The previously described 2-aryl-4-chloro-3-iodoquinolines were prepared following literature procedure and in turn converted to the corresponding hitherto unknown 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinoline derivatives using aniline in refluxing ethanol. These 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinolines were reacted with allybromide in ethanol at room temperature to afford 4-(N,N-allylphenylamino)-2-aryl-3-iodoquinoline derivatives. The 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinoline and 4-(N,N-allylphenylamino)-2-aryl-3-iodoquinoline derivatives were subjected to metal-catalysed carbon-carbon bond formations. Palladium(0)-copper iodide catalysed Sonogashira cross-coupling of 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinoline with terminal alkynes afforded series of 1,2,4-trisubstituted 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolines in a single step operation. On the other hand, the 4-(N,N-allylphenylamino)-2-aryl-3-iodoquinoline derivatives were found to undergo palladium-catalysed intramolecular Heck reaction to yield the corresponding 1,3,4-trisubstituted 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolines. All new compounds were characterized by using a combination of NMR (1H and 13C), IR, mass spectroscopic techniques as well as elemental analysis. / Chemistry / MSc. (Chemistry)

Ce mémoire présente trois approches différentes vers la synthèse du 3–(trans–2–nitrocyclopropyl)alanine, un intermédiaire synthétique de la hormaomycine. Cette molécule naturelle démontre d’intéressantes activités biologiques et pharmacologiques. Il est intéressant de souligner que ce dérivé donne facilement accès au 3–(trans–2–aminocyclopropyl)alanine, unité centrale de la bélactosine A. Ce composé naturel possédant lui aussi d’intéressantes propriétés biologiques, plusieurs études relationnelles structures-activités menant à des dérivés plus actifs de cette molécule ont été entreprises, démontrant l’intérêt toujours présent de synthétiser de façon efficace et optimale ces dérivés cyclopropaniques. Une méthodologie développée au sein de notre groupe de recherche et basée sur une réaction de cyclopropanation intramoléculaire diastéréosélective sera mise à profit afin d’élaborer une nouvelle voie de synthèse aussi élégante qu’efficace à la construction du 3–(trans–2–nitrocyclopropyl) alanine. En utilisant un carbène de rhodium généré soit par la dégradation d’un dérivé diazoïque, soit par la formation d’un réactif de type ylure d’iodonium, une réaction de cyclopropanation diastéréosélective permettra la formation de deux autres centres contigus et ce, sans même utiliser d’auxiliaire ou de catalyseur énantioenrichis. Ensuite, un réarrangement intramoléculaire précédant deux réactions synchronisées d’ouverture de cycle et de décarboxylation permettront l’obtention du composé d’intérêt avec un rendement global convenable et en relativement peu d’étapes. De cette manière, la synthèse formelle de la bélactosine A et de l’hormaomycine a été effectuée. Cette synthèse se démarque des autres par l’utilisation d’une seule transformation catalytique énantiosélective. / This master’s thesis presents three different approaches toward the synthesis of 3–(trans–2–nitrocyclopropyl)alanine, a key constituent of the natural product hormaomycin. This unusual compound demonstrates interesting biological and pharmaceutical activity. It is noteworthy that this unique amino acid can be readily converted to the corresponding 3–(trans–2–aminocyclopropyl)alanine, the central core of belactosin A, a natural compound exhibiting interesting biological properties. Efficient syntheses of these aminocyclopropane derivatives are of current interest since several structure-activity relationships in syntheses of belactosin A and hormaomycin analogues are currently under study in an effort to discover enhanced biological activity. A methodology developed in our research group based on a diastereoselective intramolecular cyclopropanation reaction will be used to elaborate a unique and elegant pathway to the synthesis of the 3–(trans–2–nitrocyclopropyl)alanine. By using a rhodium carbene generated either by the degradation of a diazoic derivative or by the formation of the corresponding iodonium ylide, a diastereoselective cyclopropanation reaction can be applied in the concerted elaboration of two chiral centers needed in the desired aminocyclopropanes, avoiding in this way the utilisation of chiral reagents. Following this key sequence, an intramolecular rearrangement followed by synchronous ring–opening/decarboxylation reactions will permit a convenient formation of the desired product in an acceptable overall yield and in few ensuing steps. In this manner, the formal synthesis of the hormaomycin and the belactosin A can be achieved. This synthesis is unique since it involves only one asymmetric step in the whole synthetic process.

