinclined to accept people of a different race, immigrants and homosexuals as neighbours, or to accept homosexual behaviour as justifiable. Secondly, relationships between religious and socio-economic national contexts on the two forms of intolerance are studied. Religion is conceptualised as a three-dimensional phenomenon, thus a distinction is made between believing, belonging and religious practice. The main research question motivating the individual-level analysis is: To what extent is religion in Europe associated with intolerance towards ethnic out-groups and homosexuals? The research question of the contextual analysis is: How do the national religious, socio-economic and political contexts citizens live in matter for their tolerance towards out-groups? The key results of the analyses can be summarised as follows: religion is significantly related to both ethnic intolerance and homophobia. Believing in a Higher Power was found to be strongly negatively and fundamentalism strongly positively related to ethnic intolerance in most countries. Religious devoutness and observance, on the other hand, are positively related to ethnic intolerance only in a minority of mostly South-Eastern European countries. All of them have legacies of ethno-religious conflict, poverty and political instability. High religiosity, alongside poverty, nationalism and right-wing authoritarianism are strong predictors of ethnic prejudice in these contexts. In most of Europe, however, neither religious belonging nor religious practice is statistically significantly related to ethnic intolerance. Regarding homophobia, strong positive relationships with all three dimensions of religiosity were found. Contrary to the author’s expectation, religion matters most for the citizens’ dislike of homosexuals in Western European countries where the overall levels of homophobia are comparatively low. In large parts of post-communist Eastern Europe homophobia appears to have a secular face. The finding surprises, given the frequent utilisations of Orthodox and Catholic Christian symbolism that could be observed at public protests against eastern European gay pride parades of the last couple of years. Plausible explanations are explored alongside modernisation- and identity theory: religion has less impact on homophobic attitudes in societies where homophobia is generally more socially acceptable, while in highly modernised Western societies, where liberal values and a general acceptance of homosexuality are prevalent, religious fundamentalism appears to be strongly associated with anti-modern and traditionalistic identities that are exclusive towards out-groups.

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Introduction: The topic of this thesis is the Prevention of Osteoporosis in Malabsorption Syndrome. The thesis is divided into two parts; theoretical and practical. The theoretical work in the first part deals with osteoporosis and osteoporosis risk factors with a focus on nutritional factors. Osteoporosis is a systemic metabolic disease of the skeleton characterised by decreased bone mass and changes in the quality of bone tissue. The etiology of osteoporosis is multifactorial. Malabsorption syndrome causes the small intestine, which is essential for absorbing nutrients, to malfunction. In the second part of the theoretical work, attention is paid to malabsorption syndrome and diseases that lead to its development. Objective: The objective of this work is to draw a comparison between the intake of calcium and other important nutrients in relation to bone metabolism for people with lactose intolerance, and compare this with recommended values and a control group of people without lactose intolerance. Methods: Dietary habits were evaluated using a questionnaire method and a detailed analysis of a four-day diet. The Nutriservis Professional programme was used to evaluate diets (determine energy values, amount of essential nutrients, fibre, calcium, plus other minerals and vitamins). Bone mineral...

Asthma and allergies are some of the most common illnesses worldwide that almost everybody will come in contact with. This thesis studied persons with allergic asthma, non-allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis in a population-based sample. At an early stage, these illnesses were regarded as psychosomatic. Over time, as knowledge about asthma/allergy has increased more of a biomedical perspective was taken by the research field. In considering early documentations well as contemporary research, a psychobiosocial perspective was taken in this thesis when conducting the three studies. Thus, as psychological factors may affect the illness and be a result of the illness, it is important to incorporate these factors to better understand asthma and allergy. Study I examined the co- and multimorbidity in asthma/allergy with the environmental intolerances in the form of chemical and building-related intolerance. Study II investigated psychological distress in the four forms of asthma and allergy. Psychological distress was in this study defined as stress, burnout, anxiety, depression and environmental health worries. Study III examined usage of problem and emotion focused coping strategies and perceived social support from the surrounding in high and low asthma/allergy severity. All studies were performed using data from the Västerbotten Environmental Health Study, a questionnaire-based survey with focus on various environmental hypersensitivities and asthma and allergy. The result showed that the co- and multimorbidity with the environmental intolerances in asthma/allergy was larger than what was statistically excepted. Those with allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis experienced more stress, burnout and anxiety than those with non-allergic asthma, allergic rhinitis and non-asthma/allergy. Moreover, the most common way of coping with asthma and allergy was found to be strategies such as avoiding environments that are believed to affect health, and trying to accept the situation, independent of asthma/allergy severity. Finally, in general, those with asthma and allergy reported receiving most support from their partner, other family members and health care, and least support was perceived by those with low asthma/allergy severity.The findings suggest that co- and multimorbidity with environmental intolerances is relatively common in asthma and allergy, and should therefore be included in the clinical anamnesis for this patient group. The elevated level of distress in allergic asthma and atopic dermatitis evokes the question of use of therapies such as mindfulness maybe beneficial in certain afflicted persons. The results on coping and social support provide a foundation for further research regarding informing the asthma/allergy patient and family members about effective coping strategies and the importance of adequate social support. A metaperspective is taken in which interrelations between important variables in the thesis are discussed.

