L'administration nasale a un grand avantage pour stimuler l'immunité protectrice locale et systémique. Cependant, des systèmes d'administration et des adjuvants sont souvent nécessaires pour améliorer l'efficacité du vaccin intranasal. Nous avons appliqué la technologie des nanoparticules en tant que système universel de délivrance de vaccins contre la grippe dans le projet européen FP7 appelé UniVacFlu.Nous avons évalué différentes nanoparticules (NP) pour rechercher le meilleur nanovecteur. Pour cela, nous avons comparé 5 types de nanoparticules avec différentes charges de surface (anioniques ou cationiques) et diverses compositions internes comme vecteurs potentiels: des liposomes cationiques ou anioniques, des NP de PLGA cationique ou anionique (poly acide lactique co-glycolique) et une NP cationique composée de maltodextrine fonctionnalisée par un agent cationisant avec un coeur de lipides anioniques (NPL). Nous avons d'abord quantifié leur temps de résidence nasale après l'administration nasale chez la souris en utilisant l'imagerie in vivo et les NPL ont montré le plus long temps de résidence. L'endocytose in vitro sur des cellules muqueuses (cellules épithéliales des voies respiratoires, macrophages et cellules dendritiques) en utilisant des nanoparticules marquées a été réalisée par cytométrie de flux et microscopie confocale. Parmi les 5 nanoparticules, les NPL ont été majoritairement captées par 3 lignées cellulaires différentes représentatives d’un épithélium respiratoire et les mécanismes d'endocytose ont été caractérisés. Afin d’évaluer le meilleur vecteur en tant que véhicules, le chargement d'antigènes et la délivrance intracellulaire ont été évalués dans des cellules de la muqueuse des voies respiratoires (cellules épithéliales des voies aériennes, macrophages et cellules dendritiques) par cytométrie de flux. Nous montrons que les NPL sont les meilleurs candidats capables de délivrer la plus grande quantité de protéines dans les cellules. Pris ensemble, notre étude a révélé que parmi 5 nanoparticules, la NPL était le meilleur nanovecteur en termes de temps de résidence nasale, d'endocytose par les cellules et de délivrance de protéines dans l'épithélium des voies respiratoires. Les NPL ont donc été sélectionnées comme nanovecteurs pour le projet UniVac Flu.Les antigènes de la grippe CTA1-3M2e-DD et HA ont été formulés avec les NPL. Le CTA1-3M2e-DD est un antigène chimérique adjuvanté et ciblé. Il est composé de la sous-unité A1 de la toxine du choléra et un épitope conservé du virus grippal A (M2e), ainsi que le dimère de l'analogue synthétique de la protéine A de Staphylococcus aureus (DD) utilisé comme agent de ciblage des lyphocytes B. Pour améliorer l'effet antigénique, l’HA recombinant de H1N1 a été combinée avec CTA1-3M2e-DD. Ces formulations ont été évaluées chez la souris par le consortium UniVacFlu. Les résultats ont montré que CTA1-3M2e-DD et HA chargé dans les NPL formeraient un vaccin intranasal prometteur contre la grippe. Ce travail de thèse montre que les NPL sont des nanovecteurs d’intérêt pour le vaccin nasal. / Nasal administration has great advantage for stimulating the immune system, such as stimulating local and systemic protective immunity. However, delivery systems and adjuvants are often necessary to improve the efficacy of the intranasal vaccine. We applied nanoparticle technology to deliver a universal influenza vaccine via the nasal route in a European FP7 project called UniVacFlu.We evaluated different nanoparticles to search the best nanocarrier for an intranasal vaccine. Here we compared 5 types of nanoparticles with different surface charges (anionic or cationic) and various inner compositions as potential vectors: cationic and anionic liposomes, cationic and anionic PLGA (Poly Lactic co-Glycolic Acid) nanoparticles and zwitterionic maltodextrin nanoparticles (cationic surface with an anionic lipid core: NPL). We first quantified their nasal residence time after nasal administration in mice using in vivo live imaging and NPL showed the longest residence time. In vitro endocytosis on mucosal cells (airway epithelial cells, macrophages and dendritic cells) using labeled nanoparticles were performed by flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Among the 5 nanoparticles, NPL were taken up to the greatest extent by the 3 different cell lines and the endocytosis mechanisms of NPL were characterized. In order to compare different nanoparticles as vaccine carriers, antigen loading and cell delivery were evaluated. In this study, we compared the loading and delivery of labeling ovalbumin with airway mucosa cells (airway epithelial cells, macrophages and dendritic cells) by flow cytometry. Our data showed that NPL were the best candidate that can payload with highest amount of protein and eventually the most efficient cellular protein delivery capacity. Taken together, our study revealed that among 5 nanoparticles, NPL were the best nanocarrier that own longer nasal residence time, efficiently uptake and deliver protein into airway epithelium. NPL were then selected as nanocarrier for the UniVac Flu project.The flu antigens CTA1-3M2e-DD and HA were formulated with NPL. The CTA1-3M2e-DD is an adjuvanted antigen composed of the A1 subunit of cholera toxin and a conserved epitope of influenza A virus (M2e), as well as the dimer of the synthetic analogue of Staphylococcus aureus protein A (DD) used to target B cells. To improve antigenic effect, recombinant HA from H1N1 was combined with CTA1-3M2e-DD. These formulations were evaluated in mice by the UniVacFlu consortium. We observed that CTA1-3M2e-DD and HA loaded into NPL could be a promising universal intranasal influenza vaccine.