Ce mémoire présente trois approches différentes vers la synthèse du 3–(trans–2–nitrocyclopropyl)alanine, un intermédiaire synthétique de la hormaomycine. Cette molécule naturelle démontre d’intéressantes activités biologiques et pharmacologiques. Il est intéressant de souligner que ce dérivé donne facilement accès au 3–(trans–2–aminocyclopropyl)alanine, unité centrale de la bélactosine A. Ce composé naturel possédant lui aussi d’intéressantes propriétés biologiques, plusieurs études relationnelles structures-activités menant à des dérivés plus actifs de cette molécule ont été entreprises, démontrant l’intérêt toujours présent de synthétiser de façon efficace et optimale ces dérivés cyclopropaniques. Une méthodologie développée au sein de notre groupe de recherche et basée sur une réaction de cyclopropanation intramoléculaire diastéréosélective sera mise à profit afin d’élaborer une nouvelle voie de synthèse aussi élégante qu’efficace à la construction du 3–(trans–2–nitrocyclopropyl) alanine. En utilisant un carbène de rhodium généré soit par la dégradation d’un dérivé diazoïque, soit par la formation d’un réactif de type ylure d’iodonium, une réaction de cyclopropanation diastéréosélective permettra la formation de deux autres centres contigus et ce, sans même utiliser d’auxiliaire ou de catalyseur énantioenrichis. Ensuite, un réarrangement intramoléculaire précédant deux réactions synchronisées d’ouverture de cycle et de décarboxylation permettront l’obtention du composé d’intérêt avec un rendement global convenable et en relativement peu d’étapes. De cette manière, la synthèse formelle de la bélactosine A et de l’hormaomycine a été effectuée. Cette synthèse se démarque des autres par l’utilisation d’une seule transformation catalytique énantiosélective. / This master’s thesis presents three different approaches toward the synthesis of 3–(trans–2–nitrocyclopropyl)alanine, a key constituent of the natural product hormaomycin. This unusual compound demonstrates interesting biological and pharmaceutical activity. It is noteworthy that this unique amino acid can be readily converted to the corresponding 3–(trans–2–aminocyclopropyl)alanine, the central core of belactosin A, a natural compound exhibiting interesting biological properties. Efficient syntheses of these aminocyclopropane derivatives are of current interest since several structure-activity relationships in syntheses of belactosin A and hormaomycin analogues are currently under study in an effort to discover enhanced biological activity. A methodology developed in our research group based on a diastereoselective intramolecular cyclopropanation reaction will be used to elaborate a unique and elegant pathway to the synthesis of the 3–(trans–2–nitrocyclopropyl)alanine. By using a rhodium carbene generated either by the degradation of a diazoic derivative or by the formation of the corresponding iodonium ylide, a diastereoselective cyclopropanation reaction can be applied in the concerted elaboration of two chiral centers needed in the desired aminocyclopropanes, avoiding in this way the utilisation of chiral reagents. Following this key sequence, an intramolecular rearrangement followed by synchronous ring–opening/decarboxylation reactions will permit a convenient formation of the desired product in an acceptable overall yield and in few ensuing steps. In this manner, the formal synthesis of the hormaomycin and the belactosin A can be achieved. This synthesis is unique since it involves only one asymmetric step in the whole synthetic process.