This thesis is a study of the treatment of avarice, religious intolerance, and pseudomysticism in the Novelas Contemporaneas of Benito Perez Galdos.

Tolerâncias e intolerâncias acontecem em qualquer âmbito do convívio social, principalmente no religioso. A presente dissertação aborda uma aproximação ao tema, nos ambientes (centros espíritas) de prática religiosa do espiritismo kardecista. Essa tarefa começa por volta de 2013, quando ainda persistiam e já se avolumavam consideravelmente as situações de intolerância religiosa neste tão múltiplo religioso Brasil, e começa a se consolidar a partir de 2015. Busco explicitar o que é o espiritismo kardecista, sua chegada ao Brasil, como se instala, o surgimento dos primeiros locais de cultos, a sua disseminação, a sua criminalização e a sua luta para se legitimar como religião na sociedade brasileira. Isto feito, apresento a noção do que seja tolerância ou intolerância em sentido lato, restringindo-se, entretanto, ao entendimento no âmbito das Ciências Sociais. Noções e conceitos estabelecidos, descrevo o ambiente de prática, ou seja, a instituição espírita, sua filiação ao órgão representativo, seus ritos, orientações e recomendações. Realizando pesquisas prévias em três centros espíritas para a verificação da existência das intolerâncias e, em seguida, entrevistas com colaboradores desses centros espíritas onde, de maneira mais próxima, tento observar se o discurso da tolerância se confirma na prática. O que se verifica ao final, é a existência de ambas: tolerância e intolerância coexistindo nos centros espíritas, não como forças antagônicas, mas como uma particularidade individual dos estados vivenciais, onde o esforço próprio dos colaboradores voluntários parece ser um dos caminhos que podem ser utilizados no sentido de reduzir, ou até mesmo eliminar, as intolerâncias externas e internas. Ao espírita kardecista cabe a responsabilidade e a disposição para demonstrar se isso é possível ou não, neste seu ambiente. / Tolerances and intolerances happen in any social life sphere, especially in the religious one. This article proposes an approach to the subject, regarding the religious practice of Kardecist spiritism. This task begins around 2013, when the situations of religious intolerance in this so religiously diverse Brazil continue to grow considerably and begin to be consolidated in 2015. I will seek to make explicit what Kardecist spiritualism is, how it came and settled in Brazil, the emergence of the first places of worship, its dissemination, its criminalization and its struggle to legitimize itself as a religion within the Brazilian society. This being done, I will present a notion of what tolerance or intolerance is, in broad sense, while restricting the matter to its sense within the scope of the Social Sciences. Once notions and concepts are established, I will describe the practice environment that is, the spiritism institution , its membership to the representative body, its rites, guidelines and recommendations. I carried out previous research in three spiritist centers aiming at verifying the existence of intolerances and, then, interviews with collaborators of those spiritist centers, when I tried, more closely, to verify if the tolerance discourse is confirmed in practice. What will be seen at the end is the existence of both: tolerance and intolerance coexisting in the spiritist centers not as antagonistic forces, but as an individual particularity of experiential states, where the volunteer collaborators own effort seems to be one of the ways to be used to reduce or even eliminate external and internal intolerance. It is up to the Kardecist spiritist the responsibility and the willing to demonstrate whether this is possible or not in this environment.

