This study investigated the blood alcohol concentration (BAC) predictions of above or below the .08 per se level by Texas peace officers in the field based on the scoring of the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Horizontal Gaze Nystagmus (HGN) test. This study involved the submission of 35 standardized field sobriety testing (SFST) evaluations, including the HGN test from Texas peace officers throughout the State of Texas in a six-month period after completion of the SFST practitioner course. A total data set of 2,000 individual samples was used for this study. A statistical analysis of the data indicated that Texas peace officer BAC predictions of above or below the .08 per se level, based upon the observation and scoring of the observed clues during the administration of the HGN test, were 92.8% accurate during the first six month period upon completion of the SFST practitioner course. An analysis of the data also indicated that Texas peace officer BAC predictions of above or below the .08 per se level, based upon the observation and scoring of the observed clues during the administration of the HGN test, were more accurate during the second three-month period (94.0%) as opposed to the first three-month period (91.6%) upon the completion of the SFST practitioner course. There was no statistical significance found between the two three month periods for BAC predictions by the Texas peace officers. The mean BAC for this study was .114. Three recommendations were made as a result of this study. First, the Texas peace officer should submit the 35 SFST evaluations on a bi-yearly basis to ensure consistency in the administration of the tests. Second, the Texas peace officer should attend SFST update training on a bi-yearly basis to maintain proficiency in the SFST battery and curriculum. Third, the current SFST practitioner curriculum should focus more on the administration and scoring of the SFSTs including the HGN test to maximize the learning of the competencies of the correct administration and scoring of the SFST battery.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka de regelverk som berör svenskflaggade passagerarfartyg i internationell trafik gällande berusade passagerare och hur regelverken implementerats i fartygens säkerhetsorganisationer. Syftet har också varit att lyfta fram hur säkerhetsorganisationerna ombord arbetar med att ta hand om berusade passagerare. En kvalitativ ansats har använts för att analysera relevanta regelverk. Den analysen har sedan legat till grund för intervjuer som har genomförts med säkerhetsansvariga på rederier och ombord på fartyg. En person som representerar Polismyndigheten har också intervjuats. Resultatet visar att en del lagstiftningar upplevs som föråldrade. Alkohollagen upplevs ha brister då den inte täcker in svenskflaggade fartyg i internationell trafik. Resultaten visar också att säkerhetsorganisationerna ombord ser olika ut på olika fartyg. Det kan konstateras att säkerheten för berusade passagerare varierar beroende på vilket fartyg de är ombord på.

Introduction: With many thousands of deaths still annually attributable to driving under the influence (DUI), it remains imperative that we continually address the problem of producing and sustaining effective countermeasures, and that we subject these efforts to empirical scrutiny. This article presents relevant findings from state-wide datasets. Results: A formula generating a potentially useful metric for assessing aspects of the DUI prosecutorial chain is presented, focusing on the rate of proactive DUI arrests. While in need of cautious interpretation due to issues of inherent inaccuracies in large databases, small numbers of crashes and/or arrests in multiple jurisdictions, and the lack of replication in other states, the analyses show no relationship between the level of DUI arrest activity and DUI-related crashes. This finding brings into question the efficacy of the many millions of dollars devoted each year to targeted DUI enforcement, as it is currently being implemented. Conclusions: Results are discussed in terms of developing adequate disincentives to DUI so as to raise general deterrence via dramatic increases in proactive DUI enforcement and then engaging in pervasive and persistent social marketing of such efforts to maximize the perception that arrest and punishment for DUI is always imminent, that penalties will be swift, certain, and severe. It is echoed that accurate data need to be collected at all levels of the DUI arrest and prosecution process in every jurisdiction within a state, so as to facilitate the empirical assessment of countermeasure efficacy in reducing alcohol-related crashes. Impact on Industry: Given that this work needs to be replicated, the impact on the traffic safety industry is potentially huge. The present data indicate that law enforcement efforts to further abate DUI-related crashes are apparently ineffective, though likely necessary to maintain reductions achieved in the 80s and early 90s. Thus, to attain additional systematic reductions, a dramatic increase in enforcement will be necessary as will a diversification of abatement efforts, including an increase in aggressive social marketing tactics to positively impact our traffic safety culture by making DUI universally unacceptable (for a discussion of this latter issue and on the use of positive reinforcement to change driver behavior, see Dula & Geller, 2007).