The previously described 2-aryl-4-chloro-3-iodoquinolines were prepared following literature procedure and in turn converted to the corresponding hitherto unknown 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinoline derivatives using aniline in refluxing ethanol. These 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinolines were reacted with allybromide in ethanol at room temperature to afford 4-(N,N-allylphenylamino)-2-aryl-3-iodoquinoline derivatives. The 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinoline and 4-(N,N-allylphenylamino)-2-aryl-3-iodoquinoline derivatives were subjected to metal-catalysed carbon-carbon bond formations. Palladium(0)-copper iodide catalysed Sonogashira cross-coupling of 2-aryl-3-iodo-4-(phenylamino)quinoline with terminal alkynes afforded series of 1,2,4-trisubstituted 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolines in a single step operation. On the other hand, the 4-(N,N-allylphenylamino)-2-aryl-3-iodoquinoline derivatives were found to undergo palladium-catalysed intramolecular Heck reaction to yield the corresponding 1,3,4-trisubstituted 1H-pyrrolo[3,2-c]quinolines. All new compounds were characterized by using a combination of NMR (1H and 13C), IR, mass spectroscopic techniques as well as elemental analysis. / Chemistry / MSc. (Chemistry)

Deux nouveaux concepts, visant à reproduire la chimie radicalaire des diétains à l’aide de radicaux centrés sur le silicium, sont présentés à travers ce manuscrit. Le premier concept introduit les “silaboranes”, des molécules constituées d’un motif de type silane et d’un atome de bore. Ceux-ci ont pour la première fois été exploités comme générateurs de radicaux triméthylsilyle via l’utilisation de la réaction de SHi sur le silicium (Substitution Homolytique Intramoléculaire) à partir de disilanes. Des études cinétiques et de modélisation moléculaires de la réaction de SHi ont, entre autres, permis de rationaliser les résultats. Le potentiel des “silaboranes” en tant que substituts des diétains a été entrevu à travers des réactions d’additions radicalaires d’halogénures sur des éthers d’oxime sulfonylés. Le concept des "silaboranes" a ensuite été étendu à des hydrures de silicium, grâce à une réaction de transfert d’hydrogène intramoléculaire, permettant de produire des radicaux triphénylsilyles. Le second concept a révélé la capacité des allyl tris(triméthylsilyl)silanes pour reproduire les réactions radicalaires des diétains via une réaction de beta-fragmentation du groupement tris(triméthylsilyle). Ces substrats, source de radicaux tris(triméthysilyle) et simples d’accès, se sont avérés d’intéressants candidats pour assister l’addition de dérivés bromés et iodés sur des substrats sulfonylés de type allyl, vinyl et éther d’oxime. / Two new concepts, aiming to substitute ditin radical chemistry by using silyl radicals, are developed throughout this manuscript. The first concept introduces “silaboranes”, molecules made up of a silane unit and a boron atom. For the first time, the ability of these precursors to generate trimethylsilyl radicals was demonstrated by using the SHi reaction at silicon (Intramolecular Homolytic Substitution) from disilanes. Besides, results are supported by kinetic and computationnal studies of the SHi reaction at silicon. Capacity of “silaboranes” to achieve tin-free radical processes was demonstrated thanks to radical addition of halogenated species on sulfonyl oxime ethers. “Silaboranes” concept was then extended to silicon hydrides using intramolecular hydrogen transfer as source of triphenylsilyl radicals. The second concept highlights the ability of allyl tris(trimethylsilyl)silanes to make possible tin-free radical reactions via beta-fragmentation of the tris(trimethylsilyl) group. These compounds, source of tris(trimethylsilyl) radicals and easily available, open very interesting perspectives in tin-free radical addition of bromides and iodides species on sulfonyl derivatives as allyl sulfones, vinyl sulfones or sulfonyl oxime ethers.

This thesis describes synthetic studies directed towards the total synthesis of the nakafuran and florlide marine natural products. Chapter One provides an overview of the importance of natural products to current medicinal chemistry and describes how the "supply issue" associated with these biologically derived compounds can be resolved through the process of total synthesis. Two families of marine natural products, the nakafurans and the florlides, are introduced as synthetic targets and strategies utilising a type II intramolecular Diels-Alder (IMDA) reaction to achieve their total synthesis are delineated. The efficient preparation of regio- and stereodefined vinyl coupling fragments via hydrostannylation and hydrohalogenation methodology is described in Chapter Two. The palladium-catalysed cross-coupling of these fragments, via Stille or Negishi coupling methodology, yielded dienes which were successfully advanced to IMDA triene precursors. Chapter Three describes investigation of the type II IMDA reaction to give bicyclo[4.3.1]decene carbocyclic skeletons. A facile acid-catalysed 6,7-alkene to 7,8-alkene olefinic isomerisation, via a proposed oxonium intermediate, and the inability to appropriately functionalise the desired adducts impeded progress along the synthetic route. Molecular modelling was conducted to investigate the causes of this unexpected reactivity. Investigations in Chapter Four describe the successful synthesis and cyclisation of homomethyl triene analogues prepared via application of enyne metathesis chemistry. The use of an exo-cyclopropylcarbinyl fragmentation was found to be unsuccessful as a means of installing the desired 6-methyl-bicyclo[4.3.1]decan-2-one core with a competing endo-ring expansion giving rise to a bicyclo[4.4.1]undecane ring system. Chapter 5 summarises the above results and gives a brief discussion of the future potential of this research to provide for a total synthesis of the nakafuran and florlide natural products.