The nasal mucosa provides a rapid, noninvasive route for drug administration to the systemic circulation and even potentially to the CNS. Nanoparticles made from the biodegradable polymer, PLGA, are of great interest for use in drug delivery systems due to PLGA’s relative safety and ease of surface modification. Nanoparticles may provide improved targeting and transport through the nasal mucosa. However, the optimal nanoparticle sizes and surface properties for intranasal delivery are unknown. In this study, we prepared PLGA nanoparticles within a size range of 50-70 nm containing the lipophilic fluorescent dye, Nile Red, using a surfactant-free nanoprecipitation method. The resulting nanoparticles were evaluated using dynamic light scattering and scanning electron microscopy. Nanoparticle uptake into the nasal mucosa was determined by exposing the tissues to nanoparticle dispersions for 30 or 60 minutes. The in vitro uptake of the nanoparticles by the nasal mucosal tissues revealed that the Nile Red-loaded PLGA nanoparticles were transported across the epithelial layer and accumulated in the sub-mucosal connective tissues. Nanoparticle uptake in the full thickness tissues was time dependent where 2% of the total loads of nanoparticles exposed to the tissues were measured in the mucosal tissue after 30 minutes and 4% were present in the tissues after 60 minutes. The rapid and measurable transfer of PLGA nanoparticles into the nasal mucosal tissues indicate that they may be an efficient delivery vehicle for drugs with either local or systemic activities.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2008. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Submitted by Anderson Silva (avargas@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2013-11-18T15:46:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 kene_d_gallois_ioc_bcm_mest_2009.pdf: 8919174 bytes, checksum: 5cb63a99e70a1503eb86db1086b275b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Gentil Jeorgina(jeorgina@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2013-11-26T11:00:18Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kene_d_gallois_ioc_bcm_mest_2009.pdf: 8919174 bytes, checksum: 5cb63a99e70a1503eb86db1086b275b0 (MD5) / Submitted by Anderson Silva (avargas@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2014-09-25T17:38:28Z No. of bitstreams: 1 kene_d_gallois_ioc_bcm_mest_2009.pdf: 8919174 bytes, checksum: 5cb63a99e70a1503eb86db1086b275b0 (MD5) / Submitted by Anderson Silva (avargas@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2016-08-31T14:15:20Z No. of bitstreams: 1 kene_d_gallois_ioc_bcm_mest_2009.pdf: 8919174 bytes, checksum: 5cb63a99e70a1503eb86db1086b275b0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Anderson Silva (avargas@icict.fiocruz.br) on 2016-09-08T18:41:22Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 kene_d_gallois_ioc_bcm_mest_2009.pdf: 8919174 bytes, checksum: 5cb63a99e70a1503eb86db1086b275b0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-08T18:41:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 kene_d_gallois_ioc_bcm_mest_2009.pdf: 8919174 bytes, checksum: 5cb63a99e70a1503eb86db1086b275b0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-01-16 / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / A silicose é a pneumoconiose de maior prevalência no Brasil partículas de sílica cristalina, sendo caracteriza colágeno e formação de granulomas, mediadores. O fator inibidor inflamatória atuante em diferentes tipos de patologias, sendo importante em respostas imunes e nos mecanismos decorrentes do dano tecidual. do MIF no modelo experimental de silicose murina. MIF “knockout” (MIF-/-) foram submetidos à instilação as análises realizadas 7 (fase aguda) e 28 dias (fase crônica) pós existência de um aumento significativo no número de leucócitos totais broncoalveolar de camundongos silicóticos de células mononucleares elevado por pelo menos 28 dias. infiltrado de células inflamatórias 7 dias pós fibrótica com formação de granuloma camundongos silicóticos exibiram um aumento na deposição de colágeno nos pulmões quando comparados aos controle quimiocinas MIP-1 MIPtempos analisados. Esse fenômeno apresentou correlação direta com o quadro de comprometimento da função pulmonar (aumento de resistência e elastância) e de hiperreatividade das vias aéreas ao agente broncoconstrictor metacolina. MIF-/- sílica apresentaram, ainda, paralelo a um menor infiltrado leucocitário, expressão diminuída menor proporção dos granulomas, acompanhado