<p>The purpose with this study was to examine six caseworkers and two clients’ experiences of interaction in the investigative work of social assistance. Moreover, how the interaction between caseworkers and clients are affected by the structure of the social assistance unit. The study also wanted to show how interaction rituals contribute to the change in assessment procedure in the investigative work. The study even aimed to highlight the ways in which social exclusion occurs in investigative work from caseworkers and client’s capital and gender. Finally, the study intended to look at how caseworkers and client’s positions as superior and subordinate affect the interaction of the investigative work and what roles are shaped during their meeting and how the roles form the interaction. The questions were examined using qualitative methodology in the form of semi-structured interviews. I´ve based the paper on social exclusion processes and applied organizational sociology. The theoretical perspectives used in this thesis work is moreover Ahrne’s organization theory, Collins’s theory of interaction rituals, Goffman’s role theory, Bourdieus’ theory of distinction and capital concept and Mulinari and de los Reyes intersectionality concept. Main conclusions I could draw from the survey results and analysis are that the caseworkers and clients’ experiences tend to resemble each other in many aspects. Overall the caseworkers and clients experience that the interaction is multidimensional; however, the interaction is founded in the authority structure. The interaction is represented by the caseworker’s dominant position, where their overall superior role exists in which the underlying dual roles as helpers and personal authorities also occur. Unlike the caseworkers the clients hold a dominated position, where their overall subordinate role exists in which the underlying dual roles as clients and as individuals occur. This means that the interaction is primarily governed by the caseworkers and client’s freedom of movement is restricted. Clients welfare and their meaningfulness of everyday life including their financial situation are thereby affected by the interaction of the investigative work as a result of the interaction leading toward that the client is justified social assistance or not.</p>

The purpose with this study was to examine six caseworkers and two clients’ experiences of interaction in the investigative work of social assistance. Moreover, how the interaction between caseworkers and clients are affected by the structure of the social assistance unit. The study also wanted to show how interaction rituals contribute to the change in assessment procedure in the investigative work. The study even aimed to highlight the ways in which social exclusion occurs in investigative work from caseworkers and client’s capital and gender. Finally, the study intended to look at how caseworkers and client’s positions as superior and subordinate affect the interaction of the investigative work and what roles are shaped during their meeting and how the roles form the interaction. The questions were examined using qualitative methodology in the form of semi-structured interviews. I´ve based the paper on social exclusion processes and applied organizational sociology. The theoretical perspectives used in this thesis work is moreover Ahrne’s organization theory, Collins’s theory of interaction rituals, Goffman’s role theory, Bourdieus’ theory of distinction and capital concept and Mulinari and de los Reyes intersectionality concept. Main conclusions I could draw from the survey results and analysis are that the caseworkers and clients’ experiences tend to resemble each other in many aspects. Overall the caseworkers and clients experience that the interaction is multidimensional; however, the interaction is founded in the authority structure. The interaction is represented by the caseworker’s dominant position, where their overall superior role exists in which the underlying dual roles as helpers and personal authorities also occur. Unlike the caseworkers the clients hold a dominated position, where their overall subordinate role exists in which the underlying dual roles as clients and as individuals occur. This means that the interaction is primarily governed by the caseworkers and client’s freedom of movement is restricted. Clients welfare and their meaningfulness of everyday life including their financial situation are thereby affected by the interaction of the investigative work as a result of the interaction leading toward that the client is justified social assistance or not.

Med begränsade ekonomiska resurser finns en risk att laborationsundervisningen blir lidande, t ex genom att inte tillräcklig laborationsutrustning finns tillgänglig. Med syfte att på ett djupare plan tränga in i denna frågeställning och erhålla en förståelse för vad som upplevs begränsande för dagens undervisning på skolnivå, hur undervisningen är upplagd och vad det upplevs kunna ge för konsekvenser har en exemplifierande fallstudie utförts. Studien utfördes i form av en deltagande observation i åk 7-9 vid en kommunal grundskola i en tätort med ca 70 000 invånare. Studien inkluderade intervjuer med lärare, rektor och elever samt laborationshandledningar och fältanteckningar. Vissa av kunskapskraven i styrdokumenten är direkt knutna till den laborativa verksamheten och således svåra att uppfylla utan den. Samtidigt ses i studien att både rektor, lärare och elever uppskattade laborationer, eftersom de ger möjlighet att skapa intresse, självförtroende och en lust att lära genom att lära genom att göra, att använda flera sinnen och att variera undervisningen. Därav finns det fog för att säga att laborationsundervisningen är här för att stanna. Studien visar att lärarna utförde laborationer utan kostsam utrustning. Lärarna använde vad som fanns. Undervisningen bestod främst av klassiska laborationer med enkelt material där frågeställning och metod var given och till viss del var även resultatet slutet. Rektor och lärarna var väl medvetna om att pedagogisk ämneskunskap och struktur på undervisningen påverkar lärandet. Lärarna såg förberedelsetid och trångboddhet som begränsande. Trångboddheten försvårade bl a förberedelse och materialanvändning. De uttryckte att de var glada att arbeta på en gammal skola med material från 50/60-talet och använde artefakterna i sin undervisning. De tyckte sig inte sakna artefakter, förutom en av lärarna som uttryckte att tillräcklig utrustning fanns för undervisning på den nivå som efterfrågades, men själv tyckte att nivån var för låg. Sammanfattningsvis är laborationsundervisningen under ekonomisk och pedagogisk press.