Nombre de principes actifs rencontrent des problèmes liés à leur faible hydrosolubilité : mauvaise biodisponibilité, métabolisation désactivante, effets secondaires. Pour contourner ce problème, des polyélectrolytes amphiphiles aléatoires ont déjà été étudiés. S'ils ont amélioré la solubilité apparente de composés hydrophobes, ils étaient parallèlement toxiques ou non dégradables, donc non éliminables par l'organisme. Dans ce mémoire, nous présentons la synthèse de différentes malolactones substituées. La copolymérisation anionique par ouverture de cycle de ces lactones a permis d'obtenir une famille de polyanions amphiphiles aléatoires avec un taux d'hydrophobisation variable et contrôlé, et des chaînes latérales, aliphatiques ou aromatique, de différentes longueurs. Ces polymères augmentent la solubilité aqueuse apparente de composés hydrophobes. Lorsque le composé est cationique, une synergie entre interactions hydrophobes et électrostatiques a été mise en évidence. La solubilité apparente de molécules anti-infectieuses a ainsi pu être améliorée de plusieurs ordres de grandeur. Dans les conditions d'une administration intraveineuse (NaCl 9 g.L-1 et pH = 7,5), ces polymères forment préférentiellement des micelles intramoléculaires qui ne sont pas sensibles aux effets de dilution. Un tel système de transport de principes actifs ne produirait donc aucune libération prématurée. Ces polymères étant de plus dégradables, ils pourraient libérer le principe actif et seraient éliminables par l'organisme. Les polymères présentés dans ce manuscrit remplissent les principaux critères physico-chimiques pour former un système de transport de molécules actives. / Lots of drugs meet some problems because of their poor water-solubility : poor bioavailability, desactivating metabolization, side effects. To overcome these problems, some amphiphilic polyelectrolytes have already been studied. They increased the apparent water-solubility of hydrophobic compounds, but were toxic or not degradable, thus could not be eliminated from the body. In this work, we describe the synthesis of various substituted malolactones. Anionic ring opening copolymerization of these lactones yielded random amphiphilic polyanions with varying and controlled hydrophobization ratio and aliphatic and aromatic side chains with different lengths. These polymers increase the apparent water-solubility of hydrophobic compounds. A synergy between hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions has been demonstrated when the compound is cationic. The apparent solubility of anti-infectious drugs could thus be increased by several orders of magnitude. Under intravenous injection conditions (NaCl 9 g.L-1 and pH = 7,5), these polymers form preferentially intramolecular micelles, which are not sensitive to dilution effects. As a consequence, such a drug transport system would yield no premature release. Being also degradable, these polymers could release the drug and be eliminated from the body. They meet all main physico-chemical criteria to become a drug transport system.

Pour développer de nouveaux outils synthétiques, nous avons élaboré des variantes de la réaction de Petasis. L’utilisation des α-amino aldéhydes dans la réaction de Petasis a permis de synthétiser des diamines chirales avec une diastéréosélectivité totale. La réaction a donnée de bons résultats avec différents groupements protecteurs de l’amine (sulfonamide, carbamate, amide). Cependant au cours de la réaction, les amino aldéhydes s’épimérisent et l’excès énantiomérique des diamines préparées est donc faible (30%). La réaction de Petasis a été associée à la réaction de Diels-Alder dans un procédé domino pour aboutir à l’obtention de composés de type hexahydroisoindole. La réaction domino est complètement diastéréosélective et les molécules sont obtenues de manière énantiopure. Un second procédé domino, utilisant une réaction de métathèse croisée suivie d’une addition 1,4 intramoléculaire, a permis d’obtenir des composés possédant un motif morpholine de manière diastéréosélective. Une version intramoléculaire de la réaction de Petasis a été mise au point dans le but d’obtenir des carbocycles à six chainons. Cette réaction a permis de préparer la (+)-conduramine C-4 en peu d’étapes. La cyclisation a montré une diastéréosélectivité surprenante puisque la configuration entre l’amine nouvellement formée et l’alcool est trans. Cette configuration est opposée à celle obtenue dans la version intermoléculaire. / To develop new synthetic tools, we developed variants of the Petasis reaction. The use of α-amino aldehydes in the Petasis reaction allowed to synthesize chiral diamines with a total diastereoselectivity. The reaction gave good results with different protective groups of the amine (sulfonamide, carbamate, amide). However, during the reaction, the amino aldehydes are epimerized and the enantiomeric excess of the prepared diamines is low (30%). The Petasis reaction was associated with the Diels-Alder reaction in a domino process to achieve the preparation of hexahydroisoindole type compounds. The domino reaction is completely diastereoselective and the molecules are obtained as enantiopure. A second domino process, using a cross-metathesis reaction followed by an intramolecular 1,4-addition, yielded compounds with a morpholine moiety in a diastereoselective manner. Intramolecular version of the Petasis reaction was developed in order to obtain carbon-six-membered rings. This reaction led to the preparation of (+)-conduramine C-4 in few steps. The cyclization has shown a surprising diastereoselectivity since the configuration between the newly formed amine and alcohol is trans. This configuration is opposite to the one obtained in the intermolecular versions.