por redução da resposta de hiperreatividade das vias aéreas. Em contraste, foi verificado processo exacerbado de granulomas no pulmão dos camundongos sílica MIF área tecidual ocupada por granulomas TNF- e TGF- , quando comparados ao detectada, na fase crônica da doença, uma expres camundongos sílica MIF-/-, refletindo a presença de miofibroblastos camundongos silicóticos tratados com anticorpo neutralizante anti comprometimento da função pulmonar e alteraçõe reduzidos, indicando a participação do MIF como mediador pró silicose. Em conclusão, nossos resultados indicam que o MIF coloca atuante na modulação do quadro silicótico, c terapêutica no caso da doença humana. / Silicosis is the pneumoconiosis of highest prevalence in Brazil and is of crystalline silica particles, being characterized by granuloma formation, in a way dependent on a wide range of mediato migration inhibitory factor (MIF) several inflammatory diseases to investigate the potential role of MIF in a model of (BALB/c) and MIF knockout the analyses made on day 7 (acute phase) and 28 (chronic phase). increase in the number of total l mice, on day 7 after silicosis induction mononuclear cells and neutrophil least 28 days. Tissue analyses day 7, followed by fibrotic response day 28. We also noted that silicotic mice exhibited an increase in a marked increase in the levels of MIP increase in the levels of fibrogenic cytokines TNF These phenomena directly correlated resistance and elastance) and MIF-/- silicotic mice showed hyperreactivity to methacholine of MIP-1 and MIP-2 and F4/80 expression and granuloma area phase, a marked increased in granuloma tissue area compared to WT mice, together with lower collagen deposition and and TGF- . An increase in the expression of also noted. When silicotic mice were treated with anti the reduced pulmonary function and tissue damage were noted, indicating a role for MIF as a proinflammatory mediator in silicosis. In conclusion, our results to play a relevant modulatory role in as a potential therapeutic target in human disease.

Smärta definieras enligt IASP (International Association of the Study of Pain) som ”An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage”, vilket betyder att en potentiell eller faktisk vävnadsskada kan orsaka en känslomässig eller sensorisk obehaglig upplevelse. Smärtupplevelsen hos individer varierar och är därmed personlig. För behandling av smärta finns flertalet olika alternativa läkemedel, däribland ingår opioider. Till kategorin opioider hör bland annat morfin och fentanyl. Bortsett från den smärtlindrande effekten som morfin respektive fentanyl genererar, kan negativa biverkningar även uppstå. Biverkningar kan, som för andra opioider, involvera eufori, illamående, kräkningar, klåda, förstoppning och sedering till mer allvarliga biverkningar som respiratorisk depression. Det finns olika behandlingsalternativ med dessa preparat, däribland oral och intravenös administrering av morfin. Fentanyl kan bland annat administreras buckalt, nebuliserat, intranasalt och transdermalt. Fentanyl är 100 gånger mer potent än morfin och därmed är transdermal behandling möjlig. Syftet med detta litteraturarbete var att kontrollera hur fentanyl jämför sig i olika beredningsformer med morfins effekt på smärta, samt att se vilka förgiftningsproblem som finns med fentanyl. För att hitta relevanta studier som behandlade detta område gjordes sökningar via databasen PubMed. De flesta granskade studier i arbetet tyder på att fentanyl i olika beredningsformer fungerar bra som ett alternativ vid antingen oral eller intravenös behandling med morfin, vid smärta. Fentanyl ses även som ett säkert och effektivt alternativ för behandling av smärta. Det är inte särskilt vanligt att barn drabbas av förgiftning som är orsakade av läkemedel, men fall förekommer. Opioider är en av de läkemedel som orsakar flest dödsfall relaterat till förgiftning hos barn under 5 år. Förgiftning som orsakats av fentanyl kan effektivt behandlas med antagonisten naloxon. Typiska symtom vid förgiftning av fentanyl var enligt litteraturarbetets fallrapporter kontraherade pupiller (1mm), kräkningar, illamående, respiratorisk acidos och hög hjärtfrekvens. Deltagarantalet i de flesta studier var ganska låga, och för att litteraturstudiens frågeställning ska besvaras med säkerhet bör mer forskning genomföras inom området. / According to IASP (International Association of the Study of Pain), pain is defined as “An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage”. The pain experience