Retratos de uma Casa de Candomblé na cidade de São Paulo, traz uma pesquisa que trabalha com a etnografia como forma de aferir o cotidiano de um Ilê (Casa de Candomblé) urbano, que sobrevive em São Paulo desde 1988, em uma região de classe média, cercado de edifícios, preconceitos e intolerância religiosa. Muitos registros fotográficos foram realizados e parcela deles compõe a iconografia da pesquisa, essas imagens expressam a forma de ver e de viver do povo do santo na cidade, mas que possui ligações com as casas ancestrais no Recôncavo Baiano e em Salvador, além de fazer parte de uma Família de Santo que se ramifica através de outros Ilês. A pesquisa procurou ter um olhar voltado para os Filhos de Santo e buscou escutar o que os Iyawôs , Abians, Ebomis, dirigentes do Ilê, dirigentes de casas ancestrais e pessoas públicas, tinham a falar sobre as relações vividas e como essas vivencias afetavam suas vidas, como era a construção dessa Família de Santo e como solidificavam as relações de parentesco dentro do Ilê, partindo da observação participante e das imagens fotográficas, o processo segue realizando entrevistas que foram fundamentais para o entendimento desse sentimento que é ser do santo, ser uma pessoa iniciada ou prestes a passar pelos ritos de iniciação, tudo isso comparado com uma vasta bibliografia sobre o assunto, o texto que compõe essa dissertação foi construído. Foram entrevistadas 25 pessoas em um universo de 55 adeptos e partindo do questionamento de como o Candomblé entrou na vida deles e delas, cada um contou sua história para formar um mosaico de diversidade. As vivências, a forma de ensinar e aprender, os sentimentos antes de se iniciarem os ritos e a intolerância religiosa, foram preocupações observadas e retratadas no trabalho de campo. A pesquisa teve a oportunidade de acompanhar o processo de iniciação de duas Iyawôs desde o momento que elas se preparavam para os ritos de iniciação(2016) até o ano de 2018, onde passaram pelos primeiros rituais e na hora que estavam se recolhendo, na saída de santo, no final do preceito e um ano após realizarem a iniciação foram entrevistadas, pois a ideia era expressar o sentimento vivido naqueles momentos. Os trânsitos territoriais e religiosos foram detectados, e um fator recorrente na vida da maioria dos entrevistados foram suas vivencias na Umbanda. Outra questão interessante que a pesquisa aferiu foi a introdução das crianças no ambiente e nos ritos do Candomblé e por último a questão da intolerância religiosa que aparece como uma constante na vida das pessoas e na Casa de Candomblé. / Portraits of a Candomblé House in the city of São Paulo brings a research which works with ethnography as a way to measure the daily life of an urban Ilê (Candomblé House), which remains in São Paulo since 1988, in a middle-class region, surrounded by buildings, prejudices and religious intolerance. Many photograph logs were realized and some of them compose the iconography of the research. This image expresses a way of seeing and living of the people of saint group in the city, which has connections with ancestral houses at Recôncavo Baiano and Salvador, besides being part of a Sant´s Family, which branches through other Ilês. The research aimed to look at the Children of Saint and listen what the Iyawôs, Abians, Ebonis, respectively the leaders of Ilês, the leaders of ancestral houses and public people, had to say about the lived relations and how these livings affected their lives, how was the construction of this Sant´s Family and how they solidified the family relations inside the Ilê. Beginning with participant observations and photographs, the process follows realizing interviews which were fundamental to understand this feeling which is being of the holy, being an initiated one or a person about to pass through the initiation rites, all of this compared with a wide bibliography about this subject, building this work. A total number of 25 people were interviewed inside a group of 55 people, beginning with a question about how the Candomblé entered in their lives, each one told their history to form a diversity mosaic. The livings, the way of teaching and learning, the feelings before the beginning of the rites and the religious intolerance were concerns observed and portrayed in the field work. The research had the opportunity to go along the process of initiation of two Iyawôs, since the moment they were preparing to the rites (2016) to the year of 2018, when they passed through the first rites and in the hour, they were gathering, in the saints exit, at the end of the precept and one year after they realized the initiation. At each one of these moments, they were interviewed, since the idea was to express the feelings, they lived at each one. The territorial and religious moving were detected, and a frequent variable in the life of the subjects were their livings at the Umbanda. Other interesting question which the research measured were the introduction of children in the environment and the rites of the Candomblé and the religious intolerance question, which appears as a constant in the peoples life and at the Candomblé House.

The purpose of this study is to examine how social science teachers regard the Swedish school's democracy assignments and opinions that conflict with those described in the school’s value system. The study aims to examine how teachers in social science view the school's democracy assignments and value system, how permissive social science teachers are during student discussions, and how social science teachers relate to pupils with xenophobic views. To achieve this goal, five semi-structured interviews have been conducted in which the respondents share their experiences of pupils who express xenophobic views and how they have chosen to act in these situations. The results shows that social science teachers believe that the democratic assignment in itself is clear. A problem with the democratic assignment however is that the value system needs to be interpreted, which brings a risk that different teachers choose to interpret the assignment in different ways. Furthermore, the results show that the respondents of the study have a varied experience of students who in some way expressed xenophobia. The respondents' actions in these situations can be linked to a number of the working methods or perspectives presented in the study's theory section. The conclusions that can be drawn from this study are thus that the respondents' experiences, actions and perceptions of the researched issues vary, yet all emphasize the importance of the social science topic in order to reinforce the future generations to become responsible and democratic citizens.