I socialt arbete finns det flertalet lagar, riktlinjer och regler som påverkar socialarbetares förhållningssätt gentemot deras klienter. Inom kommunalt utredningsarbete representerar socialarbetarna en myndighet och deras arbete genomsyras av en maktobalans som existerar mellan dem och klienterna. Maktobalansen uppenbaras av att socialarbetaren har lagar som ger dem maktbefogenheter att ingripa i människors liv och bestämma över beslut som rör deras klienter oavsett om klienterna själva vill det eller inte. Utifrån denna komplexa relation har studiens syfte växt fram; att undersöka hur socialarbetare beskriver sitt förhållningssätt gentemot sina klienter. En kvalitativ metod i form av fem semistrukturerade intervjuer har används för att uppfylla studiens syfte. På utredningsenheten vuxen i Örebro kommun bemöter socialarbetarna både unga vuxna och vuxna personer. Eftersom unga vuxna personer nyligen enligt lag har blivit ansedda som vuxna, innebär det att de får ett större ansvar för sitt eget liv. Med anledning av detta har studien även i syfte att undersöka om det går att uttyda skillnader i socialarbetares beskrivningar av deras förhållningssätt beroende på om klinten är ung vuxen eller vuxen och i så fall vilka. Enligt vår tolkning har resultatet för studien påvisat att socialarbetarna har ett etiskt och professionellt förhållningssätt gentemot sina klienter. Vi anser att socialarbetarna har ett annat tänk gentemot klienter som är unga vuxna men vi menar att förhållningssättet är detsamma som mot vuxna och påverkar inte etiken i det sociala arbetet. / In social work there are a lot of rules, guidelines and laws that influence the social workers relationship with their clients. Within the local authority the social workers represent an agen-cy witch execute investigative work. This work is imbued with a power of imbalance between the social workers and their clients. The social workers have the authority by law to involve in other people’s lives and make decisions that affect their clients, even if the clients want it or not. Based on this complex relationship the purpose of the study has developed; to examine how social workers describe their attitudes toward their clients. A qualitative method with five semi-structured interviews was used to fulfill the purpose of the study. In the adult unit of investigation in the local authority of Örebro, Sweden, the social workers meet both young adult and adult clients. Since young adults recently by law are considered as adults it means taking a more substantial responsibility for their own lives. Regarding this, the study also has the purpose to examine if differences can be interpreted from the social workers explanations about their attitude toward their client, depending whether if the client are young adult or adult. According to our interpretation, the results of the study revealed that social workers have an ethical and professional attitude toward their clients. According to us, the social workers have a different mindset towards clients whom are young adults but we mean that their attitude is the same as toward the adults and do not have an effect on the ethnics in the social work.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:38:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2298.pdf: 732274 bytes, checksum: 345b5540dc8b04a433c46d23dfe9783c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-19 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / Interest and concern about mathematics teaching in early grades of elementary school were the driving force behind the making of this paper. The choice of investigative work as the main focus of the research reflects the search for leaving out mathematics teaching based on reproduction of procedures and algorithms. The work suggests a change in classroom dynamics by involving students in a more active way in their learning and mainly by motivating their creativity and reflection. The question which led the development of the research was: What are the limitations and the power of using investigative work in mathematics teaching in the early grades of elementary school starting from a teacher s actions and reflections? By aiming to help and expand the discussions over the usage of this kind of work, this qualitative study with action-research characteristics provides reflections on viability of the usage of this work in the early grades by polyvalent teachers. The theoretical references that support the research concern studies on investigative work and the changing scene suggested to the teacher when a new methodology is used. The references concerning this scene involve matters of fear and insecurity and point out reflection and partnership as a way of overcoming them. Data was obtained from a teacher and students from a third grade from a local public school and its collection was carried out through partnership between the teacher and the researcher at moments of study, preparation and reflection over the work done in the classroom. The data in this research was gathered through an interview with the teacher, audio and video recordings, questionnaire answered by the teacher and reports written by her, students records and researcher s notes. The analysis of the data was done in a way to highlight the moments that make up the classroom process in which it was possible to notice and highlight, through the teacher s actions and reflections, limitations and power of usage of investigative work in the early grades. The power identified in the investigation show the possibility of using this work in early grades mathematics teaching, thus contributing not only for the learning of mathematics, but also for the development of attitudes such as autonomy and mutual respect. The limitations observed in many moments were overcome or minimized by the teacher s reflexive attitude and group work, which was shared with the researcher. The study points out that if the disagreement between an innovative methodological proposal, such as mathematical investigation in early