Ces travaux de thèse ont consisté à développer de nouvelles réactions radicalaires dans le domaine de la glycochimie. Deux cascades radicalaires, n’utilisant aucun dérivé stannylé et impliquant un transfert d’hydrogène intramoléculaire, ont été étudiées. La première permet de synthétiser des motifs spirocétaliques [6.5] nonanomériques et la deuxième consiste à débenzyler régiosélectivement un éther de benzyle par proximité. Les spirocétals [6.5] nonanomériques sont des motifs présents dans de nombreuses structures de produits naturels. Pour obtenir ce squelette, dont la synthèse est généralement difficile, nous avons développé une cascade radicalaire en chaîne impliquant des précurseurs homopropargyliques et des dérivés phosphorés non toxiques. Plusieurs étapes se succèdent dont l’addition du radical phosphoré sur la triple liaison, un transfert 1,5 d’hydrogène permettant de générer un radical anomère de O-glycoside, à l’origine de la diastéréosélectivité du centre spiranique, et une cyclisation 5-exo-trig. Cette stratégie s’est révélée particulièrement efficace puisque de bons rendements et une excellente diastéréosélectivité ont été obtenus notamment en série glucose et glucosamine. La nouvelle réaction de O-débenzylation par proximité, développée dans la deuxième partie, permet de déprotéger sélectivement un éther de benzyle en α d’un groupement hydroxyle préalablement fonctionnalisé sous forme d’éther de silyle xanthate. Cette réaction se déroule en deux étapes successives dans le même ballon. La première est une cascade radicalaire constituée, entre autres, d’un transfert 1,7 d’hydrogène et de l’addition du radical benzylique, ainsi formé, sur le peroxyde de dilauroyle. L’acétal mixte intermédiaire obtenu est alors hydrolysé lors de la deuxième étape. Cette méthodologie a été appliquée avec succès à divers mono- et disaccharides polybenzylés et s’est révélée efficace en présence de nombreuses autres fonctionnalités chimiques (acétal de benzylidène, azido..). / The aim of this thesis was the development of new tin-free radical reactions in the field of glycochemistry. For this purpose, an intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer was the key step of these methodologies. The first reaction allowed the access to nonanomeric [6.5] spiroketals and the second one is a new regioselective de-O-benzylation reaction through proximity effect. The nonanomeric [6.5] spiroketals are widely distributed in natural products and have been difficult to access. To synthesize this scaffold, we have developed a chain radical cascade involving homopropargyl precursors and non-toxic phosphorus derivatives. The phosphorus-centered radical adds to the triple bond followed by a radical translocation through intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer. This key step of the reaction provides an intermediate O-glycoside anomeric radical, which ensure the diastereoselectivity of the reaction. Finally a 5-exo-trig cyclization yields the desired spiroketal. This strategy has been proved to be highly efficient since good yields and selectivity were obtained especially in glucose and glucosamine series. The new regioselective de-O-benzylation reaction through proximity effect, developed in the second part, allowed the deprotection of a benzyl ether in α position of a hydroxyl group previously functionalized as a xanthate silyl ether. This reaction occurs in two successive steps in the same flask. The first one is a radical cascade involving an 1,7 intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer and the addition of the newly formed benzylic radical on dilauroyl peroxide. The mixed ketal intermediate thus obtained is then hydrolyzed during the second step. This methodology has been successfully applied to several polybenzylated mono- and disaccharides and tolerates the presence of various chemical functions (benzylidene ketal, azido...) showing its versatility.