Primary objectives of this study were: (1) to compare the food habits of healthy and botulism intoxicated American avocets and blacknecked stilts for qualitative and quantitative differences, (2) to determine .which invertebrates found in the tracts of intoxicated and healthy birds contained type C toxin, and (3) to explain apparent susceptibilities among different sexes, ages and species of birds. Based on percent utilization and occurrence of food items in the esophagus , the diets of healthy and intoxicated birds were similar. However, intoxicated avocets consumed higher proportions of Gastropoda and intoxicated stilts more Hydrophilidae larvae than did healthy birds. Because of similarities in diets of healthy and intoxicated birds, birds probably became intoxicated from eating randomly toxic foods and not because of differences in diet or food preference. Examinations of esophageal contents of avocets and stilts better described recently consumed food items than did examinations of gizzard contents. Soft-bodied invertebrates were rendered unidentifiable in the gizzard. The esophageal contents of juvenile avocets and stilts contained greater proportions of animal matter than did those of adults. Only three of 86 food samples analyzed were definitely positive for type C botulism toxin. These were: one sample of Tendipedidae larvae and two of pooled gizzard contents which included fragments of Corixidae, Hydrophilidae adults, seeds and vegetative fibers. Only three of 86 food samples analyzed were definitely positive for type C botulism toxin. These were: one sample of Tendipedidae larvae and two of pooled gizzard contents which included fragments of Corixidae, Hydrophilidae adults, seeds and vegetative fibers.

Who has never heard anything about leadership? This concept appears almost everywhere: in the classroom, on TV program, in reviews, in books, etc. However, who really knows about the real nature of leadership? Most of you might have a good image of it in mind. However, the reality is far different. How many of you have ever listened to stories whereby people were stressed or were depressive due to their job? In this thesis, we will expose how the business environment is "contaminated" by leaders presenting toxic behaviours. Once toxic behaviours occur in the company, the entire system becomes "alienated", its welfare is undermined. Leaders, in our view, act like snakes which, with its venom contaminate, step by step, their environment. The best way to erase toxins, in such surrounding is to be first aware of its root. For knowing this issue, please, attach your belt, the travel will start …

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Besättning ombord ro-pax-fartyg ansvarar för lastning och lossning när fartygen ligger ihamn. Lasten består till mestadels av lastbilar som körs ombord av lastbilschaufförer. Rederier har tidigare bjudit dessa yrkeschaufförer på gratis alkohol ombord och det har förekommit berusade lastbilschaufförer under lastning och lossning vid ett flertal tillfällen. Syftet med studien var att undersöka hur fartygsbefäl och matroser ombord påro-pax-fartyg upplever att arbetsmiljön på bildäck påverkas, under lastning ochlossning, med avseende på misstänkt berusade chaufförer. Arbetet har således gått ut på att undersöka hur fartygsbefäl och matroser upplever att den personliga säkerhetenpåverkas av misstänkt berusade chaufförer samt undersöka vilka skillnader det finns ombord gällande arbetsmiljö på olika ro-pax-fartyg. De relevanta regelverken,förordningar, lagar och tidigare forskning framställdes och analyserades med en kvalitativ ansats. Utifrån analysen av teorin arbetades en intervjuguide fram somanvändes till intervjuer med fartygsbefäl och matroser som arbetar på ro-pax-fartyg. Resultatet visar att misstänkt berusade chaufförers närvaro på bildäck påverkar besättningen i olika omfattning. Generellt upplevs de berusade chaufförerna som en riskhöjande faktor som kan leda till last- och personskada under lastning och lossning.