Cows’ milk generally contains two types of β-casein, A1 and A2 types. A2 beta-casein is recognized as the original beta-casein variant because it was present before a proline to histidine point mutation occurrence in the polypeptide chain at 67th position. A1 and A2 are processed differently by digestive enzymes, and once milk or milk products are consumed, a seven-amino acid bioactive opioid peptide, beta-casomorphin-7, is released as a result of incomplete digestion of A1-beta-casein. This is a single-dose, randomized and double-blinded study. Participants received four different treatments (Regular milk, A2 milk, Jersey cow milk, and lactose free milk) in a randomized order. The lactose free milk acted as a negative control. This study aimed to evaluate tolerance to milks containing different levels of A2 β-casein (Jersey and A2 milks) as compared to commercial A1 (regularmilk containing both A1 and A2 β-casein) and lactose-free milk controls in lactose digesters and maldigesters. Seven subjects completed this double-blinded, randomized, crossover trial. Lactose malabsorption (LM) was determined by breath hydrogen test and milk intolerance were assessed by validated questionnaires. Treatments were fed as a single dose with a 6-day washout period to minimize any residual effects. Each subject was fed milk containing 0.5 g lactose per kg body weight. The pilot data from the seven subjects does strongly suggest greater hydrogen production from commercial A1 milk as compared to lactose-free, A2 and Jersey milks. Regular milk containing high A1 β-casein produced significantly higher hydrogen compared to lactose-free milk from 2 hours until 5hours. This suggests biologically relevant differences in lactose digestion among these milks. In addition, Jersey milk produced significantly higher hydrogen compared to lactose-free milk similar to regular milk between 2 and 6 hours while A2 milk was acting similar to lactose-free milk and did not result in increased hydrogen throughout the same time intervals. Taken together, these results suggest that the amount of A2 β-casein in Jersey milk was not adequate to attenuate the increased hydrogen concentration while pure A2 milk was effective. In this pilot clinical trial, abdominal pain, bloating, flatulence, diarrhea, fecal urgency and total GI symptoms were reported as measures of digestive discomfort. Although the mean values of total GI symptom scores were numerically lower on the lactose free, pure A2 and Jersey group compared to regular milk group, none were statistically different. With seven subjects reported in this pilot data, and a calculated sample size requirement of 26, we can interpret trends that ultimately could result in significant differences as additional subjects complete this protocol.

Análises sobre a sustentabilidade intertemporal da dívida pública nos países emergentes ganham cada vez mais importância no debate econômico internacional devido à sua importância na avaliação das políticas macroeconômicas desses países. Depois da reforma monetária de junho de 1994 que deu fim ao processo hiperinflacionário, a economia brasileira obteve como sub-produto a exposição de um grave desequilíbrio fiscal, em que a razão dívida/PIB passou a apresentar uma trajetória monotonicamente crescente, ultrapassando a marca de 50%, nível considerado extremante perigoso para um país emergente que se defronta com a intolerância da dívida. O presente estudo tem como objetivo estimar uma função de reação da política fiscal no Brasil para o período pós-Real, quantificando a relação entre o resultado primário do setor público consolidado, o comportamento da razão dívida/PIB, as instituições e a intolerância da dívida, bem como avaliar a ciclicidade da política fiscal no Brasil. Além disso, realiza-se um teste de raiz unitária com quebra endógena da razão dívida líquida/PIB descontada bem como testes de cointegração a fim de avaliar a hipótese de spend and tax da política fiscal brasileira no período em questão. Dentre as conclusões que foram extraídas deste estudo, destacam-se as evidências de que a política fiscal se comportou de maneira insustentável após a reforma de 1994, sendo marcado pela indisciplina fiscal, em que a receita foi a variável endógena do regime fiscal, caracterizado esse por um sistema spend and tax. / Analyses of the sustainability of public debt across time in emerging countries are increasingly gaining in importance in the international economic debate, due to their importance for the evaluation of the macroeconomic policies of these countries. Following the June 1994 monetary reform that did away with hyperinflation, a major fiscal imbalance came to light in the Brazilian economy as a sub-product, with the debt/GDP ratio following a monotonically rising path and exceeding the 50% level. This is considered extremely dangerous for an emerging nation that is faced with debt intolerance. The aim of this study is to estimate a reaction function regarding Brazils fiscal policy for the post-Real period, quantifying the relation between the consolidated public sectors primary results, the behavior of the debt/GDP ratio, institutions and debt intolerance, as well as evaluating the cyclical aspects of fiscal policies in Brazil. Additionally, a unit root test was carried out, with endogenous breakdown of the discounted net debt/GDP ratio, as well as co-integration tests, in order to evaluate the spend and tax hypothesis of Brazilian fiscal policy during the period in question. One of the prominent conclusions of this study is that the fiscal policy behaved in a unsustainable manner after the 1994 reform, and underscored by fiscal indiscipline, with revenue being the endogenous variable of the fiscal regime, characterized by a spend and tax system.