A fosfatase Cdc25B atua na progressão do ciclo celular através da ativação de complexos Cdk/Ciclina. Atualmente, nos modelos estruturais propostos do domínio catalítico da Cdc25B não estão incluídos os últimos 16 resíduos da região C-terminal. Este segmento tem importante papel no reconhecimento do substrato proteico e pode estar envolvido na complexação de pequenas moléculas com a Cdc25B. Assim, o principal objetivo desta tese foi avaliar a flexibilidade conformacional do domínio catalítico completo da Cdc25B em solução através de simulações computacionais e por medidas experimentais de ressonância magnética nuclear (RMN). A similaridade entre as estruturas cristalográficas e em solução foi confirmada pela previsão de ângulos diedrais φ/ψ da cadeia principal a partir dos deslocamentos químicos (CS) e pela concordância entre os acoplamentos dipolares residuais (RDC) medidos e calculados a partir da geometria cristalina. Medidas de parâmetros de relaxação de 15N e RDC evidenciaram a presença de desordem conformacional na região C-terminal, em acordo com a ausência de densidade eletrônica desse segmento no experimento de difração de raios-X. Através da comparação entre CS experimentais e previstos de simulações de dinâmica molecular (DM) longas (total de 6µs de duração) foram apontados artefatos de cristalização, possíveis erros nos campos de força usados nas simulações, falhas na composição do sistema simulado e estados conformacionais populados pela Cdc25B em solução distintos da geometria cristalográfica. De maneira geral, os CS previstos a partir das simulações para a flutuação estrutural dos resíduos da região C-terminal desordenada estão em acordo com os valores experimentais, sugerindo que os estados conformacionais deste segmento foram razoavelmente bem amostrados nas simulações. Em particular, verificou-se que o contato tipo cátion-π entre as cadeias laterais dos resíduos 550W do C-terminal desordenado e 482R do núcleo proteico, ausente na estrutura cristalográfica, pode ser importante em solução. A formação desse contato na simulação de DM também está de acordo com medidas experimentais de perturbação de deslocamentos químicos (CSP) entre construções completa e truncada do domínio catalítico da Cdc25B. Assim, através do uso conjunto de simulações computacionais e medidas experimentais foi possível obter uma representação mais completa e realista da flexibilidade conformacional do domínio catalítico da Cdc25B em solução, incluindo a determinação de possíveis contatos intramoleculares entre a região C-terminal desordenada e o núcleo proteico. Essas informações poderão ser usadas na construção de um ensemble conformacional da Cdc25B. / Cdc25B phosphatase acts on the progression of cell cycle through the activation of Cdk/Cyclin complexes. Currently, the proposed structural models of Cdc25B catalytic domain lack the last 16 residues from the C-terminal region. This segment is important for protein substrate recognition and might be involved in small molecule binding to Cdc25B. Thus, the main goal of this thesis was to evaluate the conformational flexibility of the complete catalytic domain from Cdc25B through computer simulations and experimental nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. Similarity between crystal and in solution structures was confirmed by the prediction of backbone φ/ψ dihedral angles from chemical shifts (CS) and by the agreement between observed and back-calculated residual dipolar couplings (RDC). 15N relaxation and RDC measurements pointed to the conformational disorder of the C-terminal region, in agreement with the X-ray diffraction experiment where this segment showed no electronic density. Comparison between experimental and predicted CS from long molecular dynamics (MD) simulations (6µs total running time) pointed to the presence of crystallographic artifacts, possible deficiencies in simulation force fields, inaccurate composition of the simulated system and conformational states visited by Cdc25B in solution that were not observed in the crystallographic geometry. Generally, CS predicted from simulations for the structural fluctuation of the disordered C-terminal region were in agreement with experimental values, suggesting that the simulations sampled the conformational states populated by this segment reasonably well. In particular, a cation-π contact not observed in the crystal structure between side chains of residue 550W from the disordered C-terminal tail and residue 482R from the protein core might be important in solution. This contact is also in agreement with experimental chemical shift perturbations (CSP) measured between complete and truncated constructs of Cdc25B catalytic domain. Therefore, the joint use of computer simulations and experimental measurements allowed the achievement of a more complete and realistic representation of the conformational flexibility of the Cdc25B catalytic domain in solution, including intramolecular contacts between the disordered C-terminal region and the protein core. This information might be used to obtain a conformational ensemble of Cdc25B.