grades, and a school structure that privileges aspects of traditional teaching is not abandoned, even if the proposal proves itself successful, it will be limited to a small universe. / O interesse e a preocupação com o ensino de matemática nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental foram o impulso inicial para elaboração da presente pesquisa. A opção pelas tarefas investigativas como foco da pesquisa reflete a busca pela superação do ensino de matemática baseado na reprodução de procedimentos e algoritmos. Essas tarefas propõem uma mudança na dinâmica da sala de aula, envolvendo os estudantes de forma mais ativa em sua aprendizagem e principalmente incentivando a criatividade e a reflexão. A questão que norteou o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi: Quais as potencialidades e as limitações do uso de tarefas investigativas no ensino de matemática nas séries iniciais do Ensino Fundamental a partir das ações e das reflexões de uma professora? Pretendendo colaborar e ampliar as discussões sobre o uso dessas tarefas, este estudo qualitativo, com características da pesquisa-ação, traz reflexões sobre a viabilidade do uso de tais tarefas nas séries iniciais por professores polivalentes. Os referenciais teóricos que embasam a pesquisa dizem respeito a estudos sobre as tarefas investigativas e o cenário de mudança proposto ao professor quando utiliza uma nova metodologia. O referencial a respeito desse cenário envolve as questões de medo e de insegurança e aponta a reflexão e a parceria como forma de superá-las. A coleta de dados foi realizada com a professora e os estudantes de uma terceira série (atual quarto ano do ensino fundamental de nove anos) de uma escola pública municipal e envolveu uma relação de parceria entre a professora e a pesquisadora nos momentos de estudo, preparação e reflexão sobre as tarefas desenvolvidas em sala de aula. Compõem os dados desta pesquisa: entrevista com a professora, gravações em áudio e vídeo, questionário respondido pela professora e relatórios feitos por ela, registros dos estudantes e anotações da pesquisadora. A análise desses dados foi realizada de fora a destacar os momentos que compõem o movimento da sala de aula nos quais foi possível, através das ações e reflexões da professora, perceber e destacar potencialidades e limitações do uso das tarefas investigativas nas séries iniciais. As potencialidades levantadas nessa investigação apontam para a possibilidade do uso dessas tarefas no ensino de matemática nas séries iniciais contribuindo não só para aprendizagens matemáticas, mas também no desenvolvimento de atitudes como autonomia e respeito ao outro. As limitações observadas foram superadas ou minimizadas em muitos momentos através da atitude reflexiva da professora e do trabalho em parceria e compartilhado com a pesquisadora. O estudo indica que, se o descompasso entre uma proposta metodológica inovadora, como a das investigações matemáticas nas séries iniciais, e uma estrutura escolar que privilegia aspectos do ensino tradicional não for superado, por mais sucesso que essa proposta possa trazer, ela ficará restrita apenas a um pequeno universo.

Föreliggande studie har genom nio semi-strukturerade kvalitativa intervjuer undersökt utredares, förundersökningsledares samt åklagares upplevelser och erfarenheter inom Polismyndighetens utredningsarbete, vad gäller sexuellt digitalt våld mot barn (under 18 år). Detta för att eventuellt kunna identifiera möjliga utvecklingsområden inom utredningsarbetet vad gäller att skicka oönskade nakenbilder samt att otillåtet sprida nakenbilder på någon annan. Detta då uppklaringsandelen i relation till antalet anmälningar vad gäller dessa brott kan anses vara låg. Således blev praktikers upplevelser och erfarenheter av arbetsprocessen samt om och i sådana fall hur de påverkas av att arbeta med sexuellt digitalt våld centralt. Resultatet påvisar att praktikerna lyfter flera aspekter av sitt arbete såsom bra ledarskap, utformningen av arbetsgrupper samt snabba samarbeten som välfungerande moment i utredningsarbetet. Flera utvecklingsområden framkom även där det bland annat efterfrågas klarare riktlinjer, samt mer metodstöd, kunskap och utbildning inom området för att öka effektiviteten i arbetet. Exponeringen i deltagarnas arbete med sexuellt digitalt våld mot barn, tillsammans med den stress praktikerna upplever utifrån deras arbetsbelastning, erfars bidrar till en negativ påverkan och minskad arbetskapacitet. Dock belyses att stöd och hjälp finns att tillgå som motverkar den negativa påverkan. Studiens resultat diskuteras utifrån tidigare forskning inom området samt i relation till organisationsteori. / The present study has, through nine qualitative semi-structured interviews, examined investigators’, requisitors’ and prosecutors’ experiences of the police authority's investigative work regarding sexual digital violence against children (under age 18). The study aimed to identify areas of development within the investigative work regarding receiving unwanted nude images and unauthorized spreading of nude pictures of others. This because of the low crime clearance rate of reported crimes. Thus practitioners’ experience of their work process, including if and how they were affected by working with sexual digital violence, were essential. The results from the interviews highlighted several aspects of the work such as good leadership, team design, and rapid collaborations as well-functioning components. Several areas of development also emerged such as clearer guidelines, increased methodological support, increased level of knowledge, and education, to increase the work efficiency. The exposure to sexual content in the participants' work combined with the stress derived from their workload was experienced to contribute to a negative impact and reduced work capacity. However, it was highlighted that support and help was available to lessen the negative impact. The study's results were discussed based on previous research in the field and in relation to organizational theory.