is individual and is therefore personal. For the treatment of pain, there are several different drug alternatives, including opioids. Fentanyl and morphine belong to the category “opioids”. Apart from the analgesic effect, morphine and fentanyl can also cause adverse side effects. Side effects, like for other opioids, can be euphoria, nausea, vomiting, itching, constipation and sedation but also more serious side effects such as respiratory depression. There are different treatment options available with morphine and fentanyl. Treatment with morphine can be done through oral or intravenous administration, and treatment with fentanyl can be done buccally, nebulized, intranasally and transdermally. Fentanyl is 100 times more potent than morphine and therefore transdermal treatment is possible. The purpose of this work was to examine how fentanyl in different administration forms compares with morphine´s effect on pain, as well as to see which toxic problems there can be with fentanyl. To find relevant studies that addressed this aim, searches where made in the PubMed database. Most reviewed studies in this work indicate that fentanyl in various forms works well as compared with either oral or intravenous morphine for pain. Fentanyl is also seen to be a safe and effective treatment for pain. It is not very common for children to suffer from poisoning caused by drugs, but cases occur.  Opioids are among the drugs that cause most deaths related to poisoning in children under 5 years of age. Poisoning caused by fentanyl can be effectively treated with the antagonist naloxone. Typical symptoms reported due to poisoning caused by fentanyl were contracted pupils (1mm), vomiting, nausea, respiratory acidosis / depression and high heart rate. The number of participants in most studies was quite low and to answer the aim of this study with certainty, more research should be conducted in this field.

A major challenge in developing disease altering therapeutics for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) has been the delivery of compounds across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to the central nervous system (CNS). While direct surgical infusion has been utilized to deliver compounds to the brain that don’t cross the BBB, issues of poor biodistribution in the CNS due in part to properties of the molecules being delivered and/or infusion device protocols have limited the widespread success of this invasive approach. To avoid the issues of surgically delivering compounds to the CNS, numerous studies have examined the use of intranasal administration as a non-invasive delivery method. The data presented in this dissertation examines intranasal administration of dopamine neuron stimulating peptide-11 (DNSP-11), a small, amidated peptide with neuroprotective and restorative properties, and its effects on the nigrostriatal system in animal models of PD. Here we demonstrate that severely lesioned 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) F344 rats repeatedly administered DNSP-11 intranasally exhibited a decrease in damphetamine- induced rotation, dopamine (DA) turnover, and an increase in tyrosine hydroxylase positive neuronal sparing. Additionally, tracer studies indicated rapid distributed throughout the CNS and CSF following a one-time bilateral intranasal dose of 125I-labeled DNSP-11. These results demonstrate that DNSP-11 can be delivered to the CNS intranasally, and maintains its neuroactive properties on the nigrostriatal system in a rat model of PD. In a dose escalation study of DNSP-11, we evaluated the efficacy of repeated intranasal administration in awake, vertically chaired trained, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6- tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) hemiparkinsonian rhesus macaques using an atomizer system over a 10-week period. Here we report that animals did not exhibit observable adverse effects at the DNSP-11 concentrations examined, bilateral increases in fine motor performance of the upper limbs, and changes in tissue levels of DA and its metabolites. Finally, tracer studies indicated signal present throughout the CNS and CSF following a one-time bilateral intranasal dose of 125I-labeled DNSP-11. These studies support the efficacy of the repeated intranasal administration of DNSP-11 in awake Rhesus macaques over 10-weeks, while also enhancing motor performance and striatal neurochemistry in a non-human primate model of PD.

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